梯度材料球罐热弹性应力分析

对梯度材料球罐承压条件下的热弹性响应进行分析,通过求解应力控制方程分别考察不同弹性梯度因子和温差梯度因子对球罐中应力分布的影响。分析结果表明,即使不考虑梯度温差应力的影响,梯度材料球罐的最大环向应力也不总在球罐的最内层,而是取决于材料的弹性梯度分布;并且,不同球罐壁厚下,弹性梯度因子对球罐应力分布的影响作用也明显不同。随着温差梯度因子的增加,球罐中径向应力将从完全受压状态转变为部分受拉状态,而球罐内外壁的环向应力差值也随之增大。     

Thermal postbuckling behavior of shear deformable FGM plates with temperature-dependent properties

Thermal postbuckling analysis is presented for a simply supported, shear deformable functionally graded plate under thermal loading. Two cases of temperature field, i.e. in-plane non-uniform parabolic temperature distribution and heat conduction are considered. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of FGM layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher-order shear deformation plate theory that includes thermal effects. The initial geometric imperfection of the plate is taken into account. A two-step perturbation technique is employed to determine buckling temperature and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the thermal postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, geometrically mid-plane symmetric FGM plates under different sets of loading conditions. The results reveal that the temperature dependency has a significant effect on the thermal postbuckling behavior of FGM plates. The results also confirm that for the case of heat conduction, the postbuckling path for geometrically perfect plates is no longer of the bifurcation type.     

热-机械载荷下梯度材料圆筒的应力分析

对梯度材料圆筒在内外压及非均布温度载荷作用下的应力状态进行理论分析。通过引入弹性梯度因子和温度梯度因子获得热—机械载荷下梯度材料圆筒的应力解析解,进而探讨弹性梯度因子和温度梯度因子对径向、周向和轴向应力分布的影响,为梯度材料圆筒的结构设计提供可靠的理论依据。计算结果表明,应力分量沿壁厚的分布随内外压比值的不同而不同,其中径向应力与坐标位置密切相关,与梯度因子关系不大。对于不同的梯度因子比,存在一最优值使得梯度圆筒内外壁面周向应力差值最小。与内壁处轴向应力相比,外壁处轴向应力对内外压比值的变化更为敏感,并且当弹性梯度因子与温度梯度因子比小于1时,轴向应力几乎不受梯度因子比值变化的影响;而当梯度因子比大于1时,轴向应力迅速减小,且外壁处的减小速度远大于内壁处的减小速度。     

Elastic analysis of exponentially graded piezoelectric cylindrical structures as sensors and actuators

An analytical solution is obtained for functionally graded piezoelectric cylindrical structures, and the electroelastic behavior is investigated. The material properties are assumed to vary as an exponential function along the radial direction of the cylinder. The cylindrical structure acts as sensor or actuator and is subjected to mechanical and electrical loads at its inner and outer cylindrical surfaces. Based on the linear piezoelectricity theory, the governing equation in terms of the radial displacement is obtained as a second-order nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equation with variable coefficients, and its solution is obtained by the Frobenius series method. The illustrative examples show that the material nonhomogeneity has significant effect on the electroelastic fields of functionally graded piezoelectric cylindrical sensors and actuators.     

Effect of material inhomogeneity on the rotating functionally of a graded orthotropic hollow cylinder

The effect of the material inhomogeneity on the stress field of a rotating orthotropic infinite hollow cylinder made of functionally graded materials is investigated. The original functionally graded hollow cylinder is approximated by the laminate model, of which the solution will gradually approach the exact one with the increase in number of fictitious layers. The analysis is performed by means of the state space method. The validity of the solution is verified by utilizing the exact solution of a special non-homogeneous rotating hollow cylinder and earlier results. The distributions of the radial and tangential stresses of the internally pressurized rotating functionally graded hollow cylinder for various material inhomogeneity parameters are depicted graphically. The degree of the orthotropy on the stress fields is also discussed.     

