肠折叠术在肠闭锁手术中的应用

目的 评价肠折叠术在肠闭锁手术中的应用效果.方法 回顾分析2005年4月至2009年4月南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院收治的68例肠闭锁患儿术前、术中和术后恢复过程的临床资料,比较手术方法、胎龄、出生体重、伴发疾病、手术年龄和时间、住院时间、全静脉营养持续时间、肠功能恢复时间(术后经口喂养时间、术后经口喂养达40ml/3 h的时间)、生长发育以及是否需再手术等方面的差异.结果 根据手术方法将患儿分为二组,38例在切除闭锁盲端肠吻合基础上加肠折叠术(折叠组),30例行扩张段斜行切除肠成形术(对照组);二组在胎龄、出生体重、伴发疾病、手术年龄上差异无统计学意义;折叠组手术时间(1.21±0.24)h、住院时间(12.2±2.5)d比对照组(1.77±0.31)h、(17.3±3.2)d显著减少(P＜0.05);折叠组术后经口喂养时间、术后经口喂养达40ml/3 h的时间和全静脉营养持续时间分别是(8±2.3)d、(13.1±1.9)d、(8.3±1.8)d,均比对照组(12.9±1.7)d、(18.7±1.1)d、(13.6±2.5)d显著缩短(P＜0.05);术后半年内折叠组有1例因粘连性肠梗阻需再次手术,对照组共有6例术后半年内再次手术,其中术后功能性肠梗阻3例、吻合口漏2例、粘连性肠梗阻1例,比折叠组显著增加.术后平均随访时间为2.7年(6个月至5年),二组生长发育达到正常标准,差异无统计学意义.结论 肠闭锁手术时在肠吻合基础上加肠折叠术,方法简单,创伤小,并发症少,有助于保留肠管吸收面积和促进肠功能恢复,可以作为预防肠闭锁扩张肠管功能性梗阻的一种有效选择方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bowel plication as a part the surgical treatment of intestinal atresia (IA) in childrea Methods Between April 2005 and April 2009,68 neonates with IA underwent surgical treatment in this center. According to the surgical procedures the patients underwent, the 68 neonates were divided into bowel plication group and control group. The 38 children underwent bowel plication after atretic segments resection and primary anastomosis. The 30 children of the control group underwent tapering enteroplasty after atretic segments resection. Data including operation procedures,ages,birth weight,concomitant diseases,age at surgery, length of hospital stay, length of total parenteral nutrition (TPN),postoperative intestinal function recovery (the time of the first oral feeding and the oral feeding volume reached 40 ml/kg/3h),growth and development,complications and reoperations were retrospectively analyzed. Results No differences of ages, birth weight, age at operation, and concomitant diseases were found between the two groups. The time of operation and hospital stay of the bowel plication group were significantly shorter than those of the control group [(1.21±0.24)h,(12.2±2.5)d vs. (1. 77 ± 0. 31)h, (17. 3 ± 3. 2)d,P＜0. 010]. The time of the first oral feeding, the time when oral feeding volume reached 40 ml/kg/3h,and TPN length of the bowel plication group were also shorter than those of control group [(8 ± 2. 3)d, (13. 1 ± 1. 9)d, (8. 3 ± 1.8)d vs (12. 9 ±1. 7)d,(18. 7 ± 1. l)d,(13. 6 ± 2. 5)d,P＜0. 05]. In the bowel plication group, 1 (2. 6%) underwent reoperation for adhesive intestinal obstruction half a year after the initial surgery. However,in the control group,6 (20%) included 3 underwent reoperation for intestinal obstruction,2 for anastomotic leakage and 1 for adhesive intestinal obstruction. The patients were followed up for an average period of 2. 7 years (6 months-5 years). All infants thrived. Conclusions The additional bowel plication after atretic segment resection and primary anastomosis improves the clinical outcomes for children with intestinal atresia.     

