循环荷载作用下饱和软粘土非线性一维固结

根据饱和软粘土地基非线性一维固结理论，针对单层饱水地基模型，运用Laplace变换求解了在循环荷载作用下的单层饱水地基一维非线性变形问题；通过Laplace逆变换，即可计算单层饱水地基在循环荷载作用下的非线性一维固结。结合单层地基在几种常见循环荷载作用下固结变形的算例，对解进行了探讨，揭示了循环荷载作用下单层饱和软粘土地基非线性一维固结的特性，得到了一些可用于指导工程实践的有意义的结论。     

未打穿竖向排水井地基固结理论

研究了单面排水条件下未打穿竖向排水井地基的固结问题,通过在排水井底面以下土层中设置虚拟排水井,得到了能考虑该土层三维渗流的解析解,这也是迄今与实际情况最接近的未打穿排水井地基固结解。根据所得解编制了计算程序,分析了未打穿竖向排水井地基的固结性状。并基于此解,对现有相关近似计算方法和解作了较完整的比较和讨论。     

变荷载作用下未打穿竖井地基固结分析

利用已有瞬时荷载作用下未打穿竖井地基固结模型,根据线性偏微分方程的叠加原理,将变荷载作用问题分解为瞬时荷载作用问题,给出了变荷载作用下未打穿竖井地基固结解答。利用该求解方法,对一未打穿竖井地基在单级线性加载和多级加载情况下的孔压消散进行了分析。分析表明,受加载历时影响,竖井打设区平均固结度减小幅度大于下卧层,但下卧层受影响时间要长得多。另外,在粗略设计中,可以将多级加载简化为单级线性加载,这样对后期平均固结度的影响不大。     

考虑涂抹作用的未打穿砂井地基固结理论分析

 在等应变假设和瞬时加载条件下,研究单面和双面排水情况下未打穿砂井地基的固结问题。通过设置虚拟砂井的方法考虑未打穿土层的径竖向组合渗流;同时,为考虑施工对土体的扰动随离砂井的距离增大而逐渐减小的事实,引入一个函数,将土体水平渗透系数统一表达,并在假设的3种模式下(涂抹区水平渗透系数不变、呈线性变化和呈抛物线变化),得到未打穿砂井地基固结解析解。编制计算程序,详细阐述编程过程中要注意的几个问题,对未打穿砂井地基的固结性状进行分析。结果表明,考虑涂抹区水平渗透系数呈抛物线变化时地基固结最快,呈线性变化时次之,不变时最慢;施工扰动范围、程度越大,固结越慢;砂井打入深度越深,固结越快;砂井渗透系数越大,固结越快。     

均质未贯穿竖井地基粘弹性固结分析

针对均质深厚软土地基竖井未打穿情况,采用Merchant流变模型,将现有未贯穿竖井地基线弹性固结理论进行了推广,推导了竖井未打穿均质地基的粘弹性固结解析解。该解考虑了涂抹和井阻作用以及竖井打设区和下卧层的相互影响。将解答编制成应用程序,用该程序分析了一竖井未打穿均质地基。分析表明,土体粘滞性对前期固结几乎没有影响,但后期固结度明显降低。土体粘滞性对下卧层的影响程度大于对竖井打设区的影响程度。     

任意荷载下分数阶导数黏弹性饱和土体一维固结

将分数阶导数理论引入Kelvin–Voigt模型,来描述黏弹性饱和土体的力学行为。对饱和土体一维固结方程和分数阶导数Kelvin–Voigt本构方程实施Laplace变换,联立求解得到变换域内有效应力和沉降的解析解。采用Crump方法实现Laplace数值反演,获得了任意荷载情况下物理空间内一维固结问题的半解析解。并将指数荷载情况下分数阶导数模型退化到黏弹性情形,结果与已有文献解析解相同,验证了本研究提出任意荷载情况下分数阶导数黏弹性解的可靠性。最后,分析了相关参数对固结沉降的影响。研究表明,任意荷载情形下分数阶导数黏弹性饱和土体一维固结发展过程与黏滞系数和分数阶次有关,分数阶次越大,固结沉降发展越快;黏滞系数越大,固结沉降变化越慢;荷载变化趋势与由荷载参数变化引起的沉降变化规律是一致的,且最终沉降量一致。本研究有助于深入认识分数阶黏弹性饱和土体的固结行为。     

