R32和R32/R1234yf混合工质黏度实验测量及模型

本文针对含HFOs类混合制冷剂黏度开展实验和模型研究。采用振动弦法黏度计对R32纯质和R32/R1234yf混合制冷剂黏度进行了实验测量,测量的温度范围分别为263~350 K、263~360 K,压力最高均为30 MPa,实验系统黏度测量的不确定度为2%。本文共获得了177组实验数据,利用得到的实验数据,基于硬球模型分别拟合了R32纯质和R32/R1234yf混合制冷剂黏度方程。R32纯质黏度实验数据与方程的平均绝对偏差为0.28%,最大绝对偏差为0.92%;R32/R1234yf混合工质黏度实验数据与方程的平均绝对偏差为0.69%,最大绝对偏差为2.09%。由此可见,实验数据和黏度模型吻合较好,为R32和R32/R1234yf混合制冷剂的应用研究提供了重要参考依据。     

强非共沸工质R1234yf/R170/R14系气液相平衡的模拟

超额吉布斯自由能-状态方程法(G~E-EoS)是继传统的状态方程法和活度系数法之后预测气液相平衡的一个新思路。本文采用PRWS-UNIFAC-PSRK模型对R161/R1234yf、R32/R125/R134a及强非共沸工质R1234yf/R170/R14系的气液相平衡数据进行计算。结果表明:R161/R1234yf系压力和气相组分质量分数的计算值与实验值的偏差在±1.5%和±0.02以内,优于REFPROP9.0软件的计算结果,而R32/R125/R134a系的偏差分别在±4%和±0.02以内。根据计算结果及三维相平衡图发现,R1234yf/R170/R14在质量分数比为0.4/0.2/0.4附近时体系的温度滑移现象最为明显,最大的滑移温度达到72.5 K;且R1234yf组分的质量分数越大,泡点温度与露点温度越高。     

R1234yf/R290/R134a系气液相平衡的模拟

本文从理论方面研究了混合制冷剂的相平衡特性,基于Peng-Robinson(PR)状态方程与Wong-Sandler(WS)混合法则,结合Predictive Soave Redlich Kwong(PSRK)方程中使用的UNIFAC基团贡献法,构建了混合物气液相平衡预测模型(PRWS-UNIFAC-PSRK)。结果表明:二元混合物R32/R1234yf的压力及气相质量分数的模拟结果与实验值偏差分别在±2.5%和±0.02内;三元混合物R134a/R1234yf/R600a的压力及气相组分质量分数计算值与实验数据的偏差基本在±3%和±0.04内;建立了R1234yf/R290/R134a系的三元相平衡图,当质量分数在0.25/0.70/0.05左右时存在共沸点。通过采用多参数状态方程,改进活度系数模型,获取更为准确的二元相互作用系数,可进一步提高模型的预测精度。     

混合制冷剂R1234yf/R32 PVTx性质的实验研究

为了获得混合制冷剂R1234yf/R32的热物性数据,本文以Burnett法为基础搭建了高精度PVTx实验台,在温度为253~313 K时,测定了质量分数为15%/85%和25%/75%混合制冷剂R1234yf/R32的PVT性质,拟合了两种不同配比的混合工质的气态维里方程,为进一步研究该工质的基础热物性提供了详实的数据。     

混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a PVTx性质的实验研究

为了获得混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a的热物性数据,本文利用Burnett法为基础搭建的高精度PVTx实验台,在温度为268~323 K时,测定了质量分数为55%/45%,50%/50%和45%/55%混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a的PVT性质,最终拟合了三种不同配比的混合工质的气态维里方程,方程和实验数据具有较高的重合度。     

R32/R1234yf混合工质热泵循环性能分析

在热泵热水器的名义工况下,对R32/R1234yf混合工质热泵循环性能进行计算分析。结果表明:R32/R1234yf的最优质量配比为60/40,使制热性能系数达到最大值4.727,较R22系统增大8.64%;在最优质量配比下,R32/R1234yf系统的单位容积制热量、单位质量制热量和冷凝压力均比R22系统大,但其压比和排气温度均低于R22系统。     