An exact solution for buckling of functionally graded circular plates based on higher order shear deformation plate theory under uniform radial compression

In this research, mechanical buckling of circular plates composed of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is considered. Equilibrium and stability equations of a FGM circular plate under uniform radial compression are derived, based on the higher order shear deformation plate theory (HSDT). Assuming that the material properties vary as a power form of the thickness coordinate variable z and using the variational method, the system of fundamental partial differential equations are established. A buckling analysis of a functionally graded circular plate (FGCP) under uniform radial compression is carried out and the results are given in closed-form solutions. The results are compared with the buckling loads of plates obtained for FGCP based on the first order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) and classical plate theory (CPT) given in the literature. The study concludes that HSDT accurately predicts the behavior of FGCP, whereas the FSDT and CPT overestimates buckling loads.     

FGM and laminated doubly curved shells and panels of revolution with a free-form meridian: A 2-D GDQ solution for free vibrations

In this paper, the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is applied to study the dynamic behavior of functionally graded materials (FGMs) and laminated doubly curved shells and panels of revolution with a free-form meridian. The First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) is used to analyze the above mentioned moderately thick structural elements. In order to include the effect of the initial curvature a generalization of the Reissner-Mindlin theory, proposed by Toorani and Lakis, is adopted. The governing equations of motion, written in terms of stress resultants, are expressed as functions of five kinematic parameters, by using the constitutive and kinematic relationships. The solution is given in terms of generalized displacement components of points lying on the middle surface of the shell. Simple Rational Bézier curves are used to define the meridian curve of the revolution structures. Firstly, the differential quadrature (DQ) rule is introduced to determine the geometric parameters of the structures with a free-form meridian. Secondly, the discretization of the system by means of the GDQ technique leads to a standard linear eigenvalue problem, where two independent variables are involved. Results are obtained taking the meridional and circumferential co-ordinates into account, without using the Fourier modal expansion methodology. Comparisons between the Reissner-Mindlin and the Toorani-Lakis theory are presented. Furthermore, GDQ results are compared with those obtained by using commercial programs such as Abaqus, Ansys, Nastran, Straus and Pro/Mechanica. Very good agreement is observed. Finally, different lamination schemes are considered to expand the combination of the two functionally graded four-parameter power-law distributions adopted. The treatment is developed within the theory of linear elasticity, when materials are assumed to be isotropic and inhomogeneous through the lamina thickness direction. A two-constituent functionally graded lamina consists of ceramic and metal those are graded through the lamina thickness. A parametric study is performed to illustrate the influence of the parameters on the mechanical behavior of shell and panel structures considered.     

Limit load analysis of shallow arches made of functionally bi-directional graded materials under mechanical loading

Thin shallow arches may become unstable under transverse loading if the built-up internal compressive forces reach a limiting value beyond which the structure undergoes a sudden large displacement towards a new stable configuration. This phenomenon could be both desirable (in toggle switches) and disastrous (collapse of a dome or truss). Hence, the so-called snapor limit-load analysis becomes important as to which factors influence it to give guidelines in designing structures to behave favorably. By the introduction of functionally graded materials (FGMs) in recent years, and incorporating them into this phenomenon, interesting results can be obtained which can give structures with favorable instability properties. In this work, a thin shallow arch with a modulus that can be varied along the thickness or the arch length or both is considered. Based on the governing equations of the deflected arch, the snap load is obtained in a mixed analytical-numerical approach and a parameter study of the critical load is carried out. Several verifying and interesting examples are presented.     

功能梯度材料飞轮转子优化设计

功能梯度材料(Functionally graded materials,FGMs)是一种材料属性在空间位置上连续变化的新型材料。与均匀材料相比,高速储能飞轮转子采用FGMs可以有效地减少应力集中,充分发挥材料性能,从而改善转子的工作性能。针对飞轮转子轴向厚度相对较厚时平面应力方法误差较大的问题,通过将转子离散为有限个等厚匀质微环的方法,推得变厚度FGMs飞轮转子的三维半解析解——修正平面应力(Modified plane stress,MPS)解,并采用有限元法验证其精确性。应用序列二次规划(Sequential quadratic programming,SQP)优化方法,以飞轮转子的厚度、材料体积分数和转速为设计变量,以最大化转子的储能密度为目标函数,对FGMs飞轮转子的形状和材料分布进行优化设计,并分析材料性能参数对结果的影响。计算结果表明,合理的转子形状与材料分布可以使转子应力分布更加均匀,大大提高飞轮的储能性能。     

