基于方向场特征的指纹图像奇异点检测

1　引言指纹是指端表面的纹路结构,由于具有不变性、唯一性以及易于采集的特性,指纹识别已经成为生物鉴定学的一个重要方面.指纹识别通常包括以下几个阶段:分割、图像增强、分类、细节提取以及匹配[1].在所有的处理过程中,一个有效的分类算法是至关重要的.奇异点数目的多少以及奇异点之间的相对位置关系,是指纹分类的重要依据之一.指纹的奇异点检测已经有很多种方法[2～4],这些方法要么不具有平移、旋转不变性,要么方法的精度和可靠性比较差.本文提出一种新的奇异点检测方法,利用指纹的方向场在奇异点附近的变化比较剧烈,而在其他地方的变化…     

基于加权平均梯度方向场和改进Poincare Index的指纹奇异点检测算法

针对指纹图像具有局部平行性和渐变性以及邻域的脊线方向相关性高的特点,提出了一种基于加权平均梯度的指纹方向场算法。改进了传统的Poincare Index指纹奇异点检测算法。实验证明,在采用加权平均梯度算法获取的方向场上利用改进的Poincare Index算法可实现对低质量指纹图像的奇异点的准确提取。     

基于方向图的指纹奇异点快速检测方法

准确、快速地检测指纹奇异点(core点和delta点),对指纹分类和指纹匹配等具有重要意义.首先,给出计算指纹图像方向图的算法,然后,在基于方向图的基础上,对传统的基于poincare索引计算公式的指纹奇异点检测算法进行了改进.使用改进算法对PU-JY203U警用活体指纹采集仪采集的指纹(1000枚)进行Matlab仿真.实验结果表明改进后的算法与传统算法相比,在定位奇异点的精确度和速度上都有很大的提高.     

基于方向的指纹奇异点提取

准确、可靠地检测指纹奇异点（核心点和三角点）对于指纹的分类和匹配有重要的意义。针对指纹图像奇异点提取中准确判断和精确定位的难题，介绍了一种比较好的奇异点检测算法。根据奇异点的性质，利用Pcincare Index方法求出核心点和三角点。根据相关规则，清除虚假奇异点。实验结果证明该方法能够从指纹图像中较精确、可靠地提取出奇异点。用该方法对不同质量的指纹图像进行实验，并与其他方法进行比较，结果表明该方法更加有效、可靠．具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于方向的指纹奇异点提取

准确、可靠地检测指纹奇异点(核心点和三角点)对于指纹的分类和匹配有重要的意义。针对指纹图像奇异点提取中准确判断和精确定位的难题,介绍了一种比较好的奇异点检测算法。根据奇异点的性质,利用Poincare Index方法求出核心点和三角点。根据相关规则,清除虚假奇异点。实验结果证明该方法能够从指纹图像中较精确、可靠地提取出奇异点。用该方法对不同质量的指纹图像进行实验,并与其他方法进行比较,结果表明该方法更加有效、可靠,具有很好的鲁棒性。     

一种新的指纹奇异点快速检测方法

作为指纹最重要的全局特征之一,奇异点在基于模型的方向场计算、人工合成指纹、指纹分类、指纹特征匹配等方面发挥了非常重要的作用.在指纹方向场分割的基础上提出了一种称之为方向丰富度的特征,并据此形成了一种新的指纹奇异点快速检测方法.该方法首先将指纹方向场分割为一系列互不重叠的同质区域;然后通过同质区域边缘检测及边缘端点提取实现了奇异点快速定位;最后依据奇异点处方向丰富度特性判断其类型.实验验证了文中算法的有效性.     

指纹奇异点精确定位新方法

针对指纹图像奇异点快速精确定位的难题,提出一种简单实用算法。对指纹图像预处理,计算方向场并归域化,接着选出奇异点候选区,并以Poincare Index（PI）算法从中提取奇异点候选点集。对候选奇异点集去伪并精确定位。采用FVC2004指纹库进行实验验证,结果与PI算法对比,该算法鲁棒性更好,定位更精确,漏检率和误检率分别降低5.86%、6.8%,平均速度提高了3.71~9.38倍,基本满足高精度高速度的指纹奇异点定位要求。     