R32与R1234yf可燃性对比及燃烧抑制研究

卤代烷烃和卤代烯烃等氟为代表的工质是当前使用最广泛的人工合成制冷剂，随着环保要求不断提高，可选的氟代物多具有一定可燃性。制冷剂的可燃性限制了其在家用和商用等场景下的使用范围。根据可燃工质的燃烧特性寻找阻燃方法，其中重要的手段是从研究燃烧反应机理及反应路径出发对单一或混合制冷工质进行燃烧过程反应研究。本文研究了R1234yf为代表的低碳氟代烯烃燃烧点火延迟、温度压力变化、典型组元燃烧过程；并对比了R32和R1234yf燃烧机理与反应路径。研究结果表明：R32和R1234yf与烷烃和烯烃燃烧模型吻合，R1234yf点火延迟更高，加成和夺取反应更加复杂；通过反应路径的研究发现，两种可燃性工质中间稳定产物存在较多重合，在R32中仅添加体积分数为10%R1234yf时，当量比为1时的燃烧平衡温度可下降87.5 ℃；添加体积分数5%的R32混合物的燃烧平衡温度可下降21.0 ℃，混合物可燃性可低于两者任意组分；添加少量R32后点火时间提前，放热反应的自由基生成峰值明显降低。     

R1234ze(E)/R32混合工质热泵系统性能的实验研究

低全球变暖潜能值(Global Warming Potential,GWP)制冷剂R1234ze(E)作为R410A较为理想的替代品而被关注。但是纯R1234ze(E)的热力学性能和传输特性并不出色。近期研究表明R1234ze(E)中混入R32成分可以有效提高其热力学性能。本文在空气源热泵测试实验系统中以R1234ze(E)/R32(质量配比为27%/73%,命名为L-41b,GWP为493)混合工质为研究对象,考察了R1234ze(E)和混合工质L-41b在实际热泵系统中的运行性能。与常规制冷工质R410A的运行性能在相同工况下进行了对比,在相对高温区中L-41b对R410A具有良好的替代性能。研究结果为R1234ze(E)及其与R32混合工质的产品设计开发提供了参考数据。     

HFCs混合制冷剂热力性质的研究

为了利用PR方程和Huron-Vidal混合规则对三元混合制冷剂的热力性质进行精确计算，通过对10组二元HFCs混合制冷剂的汽液相平衡实验数据进行热力学关联，得出了相应的NRTL模型参数，由优选得到的过量Gibbs自由能NRTL模型的相互作用系数预测了构成R407C和R404A的三元混合制冷剂R32／R125／R134a以及R125／R143a／R134a的汽液相平衡，结果表明，泡点压力实验值和计算值的算术平均相对偏差小于0．42％，各组分的汽相组成实验值和计算值基本吻合。最后还应用相关热力性质分别对R32／R125和R407C进行了理论制冷循环分析计算并和其他模型的计算结果进行了比较。     

混合工质R134a/R23焓-浓度图的绘制

使用PR(Peng-Robinson)方程对混合工质R134a/R23进行了气液相平衡的预测和焓、熵的计算.针对PR方程液相精度比较差的问题,对PR方程引入了修正系数,重新推导了逸度系数、余函数等表达式,并将计算结果与实验数据进行了比较.根据计算得到的R134a/R23热物性数据,绘制了工程上广泛使用的二元混合工质的焓-浓度图,为基于该混合工质的循环计算,提供了重要的基础数据.     

Isofrax(R)和Insulfax(R)生物可溶性纤维的研究

综述生物可溶性纤维的研究进展,介绍矿物纤维对人体健康的影响以及国际上对矿物纤维进行健康分类的主要规范.分析了Unifrax公司研制Insulfrax(R)和Isofrax(R)两种可溶性耐火纤维的基本性能和应用情况.Isofrax(R)和Insulfrax(R)均是绿色环保型隔热材料,在欧美已成功地应用于各种热处理工业中.     

PROMATRIX(R)系统软件

PROMATRIX(R) DESIGNER 安装在Windows 95/98/2000/XP/NTTM等系统平台上,可以方便地完成PROMATRIX(R)的配置和存盘.     

ACTICARBON(R) 活性炭

ARKEMA(阿科玛)集团下CECA公司ACTICARBON 活性炭用海边的松木生产,此松木来自Landes(法国南部)的单一松树林,拥有非常好的纯度,优异的均一度,及非常高的吸附能力,性能稳定,在医药和催化剂载体等行业效果尤为突出.     