肠折叠术在肠闭锁手术中的应用

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bowel plication as a part the surgical treatment of intestinal atresia (IA) in childrea Methods Between April 2005 and April 2009,68 neonates with IA underwent surgical treatment in this center. According to the surgical procedures the patients underwent, the 68 neonates were divided into bowel plication group and control group. The 38 children underwent bowel plication after atretic segments resection and primary anastomosis. The 30 children of the control group underwent tapering enteroplasty after atretic segments resection. Data including operation procedures,ages,birth weight,concomitant diseases,age at surgery, length of hospital stay, length of total parenteral nutrition (TPN),postoperative intestinal function recovery (the time of the first oral feeding and the oral feeding volume reached 40 ml/kg/3h),growth and development,complications and reoperations were retrospectively analyzed. Results No differences of ages, birth weight, age at operation, and concomitant diseases were found between the two groups. The time of operation and hospital stay of the bowel plication group were significantly shorter than those of the control group [(1.21±0.24)h,(12.2±2.5)d vs. (1. 77 ± 0. 31)h, (17. 3 ± 3. 2)d,P＜0. 010]. The time of the first oral feeding, the time when oral feeding volume reached 40 ml/kg/3h,and TPN length of the bowel plication group were also shorter than those of control group [(8 ± 2. 3)d, (13. 1 ± 1. 9)d, (8. 3 ± 1.8)d vs (12. 9 ±1. 7)d,(18. 7 ± 1. l)d,(13. 6 ± 2. 5)d,P＜0. 05]. In the bowel plication group, 1 (2. 6%) underwent reoperation for adhesive intestinal obstruction half a year after the initial surgery. However,in the control group,6 (20%) included 3 underwent reoperation for intestinal obstruction,2 for anastomotic leakage and 1 for adhesive intestinal obstruction. The patients were followed up for an average period of 2. 7 years (6 months-5 years). All infants thrived. Conclusions The additional bowel plication after atretic segment resection and primary anastomosis improves the clinical outcomes for children with intestinal atresia.     

新生儿食管闭锁的外科治疗

目的 总结新生儿食管闭锁的诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2010年6月收治的新生儿食管闭锁61例,男34例,女27例.手术年龄18 h～7 d,平均(2.5±0.6)d,体重1 500～4 000 g,其中低体重儿(＜2 500g)16例.61例中按Gross病理解剖分类:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅲa型32例,Ⅲb型27例,Ⅲa型中有1例远端食管有局限狭窄,开口约0.2 cm;合并畸形:先天性心脏病15例,肠道畸形4例,泌尿系畸形3例.结果 61例中2例Ⅰ型食管闭锁先行近端食管引流、胃造瘘,2周后行结肠代食管手术,59例Ⅲ型均Ⅰ期食管气管瘘切断缝扎、食管端端吻合术,Ⅲa型中远端食管有1例局限性狭窄,行纵切横缝解除狭窄.术后并发单侧或双侧严重肺炎42例,硬肿症3例,近期吻合口狭窄24例,吻合口瘘3例.除1例术后2d合并肠穿孔死亡,3例放弃治疗(均为早期病例:1例为术后1周出现核黄疸,2例术后合并严重肺部感染不能脱离呼吸机),余57例均痊愈出院.术后随访3个月～8年,轻度胃食管反流3例,余均进食良好,生长发育正常.结论 尽早诊断、及时手术,积极预防和治疗并发症,新生儿食管闭锁可取得良好的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the diagnosis and treatment for congenital esophageal atresia (CEA) in neonates. Methods From June 2002 to June 2010, 61 neonates with congenital esophageal atresia underwent surgery at this center. Of these patients, 34 were boys and 27 were girls. Their age ranged from 18 hours to 7 days (mean, 2. 5 ±0. 6 days). Their weight ranged from 1500 grams to 4000 grams. Sixteen patients were very low-birth-weight infants (＜1500 g). According to the anomalies of CEA, 2 were diagnosed with type Ⅰ CEA, and the other 59 were type Ⅲ CEA (32 type Ⅲa and 27 type Ⅲb). The most common associated anomalies were cardiac anomalies (16, 26%), followed by intestinal anomalies (5, 8%) and renal anomalies (3, 5%). Results The 2 cases with type Ⅰ CEA underwent proximal drainage of esophagus and gastrostomy to stabilize their conditions. Two weeks later, they underwent the second stage surgery to replace esophagus with colon. The 59 patients with type Ⅲ CEA underwent fistulectomy and end-to-end esophagus anastomosis via thoracic approach. A stenosis in the medial-distal esophagus was found on 1 type Ⅲa CEA patients, and was repair with longitudinal incision and transverse suture. Postoperative complications included pneumonia on 42 patients (68. 8%), scleredema on 3 patients (4. 9%), mild anastomosis orifice stenosis on 24 patients (39. 3%), and anastomosis orifice fistula on 3 patients (4. 9%). One patient died of intestinal perforation 2 days after surgery. Three patients were given up including 1 developed kernicterus 1week after surgery, and the other 2 had serious pulmonary infection and couldn't be withdrawn from mechanical ventilation. The other 57 cases were discharged from hospital. The patients were followed up for 3 months to 8 years. Three patients had mild gastroesophageal reflux. The others ate and drank normally during follow-up. Conclusions Early diagnosis and carefully management of postoperative complications are important to improve clinical outcomes and prognosis of congenital esophageal atresia in neonates.     