指纹图像奇异点提取的一种鲁棒方法

提出了一种改进的奇异点的提取方法，选通过改进的Poincare指数计算，挑选出符合条件的候选点，然后在此基础上，利用径向方向会聚性，前景，背景分割和概率分布来筛选修选奇异点，用该方法对不同质量的指纹图像进行实验，并与经典方法进行比较，结果表明该方法更加有效、可靠，也具有更好的鲁棒性。     

基于连续分布方向图的指纹奇异点检测

在指纹连续分布方向图(场)的基础上,对经典的PoincaréIndex计算公式进行了改进,提出了一种新的基于连续分布方向图的指纹奇异点检测算法。由于指纹连续分布方向图过渡平滑、自然,既具有很好的连续性、渐变性和抗噪性,又具有较高的精确度;而改进后的PoincaréIndex不仅能精确表示向量场的旋转角度,而且还能精确表示向量场的旋转方向。所以,该算法能够在像素级水平精确定位指纹奇异点(core point和delta point),精确度达到一个像素。在FVC2000、FVC2002和FVC2004的训练指纹库(Set B)以及笔者采集的AFIS2004指纹库(含4000幅指纹)上的实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

一种有效的指纹奇异点提取方法

在指纹方向场分割的基础上提出了一种称之为方向丰富度的特征,并据此形成了一种有效的指纹奇异点提取方法。该方法首先将指纹方向场分割为一系列互不重叠的同质区域;然后通过同质区域边缘检测及边缘端点提取实现了奇异点快速定位;最后依据已定位点的poincare index值确定奇异点类型。与目前占据绝对主流的poincare index方法在FVC2002指纹库上的对比实验表明:在准确性方面,两者各有优、缺点,该文方法的误检率明显低于后者,漏检率略高于后者;在简单实用性方面,该文算法的平均提取速度是后者的14.2倍,具有明显优势。     

Singular point detection by shape analysis of directional fields in fingerprints

This paper presents a new fingerprint singular point detection method that is type-distinguishable and applicable to various fingerprint images regardless of their resolutions. The proposed method detects singular points by analyzing the shapes of the local directional fields of a fingerprint image. Using the predefined rules, all types of singular points (upper core, lower core, and delta points) can be extracted accurately and delineated in terms of the type of singular points. In case of arch-type fingerprints there exists no singular point, but reference points for arch-type fingerprints are required to be detected for registration. Therefore, we propose a new reference point detection method for arch-type fingerprints as well. The result of the experiments on the two public databases (FVC2000 2a, FVC2002 2a) with different resolutions demonstrates that the proposed method has high accuracy in locating each types of singular points and detecting the reference points of arch-type fingerprints without regard to their image resolutions.     

Singular points detection based on multi-resolution in fingerprint images

The singular points of fingerprints, namely core and delta, play an important role in fingerprint recognition and classification systems. Several traditional methods have been proposed; however, these methods cannot achieve the reliable and accurate detection of poor-quality fingerprints. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed which combines improved Poincaré index and multi-resolution analysis to detect singular points. Conventional Poincaré index method is improved on the basis of the Zero-pole Model analysis to detect singular points with different resolutions. A model is presented to extract the multi-resolution information of the fingerprint pattern; this model divides fingerprint image into nonoverlapping blocks corresponding to different block sizes on the basis of wavelet functions to compute multiple resolution directional fields, and block position shifting is performed on these resolution levels to capture the features of the ridge direction patterns, where the corresponding shifting intervals are based on Sampling theorem. The relationship of singularities detected by improved Poincaré index in different resolution directional fields is used to confirm singular points accurately and reliably. The combination of local and global information makes our algorithm more robust to noise than methods that use local information only, and the existence of this algorithm increases the insight into the nature of singular points extraction. The accuracy and reliability of the method are demonstrated by experiment on database NIST-4, public fingerprint databases FVC02 DB1 and DB2.     

Singular points detection based on zero-pole model in fingerprint images

An algorithm is proposed which combines Zero-pole Model and Hough Transform(HT) to detect singular points. Orientation of singular points is defined on basis of Zero-pole Model which can further explain the practicability of Zero-pole Model. Contrary to orientation field generation, detection of singular points is simplified to determine the parameters of Zero-pole Model. HT uses rather global information of fingerprint images to detect singular points. This makes our algorithm more robust to noise than methods which only use local information. As Zero-pole Model may have a little warp from actual fingerprint orientation field, Poincare index is used to make position adjustment in neighborhood of the detected candidate singular points. Experimental results show that our algorithm performs well and fast enough for real time application in database NIST-4.     

