关于高等学校实行责任管理的思考

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和发展,我国的高等教育体制也正在进行相应的改革,并已经取得了很大成效.改革与发展是当前高等学校的两大主题.<中国教育改革和发展纲要>提出,高等教育改革的目标是逐步建立政府宏观管理、学校面向社会自主办学的新体制.随着近几年高校调整合并和扩大招生规模,各学校总体规模都在迅速扩大,学校面向市场,办学资金来源多元化的步伐也在逐步加大.为此,确定一种新的责权利相结合的管理体制显得尤为重要.高等学校实行责任管理,是针对高校面临的新形势,从正确处理好规模、质量、效益的关系出发,探讨高校在新形势下如何遵循市场规律,强化管理职能,调动学校和学校内各部门以及教职工的积极性,充分利用高校资源,提高办学效益,以有限的资金发挥更大的作用,体现责权利相结合的制度,促进学校健康发展而提出来的.     

Psychologists and societal concerns.

Analyzed the session topics of the American Psychological Association (APA) convention from the 1950s to the 1970s. Topics generally addressed scientific and professional matters, although there was a trend from almost exclusive focus on nonsocietal topics in the 1950s to a greater concern for societal problems in the 1970s. Even with this increased responsiveness to societal issues, the predominant interest of APA members is defined in scientific and professional terms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adult pets of alcoholics: Another underserved population.

Comments on W. R. Miller's article entitled Adult cousins of alcoholics (see record 2007-10115-001). The authors provide a tongue-in-cheek commentary on Miller's discussion of adult cousins of alcoholics by describing the foundation of APoA--the Adult Pets of Alcoholics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Social psychology: Comparative, societal and universal.

Noting that social psychology is necessarily rooted in a societal system, it is proposed that it is both desirable and possible to explore these societal bases in a broad range of sociocultural systems and to integrate these local social psychologies into a wider based discipline. Such an enterprise should proceed by employing the comparative method to test the usefulness of current social psychology (which is largely a Euro-American Discipline) in other sociocultural settings, to develop new theories and data in these other settings, and then to generate a more nearly universal social psychology that recognizes both cross-cultural communalities and varieties in social behavior. (91 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Increasing the societal contribution of organized psychology.

Encourages greater political involvement by psychologists and offers commentary on the experiences of 25 psychologists who have recently served on Capitol Hill. The current and potential contribution of psychology to a selected series of policy areas, including child health issues, care for the elderly, functional illiteracy, and criminal justice, is discussed. Also examined are the role and associated responsibilities of psychologists with regard to the health care field. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluating societal change in attitude.

Presents a probabilistic response model for assessing attitude data from national surveys. The attendant statistical analysis by generalized least squares adjusts for the heterogeneous variances and covariances characterizing the data in such surveys. The flexibility of this approach in survey analysis is illustrated using attitude data from the Netherlands' Social and Cultural Report 1980. Estimation and testing procedures applied to these data demonstrate sharp shifts during the last decade toward easing social constraints on the feminine role. This illustration is suggestive of the types of lawful relationships that are demonstrable at the societal level of analysis. Other possible applications of the approach are suggested. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotionally disturbed mentally retarded people: An underserved population.

Discusses the need to increase the supply of psychotherapeutic services for the emotional problems of mentally retarded people as well as those of people with IQs between 70 and 80. Low IQ may increase the risk of emotional disturbance because it creates special adjustment problems while limiting the individual's ability to solve these problems. Low IQ may decrease the opportunity for adequate psychotherapeutic services because of administrative, conceptual, and attitudinal reasons. It is suggested that a multidimensional approach is needed to meet the mental health needs of the mentally retarded that involves more research on emotional development, implementation of demonstration programs, and the design of cost-effective treatment packages. (48 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The personality of societal groups.

Examined the personality of social situations and evidence for the construct validity of the Multivariate Personality Inventory (MPI). The instrument was administered to 20 car salespersons (mean age 39.75 yrs), 25 fundamentalist church members (mean age 27.8 yrs), 40 campus nondenominational church members (mean age 21.28 yrs), 15 patrons of singles bars (mean age 27 yrs), 50 members of women's social organizations (mean age 32.39 yrs), 131 sorority members (mean age 20.25 yrs), 32 women's softball team members (mean age 27.38 yrs), 31 medical technologists (mean age 31.13 yrs), and 44 computer programmers (mean age 31.58 yrs). ANOVA yielded a significant scale effect and a significant interaction between the social-occupational groups and their scores on the personality scales. Five of the 7 groups about which predictions were made endorsed the predicted personality scale. Church members endorsed more depressive items, computer programmers endorsed more compulsive items, car salespersons endorsed more manic items, and sorority members endorsed more hysteric items. Findings support the hypothesis of the existence of a personality of situations and provide construct validity evidence for the MPI. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

立足炼钢生产实践服务导向炼钢生产 --纪念《炼钢》杂志出刊100期

简述了《炼钢》杂志的办刊方针，回顾和分析了创刊18年来共100期录用文章对办刊方针的体现简况，并对进一步办好《炼钢》杂志提出了意见。     

Social responsibility.

Urges psychology to form fairly specific guidelines related to the social responsibility of behavioral scientists. Three examples of irresponsible behaviors are cited: the use of science to control others, the inadequate extrapolation of animal research to humans, and recommendation of interventions for infants or children based on time- and sample-limited studies. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teaching writing to children who are underserved.