胆道闭锁异常肝组织蛋白筛查及预后相关性研究

目的 初步鉴定胆道闭锁肝组织异常蛋白表达情况,寻找与胆道闭锁发病和预后有关的差异表达蛋白.方法 用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离胆道闭锁和正常肝脏组织总蛋白,银染显色,Melanie3.02 2D图像分析软件分析,对部分蛋白质点用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)进行鉴定,查询数据库鉴定差异蛋白质.结果 获得了背景清晰、分辨率和重复性较好的双向凝胶电泳图谱,蛋白质匹配率达800%以上.胆道闭锁和正常组比较发现表达量变化达2倍以上的蛋白点有33个,表达量变化达4倍以上者有8个.胆道闭锁预后较好者和预后不好者比较发现表达量变化达4倍以上的蛋白点有22个,表达量变化达5倍以上者有18个.质谱鉴定其中15个点,其中7个点鉴定成功,分别是Viperin、SARM1、GPC3、APC、THUM2、MIA3和KIAA0649.结论 本研究成功鉴定出部分与胆道闭锁发病和预后有关的蛋白质,为进一步研究胆道闭锁致病机制和提高手术预后提供了新的研究方向,有进一步研究的价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the expression of hepatic protein in patients with biliary atresia(BA), and find the relationship between the significant protein and prognosis of biliary atresia.Methods Immobile pH gradients isoelectric focusing was used as 1D, and vertical SDS-PAGE as 2D.Sliver staining, Melanie3. 02 2D analysis software, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and NCBInr database searching were used to separate and identify the proteome from liver in patients with biliary atresia. Results Satisfactory 2DE patterns were obtained. Thirty-three protein spots were remarkably changed in patients with biliary atresia compared with the control group. Twenty-two protein spots were significantly difference between BA patients with good prognosis and BA patients with poor prognosis. Fifteen protein spots were referred to mass spectrometry, and 7 protein spots were identified, including Viperin, SARM1, GPC3, APC,THUM2, MIA3 and KIAA0649. Conclusions In this study, proteins related to the prognosis and pathogenesis of biliary atresia were identified, which may contribute to prognosis and pathogenesis of biliary atresia.     

小儿急性肠梗阻肠黏膜免疫屏障损伤及细菌移位的研究

目的 探讨小儿急性肠梗阻细菌移位及机制.方法 收集山西省儿童医院普外科2009年9月至2010年8月急性肠梗阻患儿共43例,依治疗方法分三组:肠切除肠吻合组(吻合组)22例,未切除肠管组14例,保守治疗组7例.另选择17例正常肠管及健康儿童10例分别作正常肠管、血清对照组.应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)定性检测细菌共有的16SrRNA和大肠杆菌特异性半乳糖苷酶基因BG;肠系膜淋巴结细菌培养;免疫组织化学方法检测肠黏膜固有层T细胞亚群、浆细胞计数;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)定量检测血清TGF-β1浓度.结果 吻合组16SrRNA、BG阳性率分别为86.4%、72.7%,淋巴结培养阳性率77.3%;未切除肠管组16SrRNA、BG阳性率分别为64.3%、42.8%,淋巴结培养阳性率57.1%;保守治疗组16SrRNA、BG阳性率分别为57.1%、28.5%,正常肠管血清对照组16SrRNA、BG均未检出;吻合组肠黏膜固有层T细胞亚群、浆细胞数量均低于正常对照组;吻合组、未切除肠管组术前血清TGF-β1浓度均高于保守治疗组与对照组,术后7 d各组血清TGF-β1浓度与对照组比较无差异.结论 急性肠梗阻患儿肠黏膜固有层T细胞亚群、浆细胞均降低,引起肠黏膜免疫屏障破坏,同时TGF-β1水平升高,参与机体免疫抑制,免疫功能紊乱,加重黏膜免疫屏障破坏,增加机体易感性,促进了细菌移位.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the mechanism of intestinal mucosal barrier damage and bacterial translocation in children with acute intestinal obstruction. Methods From September 2009 to August 2010, 43 patients with acute intestinal obstruction were treated at this center and recruited in this study. According to the treatment they underwent, they were divided into 3 groups: Group1 included 22 patients who were performed bowel resection and anastomosis. Group 2 had 14 patients who underwent surgeries but without bowel resection. Group 3 had 7 patients who were cured without surgery. The other 17 healthy bowels and 10 healthy children's serum were selected as normal controls.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to examine β-lactosidase gene (BG) of E. coli and 16SrRNA gene. Bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured. Immunohistochemical staining was used to indentify the T cell subsets and plasma cells in the lamina propria of mucosa. TGF-β1 in serum was quantified using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Results In group 1, 16SrRNA and BG were positive in 86. 4% and 72. 7% of the patients, respectively. Positive culture rate of E coli in mesenteric lymph nodes was 77. 3%. In group 2, 16SrRNA and BG positive rates were 64. 3% and 42. 8%, respectively. Positive culture rate of E coli in mesenteric lymph nodes was 57.1 %. In group 3,16SrRNA and BG positive rates were 57. 1 % and 28. 5%, respectively. 16SrRNA and BG were not detectable in normal control patients' serum and bowel. In the removed bowel, T cell subsets and plasma cells' population were significantly decreased compared with the control bowel. The serum TGF-β1 level of the patients underwent surgery was significantly higher than that of the healthy controls or the patients without surgery. But the difference was not significant between these 2 groups since 7 days after surgery. Conclusions In the children with acute intestinal obstruction, the reduction of T cell subsets and plasma cells in the lamina propria, increasing TGF-β1 in the serum are observed.These changes may be related to the damaged intestinal barrier and bacterial translocation.     

