Color Zone Map in Peripheral Vision at Various Illuminance Levels

We measured the entire region of mesopic and photopic vision to determine the color zone covering the visual field with unique red, yellow, green, and blue hue components. Eight kinds of test stimuli in the natural color system (NCS) color notation system were used. These stimuli were presented at horizontal and vertical meridians, and at meridians inclined at 45° angles. The illuminance level was set at six levels: 0.01 lx-1000 lx. The evaluation method measured chromatic, white, and black components as well as the hue component of the stimuli. Results show that the color zone of the retina extended further into the periphery with increasing illuminance; the response of opponent colors y-b was shown to be greater than that of the opponent colors r-g.     

Chromatic-Spatial Vision of the Aging Eye

The human visual system undergoes continuous anatomical, physiological and functional changes throughout the life span. There is also continuous change in the spectral distribution and intensity of light reaching the retina from infancy through senescence, primarily due to changes in the absorption of short-wave light by the lens. Despite these changes in the retinal stimulus and the signals leaving the retina for perceptual analysis, color appearance is relatively stable during aging as measured by broadband reflective or self-luminous samples, the wavelengths of unique blue and yellow, and the achromatic locus. Measures of ocular media density for younger and older observers show, indeed, that color appearance is independent of ocular media density. This may be explained by a renormalization process that was demonstrated by measuring the chromaticity of the achromatic point before and after cataract surgery. There was a shift following cataract surgery (removal of a brunescent lens) that was initially toward yellow in color space, but over the course of months, drifted back in the direction of the achromatic point before surgery. The spatial characteristics of color mechanisms were quantified for younger and older observers in terms of chromatic perceptive fields and the chromatic contrast sensitivity functions. Younger and older observers differed with small spots or with chromatic spatial gratings near threshold, but there were no significant differences with larger spots or suprathreshold spatial gratings.     

Chromatic Spatial Summation at Equiluminance

The effect of spatial summation on chromatic detection at suprathreshold levels for the red-green and yellow-blue chromatic opponent mechanisms has been studied using simple reaction time (RT) as a measurement of the response. We varied the target size in the experiments from 8 min of arc in diameter to 10 deg, and the hue-substitution paradigm was adopted to generate only chromatic changes in the cone input. Equiluminant stimuli were distributed along three tritan and three red-green confusion lines. Three reference stimuli were chosen as both reference and adapting stimuli, in this case to determine whether the chromatic adaptation affected the spatial summation. The results showed that the mean value of RT at a constant cone-input variation, either of the L #x2212; 2M channel or of the S #x2212; (L #x002B; M) channel, against the target size decreased until a stimulus size was reached, the RT being constant for greater sizes. The spatial summation was fulfilled for a maximum target size which was less for the L #x2212; 2M channel than for the S #x2212; (L #x002B; M) channel, this size decreasing as the cone-input variation rose. Furthermore, there was no spatial summation for high-enough variations in the cone input. In addition, the chromatic mechanisms appear to organize their spatial integration with the adapting level.     

赞比亚、坦桑尼亚和澳大利亚紫红-棕红色石榴石的成分和光谱学对比

紫红-棕红色石榴石是最常见的石榴石品种,其产地来源较多,不同产地因色调和净度不同,价格差异较大,具有产地鉴别的意义。针对坦桑尼亚,澳大利亚,以及新近发现的产地--赞比亚Magodi地区三个产地的样品进行了化学成分和光谱学特征的测试和对比研究。通过激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱技术（LA-ICP-MS）进行主微量成分分析,发现三个产地的石榴石均为镁铝-铁铝榴石系列矿物。对17种化学成分进行线性判别分析(LDA),能以96.7%交叉检验准确率对三个产地进行区分。根据标准化典则判别函数的系数,发现MgO,FeO,MnO,Co和Sc等成分对于判别的贡献较大。根据稀土元素配分曲线,发现澳大利亚石榴石在重稀土元素上呈明显上升趋势,计算各样品的重稀土元素和轻稀土元素总含量的比值,澳大利亚为191-334,坦桑尼亚为50-164,赞比亚为9-175。通过拉曼光谱测试,发现随着Mg含量的增加和Fe含量的减少,与Si-O键伸缩振动、Si-O键弯曲振动和硅氧四面体转动有关的拉曼峰向高波数偏移,偏移量与Mg、Fe含量线性相关,澳大利亚样品拉曼峰位整体偏向低波数。三个产地的石榴石在色调上有一定区别,紫外-可见吸收光谱发现这种区别来自于425nm处吸收强度的不同。此外发现,368和503 nm处吸光度的比值具有明显的产地差异,澳大利亚的比值大于1.3,赞比亚介于0.8和1.3之间,坦桑尼亚小于0.8。     

