长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的类雌激素活性评价

为了解长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的类雌激素活性，分别于夏季和冬季采用GDX—120大孔树脂对位于城区上、中、下游5个断面长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水进行有机物的浓缩提取。用体外MCF—7细胞增殖试验检测有机提取物的类雌激素活性。结果显示，源水有机提取物均具有类雌激素活性。其类雌激素活性中、下游均高于上游，丰水期高于枯水期。     

长江口区域饮用水源地有机污染特性研究

以南通市为例,对长江口区域饮用水源地53种挥发性有机物( VOCs)、64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)、33种农药、20种多氯联苯等有机污染物进行定性、定量检测,选取汇龙镇水厂、如皋水厂、海门长江水厂3个水厂水源地进行r枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个水期的监测.结果表明:(1)VOCs中仅在枯水期有四氯化碳检出,33种农...     

太湖水源地水体中半挥发性有机物的监测

太湖某水源地水样经C18柱富集、气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分离,定性测定其中的有机物.在丰水期、平水期、枯水期分别采样,在检测到的近百种有机化合物中有40种出现频率很高,同时运用内标法对其进行相对含量的比较,结果表明脂肪族化合物、邻苯二甲酸酯、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚和异氰尿酸三甲酯的相对含量较高,值得引起关注.     

长江大保护试点城市水环境治理模式及成效

长江流域城市水环境治理取得阶段成果,全面评估其治理成效,总结城市水环境治理经验至关重要。以长江大保护4个试点城市水环境提质增效工程PPP项目为研究对象,评估城市水环境治理成效。结果表明：管网工程中,各试点城市生活污水集中收集率达标,污水厂进厂生活污水化学需氧量 (COD) 达标率75%,九江和岳阳老旧小区改造后污水收集率为100%,改造后出口管网污水COD明显提升;污水处理工程中,试点城市污水厂处理率均达标,平均水力负荷达标率46.2%,平均COD负荷达标率30.8%,出水达标排放,九江白水湖、芳兰污水厂处理单位污水电耗较高;污泥处理处置工程中,各厂污泥含水率满足合同要求,处理吨水及单位污水COD去除的污泥产生量均较高;生态环境改善方面,试点城市水环境治理工程大幅削减污染物负荷,但工程影响范围内地表水质均未达标,超标因子为氨氮、总氮、总磷和COD;工程范围内黑臭水体治理达到合同要求,宜昌生态化岸线比例提高38.9%;社会文化贡献方面,试点城市水环境治理工程建设取得较好的社会贡献。评估结果对完善水环境治理项目,促进长江流域经济社会可持续发展有着重要意义。     

长江水絮凝污泥制备光催化剂及其催化活性

用聚硅硫酸钛絮凝处理长江水,所产生的絮凝污泥经干燥、煅烧处理后制备了具有较高催化活性的复合光催化剂,并用XRD对其进行了表征。考察了絮凝pH值、煅烧温度、絮凝剂投加量和光催化剂投加量等因素对复合光催化剂光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP溶液的影响。结果表明,当絮凝pH值为4,煅烧温度为500℃,絮凝剂投加量为0．2g／L时,制备的复合光催化剂催化活性最佳,光催化降解浓度为25mg／L的活性艳红K-2BP溶液15min后降解率达99．9％,与同等实验条件下P-25的降解效率相当。     

基于溶解氧和耗氧污染物变化的长江流域水质改善过程分析 (2008—2018年)

长江流域以21%国土面积承载了我国40%以上的人口和经济总量。基于长江流域水质监测数据,利用统计和相关性分析方法,分析了长江流域重点断面溶解氧 (DO) 和耗氧污染物 (COD_Mn和NH₃-N) 指标的多年时空变化趋势,探讨了流域水质恢复规律和特征。结果表明：在2008—2018年,长江流域水体的水质整体上呈现好转趋势,重点断面中Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质占比之和上升,达到95.9%,增加了3.4%。其中,在重点监控断面中年DO平均值逐年升高,大于7.5 mg∙L⁻¹的断面数量占比2018年已经达到85.7%,长江上游区域增加最为明显;年COD_Mn平均值稳定处于Ⅲ类水限值内;年NH₃-N平均值呈现下降趋势,优于地表水Ⅱ类水质标准值 (< 0.5 mg∙L⁻¹) 的断面数量占比已经达到95.2%,下游下降最为明显 (下降13%) 。相关性分析结果表明,DO与COD_Mn和NH₃-N均呈负相关,相关系数分别为−0.40和−0.44;COD_Mn和NH₃-N呈正相关,相关系数为0.36,NH₃-N已成为长江流域水体主要耗氧污染物。长江流域水体DO恢复与耗氧污染物减排密切相关,尤其是对高浓度NH₃-N的控制。长江干流沿线省市的城市环境基础设施投资多年平均占比超过全国的50%,2018年的污水排放量比2008年增加37.9%,平均污水处理率增加23.3%,未处理污水量减少了77.8%。本研究结果表明,长江流域水体耗氧污染得到有效控制,干流水质呈现逐步好转态势,可为制定长江流域污染物控制目标提供参考。     

Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China

A total of 14 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were quantified in river water samples collected from tributaries of the Pearl River (Guangzhou Province, south China) and the Yangtze River (central China). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the two compounds with the highest concentrations. PFOS concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 99 ng/l and <0.01–14 ng/l in samples from the Pearl River and Yangtze River, respectively; whereas those for PFOA ranged from 0.85 to 13 ng/l and 2.0–260 ng/l. Lower concentrations were measured for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfoamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Concentrations of several perfluorocarboxylic acids, including perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were lower than the limits of quantification in all the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of most PFCs were observed in water samples from the Yangtze River near Shanghai, the major industrial and financial centre in China. In addition, sampling locations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River with a reduced flow rate might serve as a final sink for contaminants from the upstream river runoffs. Generally, PFOS was the dominant PFC found in samples from the Pearl River, while PFOA was the predominant PFC in water from the Yangtze River. Specifically, a considerable amount of PFBS (22.9–26.1% of total PFC analyzed) was measured in water collected near Nanjing, which indicates the presence of potential sources of PFBS in this part of China. Completely different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the Pearl River and the Yangtze River. This indicates the presence of dissimilar sources in these two regions.     

Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in different trophic sediments of lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region and Southwestern Plateau, China

In this study, the characteristics of organic phosphorus (Po) fractions in sediments of six lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region and Southwestern China Plateau, China were investigated using a soil Po fractionation scheme, and the relationships between Po, inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and pollution status were also discussed. The results show that the rank order of Po fractions was: residual Po>HCl-Po>fulvic acid-P>humic acid-P>NaHCO3-Po, with their average relative proportion 8.7:4.6:3.2:2.1:1.0. Po fractions, especially nonlabile Po, were significantly correlated with organic matter, Po and NaOH-Pi. Different distribution patterns of P fractions were observed in those two different regions. Po fractions in the heavily polluted sediments were higher than those in moderately and no polluted sediments, it is suggested that Po should be paid more attention in the lake eutrophication investigation.     

长江口南槽水域污染物迁移和分布规律

经对长江口南槽水域水质指标监测表明,在近岸带,水体中悬浮颗粒吸附态磷和各种重金属的浓度较低,而氨氮、硝氮和总溶解态磷的浓度明显偏高;在南槽主航道至九段沙水域,水体中悬浮颗粒吸附态磷和各种重金属的浓度明显增加。水体中溶解态磷的浓度很低,磷的赋存形态以悬浮颗粒吸附态磷为主,水体中重金属元素的赋存形态也以悬浮颗粒吸附态为主。落潮时的悬浮颗粒、TP、悬浮颗粒吸附态磷和重金属总浓度明显高于涨潮。水体中各种重金属总浓度之间存在显著的相关性。     

长江流域重点断面水质时空变异特征及污染源解析

为明晰长江流域水质时空分布特征并解析污染源,基于长江流域21个水质监测断面2008—2018年的pH、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)及氨氮质量浓度([NH₃-N])数据,采用M-K趋势检验、相关性分析和层次聚类分析,对流域内水质时空动态变化趋势及特征进行综合识别,并结合绝对主成分回归分析法(APCS-MLR)解析污染物来源。结果表明,研究区内重点断面水质类别以II类为主,占71.39%。在时间上,水质污染程度表现为汛期(5—10月)劣于非汛期(1—4月和11、12月),汛期主要污染指标为DO和COD_Mn,非汛期主要污染指标为[NH₃-N];在空间上,21个监测断面聚类为3组,其水质优劣排序为GⅢ(四川乐山岷江大桥、湖南长沙新港、江西南昌滁搓站点)>GⅡ(中下游及下游)>GⅠ(上游及中上游)。结合主成分分析和多元回归分析得出,在所基于的指标中COD_Mn和NH₃-N是研究区内典型污染物,GⅠ组水体主要受营养盐面源污染和耗氧有机物蓄积污染;GⅡ组水质受工业生产和人类活动影响其营养盐和有机物污染严重,而自然因素影响较弱;GⅢ组站点属局部污染严重,污染源主要是有机物,其次是营养盐。上述研究结果可为长江流域针对性水环境治理、污染控制和改善提供参考。