白藜芦醇对大鼠肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨白藜芦醇(resveratro1,RES)对实验性大鼠肠缺血再灌注肠黏膜损伤的保护作用.方法 24只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(SO)、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R)、RES治疗组.SO组仅分离肠系膜上动脉(SMA)根部而不夹闭.肠缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R)和RES治疗组均用无损伤血管夹夹闭SMA根部后分别立即经阴茎背静脉注射生理盐水、RES(20 mg/kg),45 min之后放松血管夹形成再灌注.各组大鼠均于制模后6 h采集标本.检测血清和回肠组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,TUNEL法检测肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡率,并观察肠黏膜病理变化.结果 小肠缺血再灌注后,血清及小肠组织中反映氧化损伤程度的MDA明显升高,SOD则明显减少,小肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡,应用RES后能显著改善上述改变.结论 白藜芦醇对肠缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与通过抗氧化作用及抑制肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡有关.

Abstract：

Objective To study the protective effects of resveratrol (RES) on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group,intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) group and resveratrol treated (RES) group.The intestinal ischemia injury was induced by superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 45 minutes,and then the blood supply to the intestine was restored to cause reperfusion injury.After 6 hours' reperfusion,the rats were sacrificed and intestine was collected.Of the RES group,the rats were subjected to I/R injury,and treated with 20 mg/kg resveratrol by intravenous injection immediately after the mesenteric artery was clamped.Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in serum and intestine were measured.Apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells were detected by TUNEL methods.The histological injury of the intestine was also examined.Results Compared with the sham operated rats,MDA levels in the serum and intestine as well as the apoptotic epithelial cells were significantly increased in the rats subjected to I/R (MDA in serum and intestine 4.63±0.53 vs 1.32±0.40;8.60± 0.98 vs 4.13±0.86,P＜0.01;apoptotic index 66.63 ± 1.71 vs 46.72 ± 1.50,P＜0.01 ).However,the SOD levels in the serum and intestine were decreased (49.21±4.38 vs 86.65±6.14;351.03 ± 21.46 vs 468.93 ± 16.21,P＜0.01).In the rats subjected to I/R injury but received resveratrol treatment,the epithelial cells apoptosis and MDA levels in serum and intestine were decreased,and SOD levels in serum and intestine increased (P＜0.05).Conclusions Resveratrol protects intestine from ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.     

应用儿童终末期肝病模型评分预测Kasai术后联合激素治疗胆道闭锁的短期预后

Objective To assess the effects of steroid therapy on the biliary atresia patients after Kasai portoenterostomy using pediatric of end-stage liver disease (PELD) scoring system. Methods Eighty patients with biliary atresia were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly grouped into Kasai surgery group and combined therapy group. The patients of Kasai surgery group were performed Kasai portoenterostomy. The patients in combined therapy group underwent Kasai portoenterostomy and steroid therapy after surgery. Each patient's PELD score was calculated. Biochemical parameters,mortality,and PELD scores of two groups were compared. Results In the patients with a PELD less than 16, the levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (INR) and PELD score of combined therapy patients were 23. 3 ± 1. 1 mg/L,2. 31 ± 0. 24,and 10. 6 ± 2.3, respectively; which were significantly lower than these parameters of the Kasai surgery group patients (TBIL,28. 9 ± 2. 1 mg/dL; INR,2. 63 ± 0. 18; PELD, 13. 2 ± 2.7). The combined therapy patients' albumin was also significantly higher than that of Kasai surgery group patients (P＜0. 05). The same results were also seen among the patients with a PELD between 16 and 28. Among the patients with a PELD higher than 28,only the difference of TBIL between the Kasai surgery group and combined therapy group was found. The mortality of the combined therapy patients was significantly lower than that of Kasai surgery group patients among the patients whose PELD ＜28. However, in the patients with a PELD≥28,no difference of the mortality was found between the two groups. Conclusions In the BA patients with PELD less than 27, Kasai portoenterostomy plus postoperative steroid therapy can improve the outcomes and prognosis.     