Development of a lyophilized formulation for (R,R)-formoterol (L)-tartrate

(R,R)-formoterol is a beta-agonist for inhalation. Aqueous instability suggested the need for a reconstitutable lyophilized dosage form. The objective of these studies was to devise a stable, rapid-dissolving, therapeutically compatible dosage form. The effects of diluents and residual moisture on the stability of thermally stressed formoterol formulations were investigated. Drug and various excipients (acetate, lactose, and mannitol) were lyophilized and placed in humidity chambers (0 to 90% relative humidity) at 25 to 50 degrees C. Stability was characterized by time-dependent changes using HPLC, pH, and XRD. Residual moisture were determined by Karl Fisher methods. Regression models were developed to quantify the effects of formulation and environmental variation on drug stability. Solid-state instability was observed as a function of high residual moisture and diluent type. Although the residual moisture in mannitol formulations were typically below 1%, the degradation rate (50 degrees C) varied from 2 to 10 mcg/day, which was 1.3- to 20-fold high than observed for lactose formulations under the same relative humidity conditions. At high relative humidity, the presence of acetate significantly increased the degradation rate (p < 0.04). The critical residual moisture content for lactose formulations was 3%. The amount of lactose was optimized by evaluating the degradation over the temperature range 25 to 50 degrees C. Mannitol and acetate were shown to be unsuitable excipients, and an optimal lactose amount was 50 mg for vials containing 50 mcg of drug.     

Development of a Lyophilized Formulation for (R,R)-Formoterol (L)-Tartrate

(R,R)-formoterol is a β-agonist for inhalation. Aqueous instability suggested the need for a reconstitutable lyophilized dosage form. The objective of these studies was to devise a stable, rapid-dissolving, therapeutically compatible dosage form. The effects of diluents and residual moisture on the stability of thermally stressed formoterol formulations were investigated. Drug and various excipients (acetate, lactose, and mannitol) were lyophilized and placed in humidity chambers (0 to 90% relative humidity) at 25 to 50°C. Stability was characterized by time-dependent changes using HPLC, pH, and XRD. Residual moistures were determined by Karl Fisher methods. Regression models were developed to quantify the effects of formulation and environmental variation on drug stability. Solid-state instability was observed as a function of high residual moisture and diluent type. Although the residual moistures in mannitol formulations were typically below 1%, the degradation rate (50°C) varied from 2 to 10 mcg/day, which was 1.3- to 20-fold high than observed for lactose formulations under the same relative humidity conditions. At high relative humidity, the presence of acetate significantly increased the degradation rate (p < 0.04). The critical residual moisture content for lactose formulations was 3%. The amount of lactose was optimized by evaluating the degradation over the temperature range 25 to 50°C. Mannitol and acetate were shown to be unsuitable excipients, and an optimal lactose amount was 50 mg for vials containing 50 mcg of drug.     

Thermodynamic properties of R32 + R134a and R125 + R32 mixtures in and beyond the critical region

A parametric crossover equation of state for pure fluids is adapted to binary mixtures. This equation incorporates scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical point and is transformed into a regular classical expansion far away from the critical point. An isomorphic generalization of the law of corresponding states is applied to the prediction of thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of binary mixtures over a wide region around the locus of vapor-liquid critical points. A comparison is made with experimental data for pure R32, R 125 and R 134a, and for R32 + R 134a and R 125 + R32 binary mixtures. The equation of state yields a good representation of thermodynamic property data in the range of temperatures 0.8T_c(x) ≤ T ≤ 1.5T_c(x) and densities 0.35 ?_c(x) ≤ ? ≤ 1.65?_c(x).     

The vapor pressure of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and chlorodifluoromethane (R22)

We measured the vapor pressure of chlorodifluoromethane (commonly known as R22) at temperatures between 217.1 and 248.5 K and of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (commonly known as R134a) in the temperature range 214.4 to 264.7 K using a comparative ebulliometer. For 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at pressures between 220.8 and 1017.7kPa (corresponding to temperatures in the range 265.6 to 313.2K), additional measurements were made with a Burnett apparatus. We have combined our results for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with those already published from this laboratory at higher pressures to obtain a smoothing equation for the vapor pressure from 215 K to the critical temperature. For chlorodifluoromethane our results have been combined with certain published results to provide an equation for the vapor pressure at temperatures from 217 K to the critical temperature.     

Liquid thermal conductivity of binary mixtures of difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125)

The thermal conductivities of refrigerant mixtures of difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) in the liquid phase are presented. The thermal conductivities were measured with the transient hot-wire method with one bare platinum wire. The experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 233–323 K and in the pressure range of 2–20 MPa. An empirical equation to describe the thermal conductivity of a near-azeotropic mixture, R32+R125, is provided based on the measured 168 thermal conductivity data as a function of temperature and pressure. The dependence of thermal conductivity on the composition at different temperatures and pressures is also presented. The uncertainty of our measurements is estimated to be ±2%. Paper dedicated to Professor Edward A. Mason.     

ISOFLUX(R)膜——微滤膜极品

介绍一种新型的恒通量的微滤膜－ISOFLUX^R膜，该种膜的膜通量衰减比通常的微滤膜要小得多，对ISOFLUX^R膜的原理和数学模型进行了推导，并给出了对牛奶进行冷杀菌过滤的结果。