彩色编码投影光栅三维轮廓术中分色问题的研究

针对彩色编码投影栅三维轮廊术所需的分色技术要求,根据光度学的原理,提出了一种由RGB格式到HIS格式的变换关系,同时给出了逆变换关系式,亮度I定义为R,G,B三个分量的平均值,白度S定义为R,G,B三个分量中最小的分量除以亮度值。用R．G．B三个分量中的最小值去减另外两个分量,得到该像素所对应的光谱色,然后由这两个分量的比值来确定色度H。在HIS格式中将亮度与颜色信息分离开,在进行分色处理时可以不受亮度变化的影响,通过设定固定的阈值,可以将红,绿,蓝,青,品,黄几种颜色有效地区分开来。     

基于色差分析的不同光源下颜色稳定性研究

产品颜色是衡量产品质量的重要指标,由于产品流通环境中光源的变化无法避免,产品颜色必然受到光源变化的影响,因此研究不同光源下颜色的稳定性具有现实意义。以D65光源为标准光源,以A光源、F2光源为试验光源,选择大量色块作为样品,用不同光源下样品色差大小来衡量不同光源下样品颜色稳定性。通过对不同兴奋纯度的样品的分析,发现样品色差与其兴奋纯度是正相关的;通过对不同主波长/补色波长的样品进行分析,发现样品色差与其主波长/补色波长密切相关。样品主波长在479 nm时,色差较大,ΔE_ab*（D65/A）、ΔE_ab*（D65/F2）分别为14.50、13.81;样品主波长在561 nm时,色差较小,ΔE_ab*（D65/A）、ΔE_ab*（D65/F2）分别为5.17、2.78。将主波长/补色波长与色相对应后,发现紫、黄、黄绿等色相的样品在不同光源下色差较小,而红、青、浅蓝等色相的样品在不同光源下色差较大。结果表明,不同光源下颜色稳定性与其兴奋纯度以及主波长/补色波长有关。在实际生产与应用中,可以通过以下2种方式提高不同光源下产品颜色的稳定性:一是选择兴奋纯度较低的颜色;二是选择特定色相如紫、黄、黄绿等色相的颜色。     

A Color Appearance Model Applicable in Mesopic Vision

We propose a color vision model that can be used to predict color appearance in mesopic vision as well as photopic and scotopic vision. It is based on a two-stage model which consists of the cone and opponent stages and it assumes rod intrusion at the opponent stage. The model has the following features to describe the color appearance in mesopic vision. First, it includes a gradual and nonlinear shift in spectral luminous efficiency from V (LD) to V (LD) to cope with the spectral sensitivity difference between photopic and scotopic vision and the nonlinearity of rod influence on the luminance channel. Second, the model assumes decrease of the chromatic component with decreasing illuminance to explain the reduction of saturation at low illuminance levels. Third, it assumes that red/green and yellow/blue components change with illuminance levels independently, thus explaining hue shifts with decreasing illuminance. We applied the model for color appearance simulation of natural scenes in a mesopic visual environment.     

Design and Construction of a Three-Color Gold–Copper-Vapor Laser and the Output-Power Dependence on the Frequency and Buffer-gas Pressure

We design and construct a three-color gold–copper-vapor laser emitting green (510.6 nm), yellow (578.2 nm), and red (627.8 nm) light. The maximum measured total average output power is 12 W under sealed-off conditions. We divide the active medium into three zones (two at both ends for copper and the central zone for gold) in order to vaporize both gold and copper simultaneously. For this purpose, we use a single type of thermal insulator to change the temperature along the medium by varying its thickness, which is the main point in our design. In addition, we carry out some experiments to distinguish the dependence of the output power on the frequency and buffer-gas pressure; the measured ratio of these three wavelengths, green : yellow: red, is 22 : 10 : 7.     

Complete experimental characterization of the influence of parametric four-wave mixing on stimulated Raman gain

We present what is to our knowledge the first complete measurement of the dependence of Raman gain on chromatic dispersion, fully revealing the influence of parametric four-wave mixing on stimulated Raman scattering. In particular, a threefold increase of the Raman gain is observed under phase-matching conditions, in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Our experiments, which were performed in a photonic crystal fiber, demonstrate that these unique fibers can be exploited to boost the performances of fiber Raman amplifiers.     