测定胆道闭锁术后皮肤胆红素动态变化与预后的关系

目的 初步探讨胆道闭锁患儿术后测定皮肤胆红素动态变化与黄疸消退及预后的关系.方法 2009年7月至12月,收治黄疸患儿52例,男19例,女33例,年龄36 d～304 d,平均年龄83 d,包括胆汁淤积5例,胆道闭锁47例,采血测血清胆红素同时测其皮肤胆红素.同期收治非黄疸患儿59例,男28例,女31例,年龄26 d～200 d,平均年龄119 d,采血测血清胆红素同时测其皮肤胆红素.其中行Kasai手术胆道闭锁患儿23例,男8例,女15例,年龄36d～127d,平均年龄63d,测其住院期间每日皮肤胆红素并以其术后3个月血清总胆红素20μmol/L为界,将其分为黄疸是否消退两组,对比观察两组患儿住院期间皮肤胆红素及其下降水平.结果 皮肤胆红素(x)与血清总胆红素(y)呈线性回归关系,其回归方程为:y=0.945x-46.273(P＜0.05).正常儿童的皮肤胆红素95%参考值范围为33.14～96.14μmol/L.黄疸消退患儿术后11 d、12 d皮肤胆红素水平(159 μmol/L和151μmol/L)显著低于黄疸未消退患儿(205 μmol/L和210 μmol/L),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).黄疸消退患儿术后平均每天皮肤胆红素下降较快(5.04 μmol/L vs 2.33 μmol/L,P＜0.05).结论 测定皮肤胆红素是一种安全可靠的方法,可以较早反映胆道闭锁患儿术后黄疸消退情况.

Abstract：

Objective To study the relationship between the post-op transcutaneous bilirubin changes after Surgery and the prognosis in children with biliary atresia. Methods Between July 2009to December 2009,52 children( 19 males and 33 female, age: 36 d～304 d, the mean age 83d, including 5cholestasis and 47 biliary atresia)with jaundice and 59 non-jaundiced children's (28 males and 31 females,aged 26 d～200 d and the mean age 119 d) were recruited for the study. The transcutaneous bilirubin and total serum bilirubin of children with jaundice and non-jaundice were measured at the same time. Twenty-three children with biliary atresia (8 males and 15 females, aged 36 d～ 127 d and the mean age 63 d) underwent Kasai operation. The children were divided into good or poor prognosis groups according to the serum bilirubin levels of 20 μmol/L three months after operation. Measurements were compared between the two groups during hospital stay. Results Linear regression oftranscutaneous bilirubin (x) correlated with that of serum bilirubin (y) (y = 0. 945x - 46. 273, P＜0. 05). The 95% confidence interval of transcutaneous bilirubin in normal children was 33. 14～96. 14μmol/L. The transcutaneous bilirubin of children with good prognosis was significantly lower than that of children with poor prognosis on postoperative day 11 ( 159 μmol/L vs 205 μmol/L,P＜0. 05) and 12(151 μmol/L vs 210μmol/L,P＜0. 05). Postoperative average daily decline of transcutaneous bilirubin in children with good prognosis was faster (5. 04 μmol/L vs 2. 33 μmol/L, P＜0. 05). Conclusions Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement is a safe and reliable method of monitoring the decline of jaundice of children with biliary atresia.     

胆道闭锁术中胆汁流量及胆汁成分的观察分析

Objective To assess the prognostic values of intraoperative bile flow and bile components in patients with biliary atresia. Methods The intrahepatic bile of 27 children with biliary atresia (BA) were collected intraoperatively. The bile collected from 17 children with choledochal cysts in surgery were studied as the control group. Bile flow was monitored in 7 cases. The concentrations of phospholipid, total protein (TP), bile acid (TBA), the total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL),total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase ( ALT), γ- glutamine (GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in bile were measured. Patients with BA were followed for 1-6 months post-operatively. The information collected during the follow-up included the time when the jaundice disappeared,the blood biochemistry and onset of cholangitis. Results The bile flow of children with BA were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0. 05). The bile flow of children with BA whose operative age > 60 days or preoperative blood ALT > 150 U/L were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0. 05). The jaundice-relieving rate 2 months post-operatively in children with BA whose bile flow ≥0. 19 ml/min was significantly higher than that in patients whose bile flow <0. 19 ml/min (P<0. 05). The concentrations of phospholipid,TBA and DBIL in bile of children with BA were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0. 05). The concentration of ALT in bile of patients with BA was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0. 01 ). The concentrations of AST and TC in bile of children with BA whose jaundice have been relieved before the third month postoperatively were significantly lower than those in with persistent jaundice (P<0. 05). Conclusions The correlation between the intraoperative bile flow and the prognosis is significant in children with BA: the faster the bile flow, the better of prognosis. This suggested that the intraoperative bile flow can effectively predict the long-term prognosis of BA after Kasai operation. The change of bile components in bile of BA indicated that the hepatic function of BA is poor, the lower concentrations of phospholipid,TBA and DBIL in bile may be due to poor hepatic function. The correlations between the concentrations of AST and TC in bile and prognosis were significant:, the lower of the concentration of AST and TC, the better of prognosis.     

