基于“边际效益递减”原理的城市水安全评价方法研究

通过城市水安全内涵剖析和系统分析，将城市水安全系统分为支持子系统、协调子系统和防洪子系统，建立了逻辑清晰、层次分明的评价指标体系，并选用层次分析法确定了各层次指标的权重。在分析指标变化对城市水安全的影响规律的基础上，借鉴“边际效益递减”原理，建立了一种新的指标评价方法与模型。利用所确立的评价方法，对昆明城市水安全的现状及趋势进行了评价与预测，其得分为0.574，处于“不安全”状态，且呈恶化趋势，该评价结果与实际相符，证明了该方法体系的科学性和可靠性。     

基于广义对比加权的水安全综合指数评价

为了构建水安全综合评价模型,在分别提出"正向"和"逆向"指标安全指数公式基础上,采用广义模糊对比加权法对水安全评价体系的各个子系统进行赋权,得到水安全综合评价指数公式。应用该方法对山东省区域水资源进行安全评价,并与应用属性识别理论法和贝叶斯法对该例的评价结果相比较,结果一致,表明了该方法应用于区域水安全评价的可行性和实用性。     

城市水安全指数及其评价标准

考虑现有水安全定义以及水安全系统的特征,在尝试给出城市水安全定义的基础上,从城市规模、防洪安全、供水安全以及水环境安全4个方面,构建了针对南方湿润地区的城市水安全评价指标体系以及评价标准,并选用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重。借鉴边际效益递减原理,利用指数型功效函数实现了指标的标准化。引入协调度和发展度的概念,用于衡量水安全系统及其子系统发展的有序性、稳定行和协调性。利用该模型对武汉市2003年-2009年水安全状况进行了评价,计算结果表明,水安全目前处于"相对安全"状态,并且有逐年改善的趋势。实例应用结果验证了该模型的可行性与有效性,在城市水安全评价中有一定应用价值。     

基于联系数的流域水安全评价模型

建立了流域水安全评价指标体系和评价标准,用基于加速遗传算法的模糊层次分析法筛选指标、确定各指标和子系统的权重,用集对分析方法建立了基于联系数的流域水安全评价模型(CN-AM).CN-AM可从指标、子系统和样本3个层次定量地分析流域水安全的复杂状态,既可测度流域水安全整体状态的高低程度,又可识别影响流域水安全状态的重要指标和重要子系统.CN-AM在巢湖流域中的应用结果表明,基于联系数的均分原则评判方法与属性数学的置信度准则评判方法具有一致性和互补性,联合应用可保障CN-AM评价结果的可靠性.巢湖流域水安全系统处于临界安全状态,应提升流域的经济和科技发展水平、推广节水技术、加快城市化进程和控制人口增长,以提高该流域水安全的保障程度.     

水资源安全综合评价与预测——基于浙江省台州市实证分析

水安全关乎一个城市社会、经济各方面的协调发展。以台州市为例,采用"压力-状态-响应(PSR)"模式建立水安全评价指标体系,通过层次分析法(AHP)获得各指标的权重,以"边际效益递减"原理求得各指标的子安全度,结合综合指数法对台州市2011-2015年水安全状况进行综合评价。结果表明:台州市该阶段的水安全情况处于基本安全状态,化学需氧量、河流污染百分比、年降雨量、城市用水重复率是台州市水安全状况的主要影响因子。以灰色预测GM(1,1)模型对台州市水安全情况进行预测,预测结果显示:台州市2016-2020的水安全状态仍处于基本安全状态,且呈逐年上升向安全状态转化的趋势。     

基于模糊集对分析的最严格水安全综合评价

在最严格水资源管理制度的约束下,遵循指标选取的合理性、科学性等原则,建立"三条红线"为基准的水安全量化指标体系,并提出基于信息熵的水安全模糊集对评价模型,通过模糊联系度的计算和置信度准则确定水安全评价等级。最后,结合青海省8个行政分区的水安全评价研究,与灰色聚类、层次分析法的评价结果进行了对比。研究表明:青海省整体水安全等级为Ⅳ级,处于"较不安全"状态,形势不容乐观,模糊集对分析与其他评价方法的评价结果基本一致,且该方法易于编程,对水安全评价具有一定的应用价值。     

滨湖城市水安全风险评估——以南昌市为例

水安全风险评价是城市水安全保障得重要科学依据,由于滨湖城市"城—湖"面积呈竞争关系,城镇化的快速发展导致其水安全问题尤为突出。为评估滨湖城市的水安全风险,在充分分析南昌市经济社会、水质状况、生态环境三个方面对水安全影响因素的情况下,建立包括指标体系构建、安全等级确定和安全风险评估三大模块的城市水安全风险评估模型。以南昌市为例,系统评估南昌市水安全风险,结果表明:(1)森林覆盖率是滨湖城市水安全风险最主要的影响因素,其次是人均水资源量和人口自然增长率;(2)GDP增长率、水资源开发利用率、COD_(Mn)等指标与滨湖城市水安全风险呈负相关作用,其余指标与水安全风险呈正相关作用;(3)不同影响因素在同一等级区间对水安全风险的作用效果不同,同一影响因素在不同等级区间对水安全风险的作用效果也不同,大部分指标在位于中间等级时对水安全风险影响最大。     

基于SD-BC方法的郑州市水安全量化研究

随着经济社会快速发展,许多城市水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐,并引发严峻的水安全问题。以郑州市为研究对象,开展郑州市水安全量化研究。首先,在对城市水安全影响因素分析的基础上,通过供-用-耗-排水等人事活动将社会、经济、生态环境等子系统有机联系起来描绘水安全系统,进而构建了城市水安全系统框架体系;其次,将系统动力学方法(System Dynamic,SD)与反馈机制(Backcasting,BC)相结合,建立了耦合水资源系统、社会经济系统和生态环境系统的水安全系统的SD-BC仿真模型;最后,根据郑州市水资源条件与城市社会经济发展的情况,以2014年为基准年对2015—2025年的水安全系统状况进行模拟预测,并评价郑州市水安全度大小,提出水安全保障措施建议,为优化配置水资源、保障城市水安全提供理论依据。     

指标变换值表示的水安全评价的普适指数公式

适当设定水安全指标的参照值和指标值的变换式,并对各指标值进行了变换,使得以变换值表示的不同指标皆"等效"于一个规范指标,从而不同指标的水安全评价指数公式皆可以用该"等效"指标相应的指数公式替代。在满足设定的优化准则条件下,采用猴王免疫进化算法对公式进行优化,分别得到优化后对23项水安全指标皆适用的5个水安全评价的普适指数公式。对所获公式的可靠性进行理论分析以及对其实用性进行效果检验后,其评价结果与其他方法评价结果相一致,并与实际相符合。结果表明:水安全评价的多种形式的普适指数公式皆具有形式简洁、计算简便和普适通用的特点。     

基于模糊逻辑的黄河流域水安全综合评价方法研究

为了对黄河流域及流域内省(区)水安全进行评价与诊断,从资源、经济、生态、环境和防灾五个方面构建了黄河流域水安全评价指标体系,建立考虑评价指标间影响关系的模糊逻辑评价模型,并提出了评价方法敏感性分析与水安全提升方向诊断方法.结果表明:模糊逻辑可通过指标间的影响关系增大单指标对评价结果的作用,所建立的模糊逻辑评价模型对单指...     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.