小型桩基竖向循环加载模型试验系统研制与应用

介绍了一种小型桩基竖向循环加载模型试验系统,包括加载系统、压力室、起吊装置、模型桩、数据采集系统。该系统通过伺服电机驱动联轴器带动滚柱丝杠转动,进而带动加载板对模型桩施加竖向位移荷载;通过水压加载法对土样进行围压加载,模拟不同深度土层的应力状态及固结情况。可针对不同固结状态的地基土和多种桩基型式,开展不同荷载组合下桩基竖向循环加载模型试验研究,适用于饱和软土、一般黏性土、粉土、砂土等均质或非均质地基。应用该设备进行了单桩竖向循环加载模型试验,并与数值模拟进行对比。研究结果表明,动荷载幅值、地基土固结压力对桩基承载力特性影响很大;动荷载幅值较小时,桩基承载力几乎没有弱化;地基土固结压力升高时,桩基承载力提高显著,桩基承载力弱化速度减慢;随着振次及振幅的增加,桩顶轴力逐渐弱化至残余值;位移循环荷载作用下,桩周土的弱化导致桩基产生了负摩阻力,进一步降低了桩基承载力。模型试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。通过初步应用,证明了该试验系统弥补了常规1g小比例尺模型试验中低围压的不足,可以较好地反应出桩顶荷载和位移的非线性关系和承载力循环弱化现象。同时该系统输出荷载波形精确,量测系统灵敏度高、稳定性好,可用于多工况下桩基的竖向循环加载特性研究。     

循环荷载作用下软土的一维固结分析

利用受恒载作用下多层地基的一维线性固结问题的解析解,给出了受循环荷载作用下单层地基考虑压缩性变化的一维固结问题的解答。单层地基被平均划分为n层,并把固结时间和荷载也相应的划分为相同的等份,这样在每一微小的时间段内土层的一维固结问题可以处理为恒载线性问题。每一层土体的压缩、回弹状态可以根据该层的有效应力加以判断,通过选择不同的压缩系数并利用现有的多层地基土的固结理论进行分析。编制了相应的计算程序,与不考虑压缩性变化的解析解进行了比较。在证明了该方法的可靠性的基础上,分析了土体受循环荷载作用下的一维固结性状,最后给出了一个工程计算实例。     

变荷载下竖向排水井地基粘弹性固结沉降解析解

就实际工程中荷载逐渐施加情况下的竖向排水井地基粘弹性固结问题进行了研究,给出了相应的解析解,根据该解,通过编程计算,探讨了变载下竖井地基粘弹性固结的一般规律.并应用本文提出的理论对工程实例进行了分析.揭示了粘弹性参数和加载历时对固结过程的显著影响和在实际工程当中考虑这些因素的必要性.     

Solutions for a completely saturated porous elastic solid with impeded boundaries

Analytical solutions are presented for the consolidation of a semi-infinite stratum and a finite soil layer with an impeding layer located on the surface subjected to a vertical point loading. The Laplace transform and the Hankel transform are used with respect to time and the radial coordinate, respectively. Solutions of other distributed loadings, including the circular loading, can be easily obtained by integrating those of the point loading. The consolidation degree, excess pore water pressure, vertical total stress, and the shear stress of the consolidating layer are analyzed in this study. The consolidation rate decreases with the increase in the thickness of the impeding layer. Stresses of the consolidating layer vary during the consolidation due to the coupling of the excess pore water dissipation and the soil skeleton deformation. Further, the Mandel-Cryer effect is also analyzed in this study.     

Stress–dilatancy relationships of sand in the simulation of volumetric behavior during cyclic torsional shear loadings

In order to describe the volumetric behavior of soil subjected to shearing, a relationship that deals with the ratio of plastic strain increments to stress ratio (i.e. a stress–dilatancy relationship) is required in addition to the stress–shear strain relationship. In view of the above, stress–dilatancy relationships during cyclic torsional shear loadings were experimentally investigated in the current study. Based on the experimental results, a bilinear non-unique stress–dilatancy model was proposed for stress controlled drained cyclic torsional shear loading. The stress–dilatancy relationships during virgin loading and subsequent cyclic loading were modeled separately by considering the effects of stress history (over-consolidation or normal consolidation). Then the volume change of Toyoura sand specimens subjected to cyclic torsional shear loading was simulated by combining the simulation of stress–shear strain relationship with the proposed stress–dilatancy relationships. It was observed from the comparison of the experiment results with the simulation of volumetric strain that, after combining with accurate modeling of stress–shear strain relationship, the proposed stress–dilatancy relationship can reasonably simulate the volumetric behavior of sand subjected to various drained cyclic torsional shear loadings.     