Nonlinear dynamic response of a simply supported rectangular functionally graded material plate under the time-dependent thermalmechanical loads

An analysis on nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a simply supported functionally graded materials (FGMs) rectangular plate subjected to the transversal and in-plane excitations is presented in the time dependent thermal environment. Here we look the FGM Plates as isotropic materials which is assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to the power-law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents. The geometrical nonlinearity using Von Karman’s assumption is introduced. The formulation also includes in-plane and rotary inertia effects. In the framework of Reddy’s third-order shear deformation plate theory, the governing equations of motion for the FGM plate are derived by the Hamilton’s principle. Then the equations of motion with two-degree-of-freedom under combined the time-dependent thermomechanical loads can be obtained by using Galerkin’s method. Using numerical method, the control equations are analyzed to obtain the response curves. Under certain conditions the periodic and chaotic motions of the FGM plate are found. It is found that because of the existence of the temperature which relate to the time the motions of the FGM plate show the great difference. A period motion can be changed into the chaotic motions which are affected by the time dependent temperature.     

A new beam finite element for the analysis of functionally graded materials

A new beam element is developed to study the thermoelastic behavior of functionally graded beam structures. The element is based on the first-order shear deformation theory and it accounts for varying elastic and thermal properties along its thickness. The exact solution of static part of the governing differential equations is used to construct interpolating polynomials for the element formulation. Consequently, the stiffness matrix has super-convergent property and the element is free of shear locking. Both exponential and power-law variations of material property distribution are used to examine different stress variations. Static, free vibration and wave propagation problems are considered to highlight the behavioral difference of functionally graded material beam with pure metal or pure ceramic beams.     

Thermomechanical postbuckling analysis of moderately thick functionally graded plates and shallow shells

In this paper, an analytical solution is provided for the postbuckling behaviour of moderately thick plates and shallow shells made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) under edge compressive loads and a temperature field. The material properties of the functionally graded shells are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the shell, according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The fundamental equations for moderately thick rectangular shallow shells of FGM are obtained using the von Karman theory for large transverse deflection and high-order shear deformation theory for moderately thick plates. The solution is obtained in terms of mixed Fourier series and the obtained results are compared with those of the Reissner–Mindlin's theory for moderately thick plates and the classical theory ignoring transverse shear deformation. The effect of material properties, boundary conditions and thermomechanical loading on the buckling behaviour and the associated stress field are determined and discussed. The results reveal that thermomechanical coupling effects and the boundary conditions play a major role in dictating the response of the functionally graded plates and shells under the action of edge compressive loads.     

Nonlinear bending response of functionally graded plates subjected to transverse loads and in thermal environments

Nonlinear bending analysis is presented for a simply supported, functionally graded rectangular plate subjected to a transverse uniform or sinusoidal load and in thermal environments. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The governing equations of a functionally graded plate are based on Reddy's higher-order shear deformation plate theory that includes thermal effects. Two cases of the in-plane boundary conditions are considered. A mixed Galerkin-perturbation technique is employed to determine the load-deflection and load-bending moment curves. The numerical illustrations concern nonlinear bending response of functional graded rectangular plates with two constituent materials. The influences played by temperature rise, the character of in-plane boundary conditions, transverse shear deformation, plate aspect ratio and volume fraction distributions are studied.     

Free and forced vibration analysis of FG beam considering temperature dependency of material properties

This paper presents a finite element method (FEM) free and forced lateral vibration analysis of beams made of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The temperature dependency of material properties along with damping had not previously been taken into account in vibration analysis. In the present study, the material properties were assumed to be temperature-dependent, and were graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution of the volume fractions of the constituents. The natural frequencies were obtained for functionally graded (FG) beams with various boundary conditions. First, an FG beam was assumed to be isotropic (metal rich) and the results were compared with the analytical solution and the results for ANSYS and NASTRAN software. Finally, dynamic responses were obtained for damped and un-damped systems. Numerical results were obtained to show the influences of the temperature dependency of the materials properties, the boundary conditions, the volume fraction distribution (the index of power law, N) and the geometrical parameters.     