Relationships among age-related differences in gap detection and word recognition

The relationships among age-related differences in gap detection and word recognition in subjects with normal hearing or mild sensorineural hearing loss were explored in two studies. In the first study, gap thresholds were obtained for 40 younger and 40 older subjects. The gaps were carried by 150-ms, modulated, low-pass noise bursts with cutoff frequencies of 1 or 6 kHz. The noise bursts were presented at an overall level of 80 dB SPL in three background conditions. Mean gap thresholds ranged between 2.6 and 7.8 ms for the younger age group and between 3.4 and 10.0 ms for the older group. Mean gap thresholds were significantly larger for the older group in all six conditions. Gap thresholds were not significantly correlated with audiometric thresholds in either age group but the 1-kHz gap thresholds increased with age in the younger group. In the second study, the relationships among gap thresholds, spondee-in-babble thresholds, and audiometric thresholds of 66 subjects were examined. Compared with the older subjects, the younger group recognized the spondees at significantly lower (more difficult) spondee-to-babble ratios. In the younger group, spondee-in-babble thresholds were significantly correlated with gap thresholds in conditions of high-frequency masking. In the older group, spondee-in-babble thresholds, gap thresholds, and audiometric thresholds were not significantly correlated, but the spondee-in-babble thresholds and two audiometric thresholds increased significantly with age. These results demonstrate that significant age-related changes in auditory processing occur throughout adulthood. Specifically, age-related changes in temporal acuity may begin decades earlier than age-related changes in word recognition.     

Synthesis and characterization of a new series of BiOI1−x−yBrxCly pigments

New bismuth oxyhalides of the type BiOI_1?xBr_x, form a complete solid solution series and crystallize in a layered tetragonal matlockite structure Color varies from yellow to red as x decreases from 0 75 to 0 and layer separation, c, increases from 8 45 to 9 16 Å The compounds have large intrinsic optical absorption coefficients (α > 10⁵ cm^-1). Used as pigments, they are light-fast but show less color saturation than PbCrO₄ of the same hue.     

Computerized Simulation and Chromatic Adaptation Experiments Based on a Model of Aged Human Lens

Color appearance seen by old people does not significantly differ from that seen by young subjects even though their ocular lens has become more yellow with age. We calculated the age-related change of lights reflected from Munsell color chips onto the retina, and derived results that show that the chromaticity values of all the color chips shifted to the yellow region of the xy-chromaticity diagram. However, a replot on the CIELAB diagram and the estimation by means of the von Kries adaptation model suggests that old people may compensate their color vision using a general chromatic adaptation process. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments: a chromatic adaptation experiment and a color matching experiment to simulate D65-lights as seen by older people but using young subjects. The results indicate that chromatic adaptation does not provide a complete explanation for color compensation by older people, suggesting that an age-related change of the yellow-blue opponent color mechanism may contribute to this compensation.     

CIELAB与CIECAM02色空间均匀性比较研究

采用均匀色空间Munsell系统检验和验证了CIELAB和色貌模型CIECAM02色空间的均匀性。利用Mun- sell色卡所对应的三刺激值X,Y,Z作为模型的输入值,预测色空间模型的明度、彩度和色调,并通过预测结果比较和检验了CIELAB色空间和CIECAM02模型色空间的均匀性。研究表明:在预测明度方面,两个色空间的结果相似;在预测彩度时,CIECAM02模型较好于CIELAB色空间;在预测色调时,当色调逐渐从BG变化到B时,CIELAB所预测的色调角与由Munsell色空间计算出来的色调角之差逐渐增大,最大时超过6%,而CIECAM02所预测的色调角与Munsell色空间的色调角之差在2.5%以内,CIECAM02优于CIELAB色空间。     

Hydrophobic characterization of intracellular lipids in situ by Nile Red red/yellow emission ratio

Nile Red (9-diethylamino-5H-benzo [alpha] phenoxazine-5-one) is a fluorescent lipophilic dye characterized by a shift of emission from red to yellow according to the degree of hydrophobicity of lipids. Polar lipids (i.e., phospholipids) which are mostly present in membranes, are stained in red whereas neutral lipids (esterified cholesterol and triglycerides) which are present in lipid droplets, are stained in yellow. Besides this marked, qualitative contrast between polar and neutral lipids, small differences of the hydrophobic strength could be assessed by the quantitative ratio of red and yellow emissions, in order to extend the discrimination of lipids within the groups of neutral and polar lipids. On the other hand, ratiometric data of red and yellow emissions have not yet been evaluated in the numerous previous light microscopy investigations which used Nile Red. In this work we show that the Nile Red red/yellow ratio enables discrimination of different lipids (monooleine>oleic acid>phosphatidylcholine>free cholesterol>trioleine>oleyl cholesteryl ester). We also show changes in the Nile Red red/yellow emission ratio of lipid droplets of 3T3 mouse fibroblasts induced by drugs interfering with the cholesterol cycle.     