胆道闭锁术中胆汁流量及胆汁成分的观察分析

Objective To assess the prognostic values of intraoperative bile flow and bile components in patients with biliary atresia. Methods The intrahepatic bile of 27 children with biliary atresia (BA) were collected intraoperatively. The bile collected from 17 children with choledochal cysts in surgery were studied as the control group. Bile flow was monitored in 7 cases. The concentrations of phospholipid, total protein (TP), bile acid (TBA), the total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL),total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase ( ALT), γ- glutamine (GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in bile were measured. Patients with BA were followed for 1-6 months post-operatively. The information collected during the follow-up included the time when the jaundice disappeared,the blood biochemistry and onset of cholangitis. Results The bile flow of children with BA were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0. 05). The bile flow of children with BA whose operative age > 60 days or preoperative blood ALT > 150 U/L were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0. 05). The jaundice-relieving rate 2 months post-operatively in children with BA whose bile flow ≥0. 19 ml/min was significantly higher than that in patients whose bile flow <0. 19 ml/min (P<0. 05). The concentrations of phospholipid,TBA and DBIL in bile of children with BA were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0. 05). The concentration of ALT in bile of patients with BA was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0. 01 ). The concentrations of AST and TC in bile of children with BA whose jaundice have been relieved before the third month postoperatively were significantly lower than those in with persistent jaundice (P<0. 05). Conclusions The correlation between the intraoperative bile flow and the prognosis is significant in children with BA: the faster the bile flow, the better of prognosis. This suggested that the intraoperative bile flow can effectively predict the long-term prognosis of BA after Kasai operation. The change of bile components in bile of BA indicated that the hepatic function of BA is poor, the lower concentrations of phospholipid,TBA and DBIL in bile may be due to poor hepatic function. The correlations between the concentrations of AST and TC in bile and prognosis were significant:, the lower of the concentration of AST and TC, the better of prognosis.     

先天性肠闭锁113例预后分析

目的总结先天性肠闭锁的部位、病理分型的发生率,分析影响肠闭锁预后因素。方法回顾性分析本院自2002年12月至2012年12月收治的113例先天性肠闭锁患儿临床资料,对其死亡率、术后肠梗阻发生率、术后排便时间及进食时间进行统计学分析。结果肠闭锁部位为十二指肠26例（23．0％）,空肠30例（26．5％）,回肠53例（47．0％）,结肠4例（3．5％）。按 Grosfeld 病理分型标准：Ⅰ型42例（37．2％）,Ⅱ型18例（15．9％）,Ⅲa 型27例（23．9％）,Ⅲb 型7例（6．2％）,Ⅳ型19例（16.8％）。死亡率与术后肠梗阻的发生有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）,术后肠梗阻的发生率与闭锁部位、闭锁类型相关（P ＜0．05）,与肠吻合方式无明显相关（P ＞0．05）,术后排便及进食时间与肠闭锁部位有关（P ＜0．05）。结论随着新生儿监护治疗技术的发展,先天性肠闭锁的死亡率逐步下降,肠闭锁的部位、病理分型、术后并发症（肠梗阻、短肠综合征）、合并严重的畸形是影响其预后的重要因素。     

Colonic atresia: surgical management and outcome

Colonic atresia (CA) is a very rare cause of intestinal obstruction, and little information has been available about the management and predictors of outcome. A retrospective clinical trial was performed to delineate the clinical characteristics of CA with special emphasis on surgical treatment and factors affecting outcome. Children with CA who were treated in our department between 1977 and 1998 were reviewed: 14 boys and 4 girls aged 1 day to 5 months. All but 2 referred patients and 1 with prenatal diagnosis presented with intestinal obstruction. Plain abdominal X-ray films showed findings of intestinal obstruction in 14 cases; a barium enema demonstrated a distal atretic segment and microcolon in 4. The types of atresia were IIIa (n=9), I (n=6), and II (n=3). Type IIIa atresias were located proximal to the splenic flexure (n=8) and in the sigmoid colon (n=1), type I atresias were encountered throughout the colon; and all type II atresias were proximal to the hepatic flexure. Associated anomalies were multiple small-intestinal atresias (MSIA) (n=4), gastroschisis (GS) (n=2), pyloric atresia (n=1), Hirschsprung's disease (n=1), and complex urologic abnormalities (n=1). The initial management was an enterostomy in 15 patients (83%), including 2 referred and 2 with GS, and primary anastomosis in the remaining 3 (17%). Secondary procedures were the Santulli operation (n=2), colostomy closure and recolostomy followed by a Swenson operation (n=1), sacroabdominoperineal pull-through (n=1), and colostomy closure (n=1). Leakage was encountered in all primarily anastomosed patients. The overall mortality was 61%. Deaths occurred in patients with associated major anomalies (GS 2, MSIA 3, pyloric atresia 1) (55%) and in 3 patients who were initially managed by primary anastomosis (27%). Two additional patients died of sudden infant death syndrome (18%). Type I atresia was more common than in previously reported series and was associated with proximal multiple atresias. The initial management of CA should be prompt decompression of the intestine by an ostomy procedure, preferably end- or double-barrel. The type of surgery (primary anastomosis without prior colostomy) and associated abnormalities are the major determinants of poor outcome. Accepted: 19 December 2000     