Fabrication of transparent homogeneous functionally graded materials and crack analysis by photoelasticity

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - To analyze the stress of functionally graded materials (FGMs) through an experiment, transparent homogeneous FGMs (THFGMs) with similar theoretical...     

计入气穴影响的径推联合动静压浮环轴承稳定性研究

研究了计入气穴影响的径推联合动静压浮环轴承的动态性能和稳定性.给出了控制径推联合浮环动静压轴承内、外膜的气油两相流变密度、变黏度无量纲动态Reynolds方程及压力边界条件和深腔流量平衡方程;用有限元法对不同转速、不同偏心率下含气率为0和0.1的内外油膜进行了有限元计算,得到各部分的刚度系数和阻尼系数;计算了该径推浮环轴承的稳定性参数.结果表明:气穴使得径向、推力内外层油膜的刚度系数和阻尼系数均有所下降,随着偏心率的增大及转速的提高,气穴的影响程度减小;气穴使得轴承的无量纲临界转子质量降低,因此在供油压力急剧变化时必须考虑气穴的影响.     

The frictional sliding contact problems of rigid parabolic and cylindrical stamps on graded coatings

Graded materials, also known as functionally graded materials (FGMs), are generally two-phase composites with continuously varying volume fractions. Used as coatings and interfacial zones they can reduce thermally and mechanically induced stresses resulting from material property mismatch, increase the bonding strength and provide protection against adverse environments. In this paper, the contact problems of parabolic and cylindrical stamps on graded coatings are considered. The objective of this study is to obtain a series of analytical benchmark solutions for examining the influence of such factors as material inhomogeneity constants the coefficient of friction and various length parameters on the critical stresses that may have a bearing on the fatigue and fracture of the components with graded coatings.     

Layer-wise finite element analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shell under dynamic load

In this paper, a layer-wise finite element formulation is developed for the analysis of a functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell with finite length under dynamic load. For this purpose, FGM cylinder is divided into many sub-layers and then the general layerwise laminate theory is formulated by introducing piecewise continuous approximations through the thickness for each state In this model the radial displacement is approximated linearly through each “mathematical” layer. The properties are controlled by volume fraction that is an exponential function of radius. The governing equations are derived from virtual work statement and solved by finite element method. The main contribution of the present study is to develop a discrete layerwise finite element for a 2-dimensional thick FGM cylindrical shell. Results are obtained for the time history of the displacement and stress components with different exponent “n” of functionally graded material. In addition, natural frequency and mean velocity of the radial wave propagation for different exponent “n” of functionally graded material (FGM) are studied and compared with similar ones currently obtained for FGM cylindrical shell of infinite length.     

Influence of density variation on the arbitrarily propagating crack tip fields in functionally graded materials

The stress and displacement fields for an arbitrarily propagating crack tip in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with exponential variation of density and shear modulus are obtained. Nonhomogeneous parameters of density and shear modulus are different from each other. The solutions for higher order terms in the dynamic equilibriums are obtained by transforming the general differential equations to the scaled Laplace’s equations. Using the stress fields, the effects of the nonhomogeneous density on stress components is investigated. In addition, the contours of the constant maximum shear stress at a propagating crack tip are generated and the effects of the nonhomogeneous density on the isochromatics are discussed.     

A unified generalized thermoelasticity; solution for cylinders and spheres

A new unified formulation for the generalized theories of the coupled thermoelasticity based on the Lord–Shulman, Green–Lindsay, and Green–Naghdi models is proposed in this paper. The unified form of the governing equations is presented by introducing the unifier parameters. The formulations are derived and given for the anisotropic heterogeneous materials. The unified equations are reduced for the isotropic and homogeneous materials. Transforming the governing equations into the Laplace domain, they are analytically solved in the space domain for a hollow sphere and cylinder, where a parameter is introduced to consolidate the solution for the sphere and cylinder in a unified form. A thermal shock load is applied to the inner surface of the sphere and cylinder and the results are presented using a numerical inversion technique of the Laplace transform. The results are validated with the known data in the literature.