不锈钢在酸性氯离子溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂机理与缓蚀剂研究

<正> 本文对不锈钢于酸性氯离子溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂机理和应力腐蚀的缓蚀剂进行了研究。研究表明奥氏体不锈钢在酸性氯离子溶液中发生应力腐蚀开裂时处于活性阳极溶解状态,其应力腐蚀开裂机理既不能用钝化膜破裂-再钝化理论解释,同时也不能用氢脆理论解     

阴极保护机理的介绍与浅议

对三种阴极保护机理,包括阳极溶解减缓机理、免蚀机理以及钝化机理,进行了详细的介绍。阐述了这些机理中存在的不足,指出阳极溶解减缓理论中的"开路电位"应为"平衡电极电位",免蚀机理与阳极溶解减缓机理有相似性。针对阴极保护钝化机理的质疑,仍需通过阴极保护下金属表面状态及金属/电解液界面特性研究对该机理的适用性进行评判。     

氢致开裂和应力腐蚀机理的前沿问题

本文对各种氢致开裂和应力腐蚀机理进行了评述。指出,把氢促进局部塑性变形和弱键理论以及氢压理论联合起来就有可能发展新的氢致开裂机理;必须深入研究阳极溶解对位错发射,增殖和运动的影响才能提出合理的阳极溶解型应力腐蚀的机理。     

磁场对铁在磷酸溶液中不同电位下阳极电流的影响

采用极化曲线和恒电位极化方法,研究了磁场对铁在0.5 mol/L H_3PO_4溶液中不同电位下阳极电流的影响。结果表明:0 T磁场下阳极极化曲线表现为典型的阳极溶解、溶解-钝化转变、稳态钝化和过钝化特征,0.4 T磁场下阳极极化曲线的活性溶解区范围扩大以至于没有出现钝化区;0 T磁场下极化后的铁电极表面相对均匀,而0.4 T磁场下极化后铁电极发生加速溶解,在其水平方向的两侧出现局部凹陷;在1.2～1.5 V高电位区间内铁电极表面产物膜向溶液的传质过程为阳极反应速率控制步骤时,施加磁场使得阳极电流密度显著增加,也加速了铁电极的局部溶解,施加或撤去磁场对析氧反应的影响不明显。     

不锈钢的腐蚀破环与防蚀技术——(四)应力腐蚀破裂

4 应力腐蚀开裂机理由于导致不锈钢材料发生应力腐蚀开裂的因素非常复杂,故解释不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的理论很多,可谓众说纷云.但不管怎样,不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂必然首先要发生选择性腐蚀,应力的主要作用在于对钝化膜的破坏及其再钝化的抑制,从而促进局部腐蚀.归纳起来,应力腐蚀开裂的机理可以分为三类:溶解机理;机械机理;混合机理.具体内容列于表2.     

外加电位对316L不锈钢在硼酸溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸 (SSRT) 实验,结合不同扫描速率下的动电位极化曲线,对316L不锈钢在动电位极化曲线不同区下的应力腐蚀开裂 (SCC) 敏感性以及腐蚀机理进行了研究。通过断口的SEM形貌进一步分析了316L不锈钢在硼酸溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂机理。结果表明,在近中性硼酸溶液环境下,外加电位对应力腐蚀开裂敏感性具有一定影响;当外加电位处于钝化区和过钝化区时,其SCC机制是由阳极溶解控制,且随着电位的升高其SCC敏感性增大;外加电位为-600 mV时,开裂机制为氢致开裂,此时316L不锈钢有最大SCC敏感性。     

含铌铁素体不锈钢的电化学行为和钝化膜中各元素的分布

铁素体不锈钢在0.5M 硫酸水溶液中的阳极极化曲线出现两个活性溶解电流峰。相同成份的含铌铁素体不锈钢只有一个活性溶解电流峰,这说明铌在合金中能起到防止敏化作用。对阳极氧化钝化膜进行了俄歇电子能谱的表面分析。结果表明钝化膜中铬的富集强度随钝化电位的升高而提高,并且含铌铁素体不锈钢钝化膜中铬的富集强度高于其他成份相同的铁素体不锈钢。     

用XPS研究Ni—Mo—P合金镀层在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀特性

1 引言 关于晶态镍的钝化行为,人们已进行过广泛地研究。根据Dougall等的研究,在酸性Na_2SO_4溶液中,镍的钝化是由于形成了约1nm厚的NiO氧化层。FliS和Duguethe研究了在接近中性的溶液中,Ni-P合金中的磷对镍的阳极溶解和钝化的影响,磷使阳极溶解速度增加。用AES谱分析得出,Ni-P合金上的钝化膜薄于纯镍上的钝化膜。Diegle等研究了非晶态Ni-20P合金在H_2SO_4和HCl溶液中的阳极行为。他们发现,在H_2SO_4溶液中,Ni-20P合金在很宽的电位区发生钝化,而镍在该区是活性的;当处在较高的电位时,Ni-20P合金迅速溶解,而在该区纯镍却处于钝化态。     

试论超钝化溶解及其电解液

以金属阳极/电解液匹配试验为基础,论述了ηω—i电解液试验方法的可靠性及其意义;分析了超钝化溶解的条件与特征及其对加工精度的影响;对Fe/Cl和Fe/NO_3~-的阳极溶解速度和平衡间隙之间的关系进行了讨论;在系统试验基础上,提供了具有超钝化溶解性能的电解液及其ηω—i规律。     

Fe-Ni基合金在热浓碱溶液中的阳极溶解与钝化行为

采用快速与慢速动电位扫描法研究了Fe-Ni基合金在含与不含杂质的沸腾50%NaOH溶液中的阳极溶解与钝化行为.Cr、Ni对Fe-Ni基合金低电位钝化起主要作用,高电位钝化主要是Fe与Ni的作用.Na2S2O3对碱性溶液中元素Fe与Ni的阳极溶解有明显的促进作用,并加速Fe-Ni基合金的溶解导致多处新的阳极电流峰出现.Fe-Ni基合金在相同介质条件下快速扫描的电流密度值比慢扫的大,并对快、慢扫描极化曲线计算出SCC的指数值与SCC行为进行了相关分析.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.