Etiology and prognosis of pediatric short bowel syndrome

Pediatric intestinal failure is a complex and devastating condition defined as the inability of the intestine to absorb an adequate amount of fluid and nutrients to sustain life. The primary goal of intestinal failure treatment is to achieve enteral autonomy with a customized treatment plan. Although recent improvements in intestinal failure patient care have led to significant improvements in the morbidity and mortality rate, children with intestinal failure are at risk for multiple complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease, recurrent septic episodes, central line complications, metabolic bone disease, impaired kidney function, and failure to thrive. In this article, we review the current literature on the etiology and factors affecting prognosis of pediatric IF.     

腹腔镜辅助治疗小儿先天性小肠闭锁和狭窄

目的 通过腹腔镜辅助诊治小儿先天性肠闭锁和狭窄,探讨腹腔镜技术在诊治小儿先天性肠梗阻性疾病的应用价值.方法 2009年9月至2010年2月共收治了小儿小肠闭锁和狭窄患儿12例,其中1例空肠狭窄和2例I型十二指肠闭锁的患儿腹胀不明显,选择在腹腔内进行隔膜切除及肠吻合术;3例Ⅱ型闭锁(25%)和6例Ⅲ型闭锁(50%)的患儿肠管扩张明显,用腹腔镜确定闭锁的部位和类型,然后将闭锁段小肠经脐窝提出至腹腔外行端斜吻合术.结果 12例手术均在腹腔镜辅助下顺利完成.1例空肠狭窄和2例十二指肠闭锁的手术时间为80～100 min,平均92min,Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型闭锁共9例,手术时间为40～65min,平均48min.经脐窝提出肠管时选脐部正中纵切口长约1.5～2 cm.1例早产儿放弃治疗,其余患儿术后恢复良好.术后3～7d进流质饮食,无腹胀呕吐,9～16d出院,本组无手术死亡患儿.11例获得随访1～6个月,生长发育良好,无特殊并发症.结论 对于小儿先天性肠梗阻性疾病,腹腔镜诊治具有切口小、创伤轻、恢复快等特点,优于传统开腹手术.     

Fetal MRI of hereditary multiple intestinal atresia with postnatal correlation

Hereditary multiple intestinal atresia (HMIA) is an extremely uncommon cause of congenital bowel obstruction. The morbidity and mortality of this disease differ significantly from those of isolated intestinal atresias and non-hereditary forms of multiple intestinal atresia. Most notably, despite successful operative repairs of the atresias found in this disease, HMIA maintains a 100% lethality rate from continued post-operative intestinal failure and an associated severe immunodeficiency. We present a case of HMIA evaluated with fetal MRI and subsequently diagnosed by a combination of corroborative postnatal imaging with surgical exploration and pathological examination.     

先天性小肠闭锁134例诊治分析

目的总结先天性小肠闭锁的诊断与治疗经验，探讨各型小肠闭锁的手术方法及影响预后的因素。方法回顾性分析本院近5年来134例先天性小肠闭锁患儿的病例资料，其中十二指肠闭锁37例，空肠闭锁26例，回肠闭锁7I例；Ⅰ型45例，Ⅱ型22例，Ⅲa型53例，11Ib型（Appel—Peel）4例，Ⅳ型10例。根据小肠闭锁部位及病理类型选择不同的手术方式。结果134例均行手术治疗，其中16例进行了第2次手术，原因包括吻合口梗阻7例，吻合口漏5例，遗漏多发性闭锁1例，切口裂开3例。全组治愈124例，治愈率92．5％。死亡7例。放弃治疗3例。结论早期诊断和选择合理的手术方式是提高小肠闭锁治愈率、减少并发症的关键因素。Ⅰ型闭锁宜采用肠侧侧菱形吻合术或隔膜切除、纵切横缝术。Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型闭锁病例可采用近端扩张肠管切除、肠端端或端斜吻合术，或改良裁剪式肠吻合术。TPN、围手术期综合管理及改进手术材料能显著提高疗效。     