成层未打穿砂井地基固结Lagrange插值解法

考虑井阻和涂抹区的影响,建立成层未打穿砂井地基固结的数值模型和算法。将未打穿砂井底面下的软土层视为虚拟排水井,同时将未打穿砂井转化为打穿的多段砂井,使得土层边界条件和数值计算过程简单化。对超孔隙水压力用Lagrange插值多项式等结点插值近似,把砂井打设区固结方程转化为结点的超孔隙水压力的简单微分方程组,砂井固结方程转化为一线性代数方程组,以4层土为例,导出详细的计算公式。如增加土层数,仅需改变边界结点系数公式。最后,把该解法与相关近似方法的计算结果进行分析比较,并给出一个多层软土路基预压加固工程案例。结果表明,将下卧层简化为一维固结与考虑其三维固结对计算结果影响很小。     

塑料排水板处理软土地基的离心模型试验研究

采用大型土工离心机对某海上机场工程近海软土地基上堤坝施工期及运行期进行了模拟。原型中采用塑料排水板固结法处理软土地基,模型中则根据固结过程相似的原理,换算成等效圆截面排水体,在模型制作中采用等效透水滤芯来模拟。试验中采用停机加载法模拟分级施工加载过程。根据激光位移传感器试验数据可以计算得出相应原型软土地基的沉降特性。利用试验得到的沉降曲线,采用"经验双曲线法"推算出了地基最终沉降,然后得出按沉降推算的分层地基平均固结度随时间的变化。对比沉降推算的运行5 a时软土地基固结度和理论计算结果,二者基本接近,表明文中塑料排水板的模拟方法用于离心模型试验是可行的。通过与理论计算结果比较,表明试验采用的塑料排水板模拟方法是可行的。     

土体动力粘塑性记忆型嵌套面本构模型及其验证

软土在循环荷载作用下,很小剪应变幅值发生时就会使土体产生塑性变形,因此采用粘塑性模型模拟软土在循环荷载作用下的动力特性更合理。本文针对软土在动荷载下的变形特点,采用等向硬化和随动硬化相结合的硬化模量场理论,基于土体的广义塑性理论,建立了一个总应力增量形式的土体粘塑性动力本构模型。该模型通过记忆任一时刻的加载反向面、破坏面和与加载反向面内切的初始加载面来确定屈服面变化规则,模型参数容易确定。在ABAQUS软件平台上实现了该模型的算法,通过土样动三轴试验的结果与模型预测结果的对比分析,验证了该模型的可行性。同时,对南京某含有较厚软土层的典型软弱地基的地震反应进行了分析,分析结果符合软弱地基非线性地震反应的一般规律。因此,该模型为软土非线性地震反应和土-结构非线性动力相互作用分析提供了一个较为实用的土体本构模型。     

A simple solution for prefabricated vertical drain with surcharge preloading combined with vacuum consolidation

Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with the surcharge preloading and vacuum consolidation has become considerably popular for ground improvement projects. A simple solution that incorporates the fundamental embankment features, such as the average degree of consolidation and excess pore pressure, are essential for the design of soft ground improvements by PVDs with vacuum preloading. However, most of the solutions for vertical drains with vacuum consolidation require numerical simulations, whose implementation tends to be laborious. In contrast, a simple solution for vacuum consolidation under time-dependent loading has not yet been proposed. In this study, a simple solution that can be easily incorporated into a conventional spreadsheet is derived for PVDs with vacuum preloading by applying the Laplace transform technique. The proposed solution accounts for several actual construction conditions, such as initial surcharge load, vacuum pump trial period, variations of radial permeability, and time-dependent loading. The results obtained from this proposed approach were validated with those from the finite element method and field data from the case study of the Cai Mep International Terminal project in southern Vietnam. The derived solutions, including the excess pore pressures and average degrees of consolidation, were in good agreement with the predicted and observed data.     