Direct gray-scale minutiae detection in fingerprints

Most automatic systems for fingerprint comparison are based on minutiae matching. Minutiae are essentially terminations and bifurcations of the ridge lines that constitute a fingerprint pattern. Automatic minutiae detection is an extremely critical process, especially in low-quality fingerprints where noise and contrast deficiency can originate pixel configurations similar to minutiae or hide real minutiae. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature; although rather different from each other, all these methods transform fingerprint images into binary images. In this work we propose an original technique, based on ridge line following, where the minutiae are extracted directly from gray scale images. The results achieved are compared with those obtained through some methods based on image binarization. In spite of a greater conceptual complexity, the method proposed performs better both in terms of efficiency and robustness     

利用直线参数信息的建筑物灭点检测方法

针对现有的灭点检测方法未充分利用产生灭点的直线的参数信息,导致检测精度较低、计算量较大等问题,提出了一种利用直线参数信息的稳健灭点检测算法。首先采用Canny算子和Hough变换相结合的方法提取出建筑物图像中较长的稀疏直线,通过分析直线的参数信息,对不同方向直线进行聚类,并证明了各方向的直线参数满足线性分布关系;然后利用稳健回归算法建立直线参数的线性模型,并据此去除外点,获得产生有效候选灭点的有效直线束;最后根据有效直线束计算曼哈顿方向的最优灭点。实验结果表明,所提的灭点检测算法应用于规则建筑物图像的摄像机标定时,焦距的平均误差为1.05像素。     

Altered fingerprints: analysis and detection

The widespread deployment of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) in law enforcement and border control applications has heightened the need for ensuring that these systems are not compromised. While several issues related to fingerprint system security have been investigated, including the use of fake fingerprints for masquerading identity, the problem of fingerprint alteration or obfuscation has received very little attention. Fingerprint obfuscation refers to the deliberate alteration of the fingerprint pattern by an individual for the purpose of masking his identity. Several cases of fingerprint obfuscation have been reported in the press. Fingerprint image quality assessment software (e.g., NFIQ) cannot always detect altered fingerprints since the implicit image quality due to alteration may not change significantly. The main contributions of this paper are: 1) compiling case studies of incidents where individuals were found to have altered their fingerprints for circumventing AFIS, 2) investigating the impact of fingerprint alteration on the accuracy of a commercial fingerprint matcher, 3) classifying the alterations into three major categories and suggesting possible countermeasures, 4) developing a technique to automatically detect altered fingerprints based on analyzing orientation field and minutiae distribution, and 5) evaluating the proposed technique and the NFIQ algorithm on a large database of altered fingerprints provided by a law enforcement agency. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach in detecting altered fingerprints and highlight the need to further pursue this problem.     

From template to image: reconstructing fingerprints from minutiae points

Most fingerprint-based biometric systems store the minutiae template of a user in the database. It has been traditionally assumed that the minutiae template of a user does not reveal any information about the original fingerprint. In this paper, we challenge this notion and show that three levels of information about the parent fingerprint can be elicited from the minutiae template alone, viz., 1) the orientation field information, 2) the class or type information, and 3) the friction ridge structure. The orientation estimation algorithm determines the direction of local ridges using the evidence of minutiae triplets. The estimated orientation field, along with the given minutiae distribution, is then used to predict the class of the fingerprint. Finally, the ridge structure of the parent fingerprint is generated using streamlines that are based on the estimated orientation field. Line integral convolution is used to impart texture to the ensuing ridges, resulting in a ridge map resembling the parent fingerprint. The salient feature of this noniterative method to generate ridges is its ability to preserve the minutiae at specified locations in the reconstructed ridge map. Experiments using a commercial fingerprint matcher suggest that the reconstructed ridge structure bears close resemblance to the parent fingerprint     

一种基于轮廓分析的图像特征点检测方法

图像特征点检测是图像匹配、目标识别以及运动估计等领域的一项关键技术.本文对图像轮廓二维信息进行降维处理,提出了一种特征点质量评价因子.利用该因子并结合文中给出的特征点提取准则对图像轮廓链码进行分析,提取特征点.该方法避免了常规的基于链码的特征点检测方法中曲率的计算,提高了检测速度.试验证明该方法具有较好的实时性和定位精度.