Writing instruction for children from low-income families has been dominated by 2 antithetical views, one emphasizing component skills and drill-and-practice instruction, the other emphasizing natural processes of learning language. A 3rd approach, one that reflects pedagogical principles that are based on a sociocognitive model of writing was investigated. Writing instruction that featured these principles in varying degrees was examined in 26 4th-grade and 16 6th-grade classrooms. Regression analysis indicated that more than 40% of the variance in children's posttest writing-quality scores was accounted for by degree of adherence to the model, and scores in writing mechanics did not suffer from application of the model. The results suggest that sociocognitive approaches to writing instruction have much to offer this population of children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Integrating health care: The clear advantage for underserved diverse populations.

Integrating health care into primary and specialty physician practices and clinics has potential benefits for women; racial/ethnic minorities; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered populations, thus making a major contribution to the health disparities in America. Mounting evidence suggests that physical illnesses are accompanied and exacerbated by emotional, social, and cultural factors. Many of the chronic diseases, cardiovascular disease, HIV-AIDS, diabetes, and some cancers can be prevented and altered by behavioral changes and are thus considered behavioral diseases. In addition, nonadherence to medication is a significant factor in less-than-optimal treatment of any illness. Thus, medical treatment without coordinated attempts to also treat the behavioral and social factors compromises its effectiveness. Treatment is often complicated by the lack of timely diagnoses of issues such as domestic violence, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Furthermore, helping patients negotiate medical visits, treatment options, and disease prevention and management can be effectively addressed within an integrated primary care system of health delivery with better outcomes for minorities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

DSM-III: Sexism or societal reality?

Argues that the debate about sexism in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) is misdirected and probably involves a social artifact rather than a true labeling problem. Men who are troubled are more likely to act out in antisocial ways, while women are more likely to turn problems inward. We are more likely to label women who cannot adapt as sick and men who cannot adapt as criminal, but both groups are out of step with the social system and are being pressured to make behavioral changes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological tests and public responsibility: Introduction.

"It cannot be forgotten that individuals' educational programs, careers, marriages, emotional adjustments, indeed, their lives, may well be affected by testing programs. There are sufficient questionable practices that serious professionals have long been concerned; and beyond the serious worker there is a rising group of less qualified critics." Current problems as practices in psychological testing require consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obedience and responsibility: A jury simulation.

Employed a jury simulation to explore observers' attributions of responsibility for destructive obedience with a total of 302 adults (198 experimental, 54 deliberating controls, and 50 nondeliberating controls). The 198 Ss in the main design viewed a slide and tape presentation of a military case resembling that of Lieutenant Calley, gave individual verdicts and other responses, deliberated in 6-person groups, and again gave individual judgments. As predicted, manipulating the rank of the defendant's superior officer from sergeant to captain increased the gap between superior's and subordinate's attributed responsibilities. The superior was also consistently rated as more responsible, and open-ended results suggest that he was responsible for both role- and causally related reasons, unlike the defendant. Restricting the available verdict options lowered convictions, but this effect was primarily due to the restricted-options/captain-superior cell. Sentence assigned was not affected by the manipulations. Both the deliberating and the nondeliberating control groups differed from experimentals. The former group differed on a number of adjective ratings, and the latter group yielded lower conviction rates, raising questions about generalizing from typical jury simulation designs. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attributions of responsibility for helping and doing harm: Evidence for confusion of responsibility.

The social inhibition of helping has been explained in terms of the general processes of audience inhibition, social influence, and diffusion of responsibility. The present research adapted the paradigm used in studies of the attribution of responsibility for an accident to examine a specific audience-inhibition process that may contribute to the social inhibition of helping. Evidence from 2 experiments, with 356 undergraduates, shows that an S who adopted the perspective of a helper following an accident expected to be held increasingly responsible by arriving onlookers for the victim's plight as the number of extant bystanders increased. Results also indicate that there was an objective basis for this expectation: Ss who adopted the perspective of a newly arriving onlooker increasingly attributed responsibility for doing harm to the individual helping the victim in the accident as the number of bystanders described as already at the scene increased. The distinction between confusion and diffusion of responsibility is emphasized, and limitations to confusion of responsibility for accidents are discussed. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Wittgenstein and the question of responsibility.

Within psychology, the thought of L. Wittgenstein tends to be confused with that of the behaviorists and social constructionists. However, by considering the manner in which Wittgenstein's thought might be used to address the question of responsibility, one will find that the positions taken by the behaviorists and social constructionists differ substantially from the position taken by Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein, like the behaviorists and social constructionists, repudiates the Cartesian 'mind' or 'inner,' and thus demonstrates how responsibility can be assigned. But unlike the behaviorists and social constructionists who struggle with deterministic and relativistic explanations, Wittgenstein maintains a view of human beings which allows responsibility to be assigned without compromising the nature of that responsibility. Wittgenstein thus brings one back to that ordinary understanding of men in which it is possible and makes sense to hold men responsible for their actions. He thereby stands apart from the behaviorists and social constructionists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Breast cancer screening of the medically underserved: results and implications

Socioeconomic status is the most significant factor influencing the decreased survival associated with breast cancer in minority groups in the United States. Barriers to the use of early detection programs by low-income women often result in the detection of breast cancer at stages too advanced to assure optimum outcomes. In an effort to increase accessibility of breast cancer screening among such individuals, the Early Detection Program (EDP) was initiated in 1987. The program provided breast cancer screening to women 40 years of age and older who attended eight primary healthcare centers located in low-income neighborhoods throughout Dade County, Florida. From its inception in October 1987 through December 1993, 23,866 medically underserved women had mammography examinations, with more than 17,000 of these women undergoing baseline mammograms. Since the program's inception, 126 cancers were diagnosed in 123 women. A dramatic shift from later to earlier stage breast cancers was observed. These results warrant a greater inclusion of medically underserved and lower socioeconomic status women in screening programs for the early detection of breast cancer.