真空联合堆载预压下竖井地基固结解析解

考虑真空度沿竖井的发展是一个深度的函数,同时堆载所引起的附加应力既随时间变化也随深度变化,还考虑了地基的径竖向渗流以及扰动区土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,推导了真空联合堆载预压下竖井地基固结度的一个较普遍的解析解,并分析了在真空度沿竖井线性下降,堆载线性施加和附加应力沿深度梯形分布等情况下的地基固结性状。结果表明,荷载线性施加时,真空度对地基固结度有较大影响,真空度越大,沿深度衰减越慢,固结越快;而在荷载瞬时施加时,真空度对固结度没有影响。在地基井径比和水平渗透系数与竖向渗透系数之比较小时,地基的竖向渗流对地基的固结度有较大的影响。     

堆载预压径竖向固结等体积应变解答

现有的含竖向排水体地基固结问题的解析解答大都是在传统的等竖向应变假设基础上建立的,而且在考虑涂抹区土体的渗流和压缩作用方面,还没有真实地体现出涂抹区土体的竖向渗透系数和体积压缩系数,其对地基固结的影响也尚不明确。为此,针对含竖向排水体地基径竖向同时固结的轴对称问题,采用等体积应变假设,考虑井阻作用、涂抹作用、随时间线性堆载预压以及地基附加球应力任意分布,推导了完整的径竖向固结微分方程的解答,给出了超静孔隙水压力和固结度的显式表达式,分析了侧向变形即泊松比效应以及涂抹区土体的竖向渗透系数和三维体积压缩系数对地基整体平均固结度的影响。结果表明,泊松比效应较为明显,基于传统的等竖向应变假设的解答高估了地基的固结速率;不考虑涂抹区土体体积压缩的解答虽然也高估了地基的固结速率,但影响有限;而涂抹区土体的竖向渗透系数对于地基固结的影响则几乎可忽略不计。     

基于大变形的未打穿砂井固结理论研究

 吹填土往往具有含水率高、初始孔隙比大、压缩性大等特点,加固过程中渗透系数、压缩系数及渗流路径都会发生较大变化,加固过程中砂井以下土体在砂井排水通道和真空压力下也会发生固结。基于大变形固结理论,在流动柱体坐标系下,通过建立渗流连续方程,进而推导了能够同时考虑砂井加固层及下卧土层的未打穿砂井大变形固结控制方程,并采用有限差分方法对建立的方程进行了求解。结合黏土渗透压缩模型,利用研究成果对一吹填地基浅层加固工程进行了分析,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,证明了计算方法的可行性。     

路堤下等应变复合地基的固结分析

 路堤下等应变复合地基固结沉降时,桩间土承担的荷载向桩体转移,桩土总应力不断变化,超静孔压增减量不等于有效应力增减量。考虑桩土总应力的变化、竖向排水体的压缩和孔隙水压力、桩体的排水性能、桩与排水体的距离等对复合地基的固结产生的影响。推导考虑桩体排水性能、桩土荷载转移、排水体压缩性和井阻的路堤下复合地基孔压、固结度、桩土应力比的解析解。固结分析表明,不透水桩可以加速地基固结,透水桩可能减缓固结,复合地基固结的快慢受桩身固结系数影响很大,高固结系数桩复合地基固结度大于小固结系数桩复合地基。     

Coupled consolidation via vertical drains in unsaturated soils induced by time-varying loading based on continuous permeable boundary

Considering continuous permeable boundary and coupled radial-vertical flow in this paper, a generalized semi-analytical solution for the consolidation enhanced by vertical drains (VDs) in unsaturated soils under time-varying loading is proposed. Firstly, the continuous permeable boundary is introduced into the axisymmetric consolidation model. Afterwards, the coupled controlling governing equations of excess pore pressures (EPPs) are solved by mathematical methods such as the decoupling technology, the Laplace transformation and inversion. Then, the validity of the current solution is verified by special cases with double-permeable boundary conditions (BCs) and instantaneous loading. The case analyses eventually were carried out, and the results show that the smear effects slow down the consolidation process but that is not obvious when the smear parameter is great than five. The effect of vertical flow on consolidation becomes insignificant when the ratio of radial to vertical permeability coefficient is greater than five; conversely, when its value is less than five, the above effect increases with the enhancement of the permeability properties at the top (or bottom) boundary. Moreover, the new solution can be applied to time-varying loadings, and different distributions of top and bottom boundary permeability.