河北省水权确权工作的探索与实践

<正>为深入贯彻党的十八届三中全会关于加快生态文明建设精神,落实国务院实行最严格水资源管理制度意见,河北省针对水资源匮乏与浪费并存、地下水超采严重、水资源权属缺失等问题,结合地下水超采综合治理试点工作,积极推进水权确权制度改革。省政府办公厅印发了《河北省水权确权登记办法》,开展了县域水资源使用权确权登记、水权交易流转等相关制度建设,在全国开创了县域水权确权制度建设的先河。     

临清市水权水市场建设实践

临清市依托国家地下水超采区综合治理项目，探索开展水权水市场建设，通过加强水权制度顶层设计，明晰行业水量分配，开发水权确权数据库，组织水权确权发证，搭建水权交易系统，推进各类水权交易，加强水权交易监管等全方位、多层次、整链条用水权改革工作，通过政府与市场两手发力，促进水资源优化配置和集约节约安全利用，解决经济社会发展用水瓶颈问题，为山东省地下水超采地区开展水权交易提供了经验借鉴。     

农业水权确权及交易模式研究

当前我国用水效率总体不高,特别是农业灌溉用水方式还比较粗放,存在较大的节水潜力,实施农业水权确权、开展水权交易是农业水权制度的重要内容,也是农业水价综合改革的基础工作。文章基于农业水权的权属性质和目前国内农业水权制度建设情况,从确定农业可分配水权量、划定灌溉面积、测算确权亩均定额、农业水权确权及登记等方面对农业水权确权,以及从农业水权交易的基本要素、交易类型、交易流程设计、交易监管等方面对农业水权交易体系构建,提出了一些设想,希望能为下一步继续跟踪推进农业水价综合改革和农业节水工作提供参考。     

河北省水权确权改革初探

<正>河北省按照政府主导、公平公开,可以持续、留有余量,生活优先、注重生态的原则,在地下水超采综合治理试点区49个县开展了水资源使用权(以下简称"水权")确权登记工作,规范了非农用水产取水许可管理,实现了农业用水产水权证管理,为突破水价改革难题,实施水权交易奠定了基础。长期以来由于河北省水权归属不明晰,造成了喝"大锅水"现象严重,各行业用水管理方式粗放,水资源浪费比较严重,特别是农     

扩大群众用水自主权 促进水资源合理利用——宜都市农村集体水权确权试点工作探索

宜都市在加快水利事业发展和改革中,突出抓好工程建设和建后管护,在水利工程建设和管护方面进行了改革和创新,实施了"产权共有制"改革,取得了良好的经济和社会效益。2014年宜都市被水利部确定为全国水权试点单位之一,重点开展农村集体经济组织的水塘和修建管理的水库中的水资源使用权确权登记,水资源使用权确权登记是对水利设施共有制改革的深化和发展。文章在总结"产权共有制"改革经验的基础上,提出了水权改革的思路、原则和方法以及水权改革的对策和措施。     

黑龙江省水权试点综述

水权确权是水资源优化配置的有效途径,探索开展水权确权试点工作,鼓励引导开展水权交易,是深化水资源改革的有力支撑,是健全自然资源资产产权制度的必然要求。本文针对黑龙江省水资源情况及面临的挑战,阐述了全省水权试点工作取得的初步成效,并针对目前工作存在的问题给出建议,可为相关工作提供借鉴。     

关于地方水权实践的总结与思考

文章分析了我国当前水权实践格局下南北方水权改革的突破口与侧重点;从制度建设、交易模式、经验推广等角度对地方水权实践进行了总结思考,认为水权制度建设应注重水权交易监管与确权登记的有效衔接、协同推进,农业节水有可能成为未来水权交易的主要出让方,在发掘可复制、可推广水权实践经验的同时,要注重经验再创新;建议成立水利部水权制度建设领导小组加强组织领导,建立覆盖全国的一体化水权确权与交易电子平台实现动态监管,不断加深水权改革重大事项研究,并建立健全公众参与机制。     

宁夏水资源使用权确权登记试点关键问题探析

<正>水权确权是加快推进生态文明建设的重要内容。中共中央国务院《生态文明体制改革总体方案》明确提出开展水权确权试点,要求"探索建立水权制度,开展水域、岸线等水生态空间确权试点,遵循水生态系统性、整体性原则,分清水资源所有权、使用权及使用量。"2014年水利部确定在7个省(自治区)进行水权试点工作,其中宁夏进行水资源使用权确权登记试点。宁夏编制了《宁夏水权试点方案》,获得     

深化水权改革亟待加强法规建设

当前,我国水权改革受制于现行法律法规,改革成果向纵深推进困难很大。本文针对我国水权法律法规现状,分析了水权确权、水权交易在实践中碰到的问题,提出了适时启动修订《水法》《取水许可和水资源费征收管理条例》,研究制定水权制度建设相关法规规章,为水权水市场建设提供法制保障。     

甘肃省疏勒河流域水权试点改革的实践与思考

通过对甘肃省疏勒河流域水资源分配确权、数据库建立、交易信息平台搭建、水权制度建设、水权水市场监管体系建设,以及水权交易流转等水权试点改革的做法与经验总结,探讨了进一步深化和全面推进水权试点改革的方法和途径,为在甘肃省乃至全国全面推行水权制度改革提供借鉴。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.