小视角对颜色差别阀的影响

在均匀颜色空间的颜色差别计箅中,亮度和色彩的作用是相关且不同的,尤其是在目标尺度对人眼张角(亦称视角)小于30角度分的条件下观察,由于亮度差和色彩差受视角变化的影响程度不同步,使得人眼颜色差别分辨阈亦不确定。本文通过一定的试验和计算,探讨了在不同的亮度差和色彩差的情况下,颜色差别阈受视角影响的变化规律。     

Normative thresholds in the 8- to 20-kHz range as a function of age

Using a prototype high-frequency audiometer, auditory thresholds in the 8- to 20-kHz range were obtained from 240 subjects ranging in age from 10-60 years. These measurements were obtained in interest of developing a normative database for frequencies above 8 kHz, and to evaluate intersubject variability as a function of age. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant effects of frequency, age, and sex, and a significant frequency-by-age interaction. The largest changes in sensitivity with age occurred between 40 to 59 years. Below approximately 15 kHz, the intersubject variability of threshold estimates increased as a function of both age and frequency. Further analysis revealed that the age-related changes in variability were related to absolute thresholds rather than to age per se. When data are converted to dB HL (relative to the youngest group tested), the region of maximum hearing loss shifts to lower frequencies with increasing age, and threshold shifts with age are greatest in the 13- to 17-kHz range.     

Non‐destructive identification of pigments printed on six Imperial China Engraved Coiling Dragon stamps

Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate six Imperial China Engraved Coiling Dragon stamps non‐destructively. The results have shown that (1) the main colors (yellow, green, scarlet, brown, vermilion, and blue) on the six stamps were all prepared from inorganic pigments, including chrome yellow, chrome orange, Prussian blue, red lead, magnesium sulfate hydrate, and ultramarine blue. (2) Raman spectrometer has been allowed for successfully identifying the molecular structure of the pigments printed on the six examined stamps, suggesting that such a dual analytical approach could satisfy the need for pigment identification on stamps. (3) The finding that certain pigments were intentionally mixed to produce a whole different hue or color, the mechanism of which could be explained by theories of chromatology and metamerism, also provides new insight into the future conservation, authentication, and restoration of the early printings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Complementary use of the Raman and XRF techniques for non-destructive analysis of historical paint layers

The portable XRF spectrometer has been applied in situ for the non-destructive elemental mapping of the pigment components of the XV c. mural painting and frescos of the Little Christopher chamber in the Main Town Hall of Gdańsk, Poland. For a sufficiently large data collection the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in order to associate the most intense lines of the elements Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Hg in the XRF spectra with the palette of colors: white, brown, green, blue, red, yellow, and black observed in the painting. This allowed to limit the number of extractions of the micro-samples for the complementary Raman measurements thus assuring the practically non-destructive character of the entire analysis. The reliable identification of the pigment compositions was based on coincidence of the XRF, PCA and the Raman results which confirmed the presence of the chalk, malachite, azurite, red lead, mars red, mars yellow and candle black in the historical paints, except of the carbon-based black pigment being out of the XRF detection range. Different hues of the green paint were specified and the variety of the red and brown ones was ascribed to compositions of the Pb- and Fe-based red pigments (Fe₂O₃ and Pb₃O₄) with addition of the vermilion (HgS) and carbon black, in agreement with literature. The traces of elements: Ba and Sr, Sb and Mo, and also Cd, were ascribed to the impurities of Ca, those of some ochre pigments, and to the soluble Cd salts, respectively.     

Colouration mechanism of underglaze copper‐red decoration porcelain (AD 13th–14th century), China

Underglaze copper‐red decoration, i.e. the copper colourant used to paint diversified patterns on the surface of a body and then covered by transparent glaze and fired at high temperature in a reductive firing environment, is famous all over the world. However, the red colouration mechanism generated by underglaze copper remains unclear. In particular, the fact that the edges of the red patterns are orange has been ignored in previous research. Here, non‐destructive analysis has been carried out on a precious fragment of early underglaze red porcelain using synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) and reflection spectrometry techniques. The results suggest that the copper content in the red region is higher than that in the orange region, and other colour generation elements do not have obvious content difference, indicating that the colour generation effect of the underglaze red product is related to the copper content. XANES analysis shows that the valence states of copper in the red and orange regions are similar and metal copper contributes to their hues. The results of reflection spectrometry demonstrate that tiny orange hues could be attributed to the Mie scatting effect. Therefore, light‐scattering effects should be considered when researching the colouration mechanism of underglaze red.