Prenatal bowel dilatation and the subsequent postnatal management

The presence of dilated bowel loops antenatally suggests fetal bowel obstruction. Neonatal intestinal obstruction can have different variations in presentation depending on the level and extent of obstruction. Some of these conditions can be diagnosed antenatally. Antenatal detection of surgically correctable anomalies would ideally reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality by allowing a planned delivery with early resuscitation and prompt surgical intervention. Duodenal atresia is the most common intestinal atresia diagnosed in a fetus. Presently there are no significant abnormalities of the fetal gastrointestinal tract that benefit from fetal intervention. However a thorough understanding of the disease processes is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of intestinal obstruction. With advances in neonatal intensive care and management there has been a significant decrease in mortality rates of neonates with intestinal obstruction.     

Gastroschisis: Are prenatal ultrasonographic findings useful for assessing the prognosis?

Objective. The objective of this study was to assess various prenatal patterns in correlation with survival and the occurrence of complications of antenatally recognized gastroschisis (G).Materials and methods. We retrospectively studied 34 cases of G. Mortality and morbidity in the postnatal period were assessed and correlated with the prenatal presence or absence of: (1) bowel and/or stomach dilatation, (2) thickening and/or hyperechogenicity of the intestinal wall, (3) meconium peritonitis (in the abdomen) before 20 weeks of gestation, (4) asymmetrical bowel dilatation, and (5) associated malformations. Morbidity took into account the length of hospitalization and the number of surgical procedures.Results. The overall survival rate was 94 %. Neither bowel nor stomach dilatation was significantly correlated with mortality. However, evidence of intestinal dilatation greater than 17 mm had a positive predictive value of 67 % for atresia, with a negative predictive value of 86 %. Thickening and/or hyperechogenicity of the bowel wall were not significantly associated with mortality. Meconium peritonitis before 20 weeks and asymmetrical bowel dilatation were not statistically significant because of the small sample size. Twelve patients (35.3 %) had postnatal complications, with a mean hospital stay of 127 days. Outcome was not modified by the mode of delivery. Associated extradigestive anomalies were present in 20.6 % of cases. Chromosomal anomalies were not seen.Conclusion. The prognosis of prenatally detected G is excellent despite the frequency of small bowel atresia (67 %) in the group with postnatal complications. Meconium peritonitis before 20 weeks of gestation and/ or asymmetrical bowel dilatation also appear to be indicators of atresia (2/4, 50 %) or high morbidity (3/4,75%).     

儿童腹部手术中发现异位胰腺的外科处理

目的 探讨术中偶然发现异位胰腺的外科处理原则.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年1月我院小儿腹部手术中偶然发现的7例异位胰腺患儿的临床资料.其中,男3例,女4例;年龄1 d～7岁,平均19个月.术前诊断疾病分别是:先天性胆总管囊肿、环状胰腺、先天性肠闭锁、先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄、先天性巨结肠、先天性肠旋转不良、急性阑尾炎并腹膜炎.经腹开放手术2例,腹腔镜手术5例.异位胰腺位置如下:胃窦部、十二指肠、回肠各1例,空肠3例,回肠梅克尔憩室1例.结果 6例异位胰腺行手术切除,包括:病灶部位肠切除肠吻合5例、胃壁部分切除修补术1例;急性阑尾炎并腹膜炎术中发现的异位胰腺未处理.异位胰腺组织均位于黏膜下层,1例部分侵及肌层.本组根据Heinrich分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型1例.手术顺利,术后原有疾病治愈,无并发症出现,分别随访3个月～1年,恢复良好.结论 小儿腹部手术中偶然发现的异位胰腺,综合考虑其发生并发症及手术风险,应尽可能手术切除.     

Congenital jejunoileal and colonic atresia

Jejunoileal and colonic atresias are a common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction. Authors present the aetiology, types of atresias, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, surgical treatment, problems of postoperative management and prognosis in the newborns with congenital intestinal atresia. In the years 1992-2000, in the Department of Paediatric Surgery and in the Department of Pathology and Intensive Care of Newborn at the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw, 539 newborns were surgically treated (congenital anomalies of gastrointestinal tract, genito-urinary system, central nervous system, defects of abdominal wall and diaphragm). In 21 patients jejunoileal or colonic atresia were confirmed. On the base of the course of treatment the authors analyse prognostic factors: prematurity, certain types of atresia, additional pathology accompanying intestinal defect, necessesity of re-section of the long part of the bowel or multiple anastomosis. Diagnostic and treatment problems in three patients with short bowel syndrome needed additional discussion.