陕西华清4#泉气体总量异常成因分析

2006年7月下旬—9月初,陕西华清4#泉气体总量测值出现了一次低值异常。经调查落实,此次异常不是构造活动或地震前兆异常,而是由采样扩散瓶刻度指示体积与实际体积不符引起的。9月6日的扩散瓶封存气体刻度指示体积与实际体积误差试验以及9月9日—13日的气体总量对比观测试验均证实了这一结论。     

气体放置时间对观测结果的影响

通过气体放置时间对观测结果影响的实验，得出气体放置时间对气体He、H2、O2、N2组分含量影响较小，而CO2组分含量随时间而衰减，其速度愈来愈慢的结论。     

基于自适应杂交遗传算法的CO_2地质封存的储层参数反演研究

二氧化碳地质封存是减少温室气体排放和减缓温室效应的重要手段.二氧化碳封存的一个重要组成部分是地震监测,即用地震的方法监测封存后的二氧化碳的分布变化.为了实现这个目标,需要建立储层参数与地震性质之间的关系(岩石物理模型)和从地震监测数据中反演获得储层流体的饱和度等参数.首先,本文以Biot理论为基础,结合多相流模型研究了多个物理参数(孔隙度、二氧化碳饱和度、温度和压力等)对同时含有二氧化碳和水的孔隙介质的波速和衰减等属性的影响.结果表明:孔隙度和二氧化碳饱和度对岩石的频散和衰减属性影响强烈,而温度和压力通过孔隙流体性质对岩石的波速产生影响.然后,本文基于含多相流的Biot理论,应用抗干扰能力强、且具有更好的局部搜索能力和抗早熟能力的自适应杂交遗传算法对实际数据进行了反演研究.对岩心实验数据的反演研究表明了算法的有效性,而且表明含多相流的Biot理论能够很好地解释水和二氧化碳饱和岩石的波速特征.最后,我们将自适应杂交遗传算法应用于实际封存项目的地震监测数据,获得了封存后不同时期的二氧化碳饱和度,达到了用地震方法监测二氧化碳分布的目的.     

不同煤体结构的高阶煤储层物性特征及煤层气产出机理

煤储层物性是影响煤层气解吸、扩散、渗流的关键因素,其好坏直接决定煤层气井的产气效果.本文以高阶煤为例,基于压汞、低温液氮吸附、等温吸附、煤粒甲烷放散初速度测试以及煤层气井现场自然解吸数据,系统探讨了构造破坏作用下高阶煤的孔隙性、吸附性、扩散性、渗透性等物性的响应规律,建立了不同煤体结构高阶煤储层几何模型、扩散模式图及气体产出综合模式图.研究认为,高阶煤经历构造作用后孔隙性得到改造,不同孔径段孔隙数量均有所增加,中、大孔增加最为明显,孔隙连通性发生差异性变化,这种孔隙性的变化是造成不同煤体结构煤的吸附/解吸性、扩散性等储层物性出现差异的根本所在.原生结构和碎裂结构煤基质孔隙以微孔为主,相对缺少大孔以及大孔连通性较差的孔隙特征,制约着初期气体的解吸和扩散,而较小孔径段孔隙连通性相对较好利于后期气体的解吸和扩散,更由于气体解吸衰减速度慢,易形成长期的产能;碎粒结构和糜棱结构煤吸附、解吸能力增强,自然条件下气体扩散能力强,但储层条件下渗透率的强应力敏感性,导致该类储层渗透性最差,渗流能力弱制约了扩散和解吸的发生;气体综合产出过程中,不同煤体结构的煤储层随着储层压力的变化基质孔隙气体扩散模式发生动态演化,过渡型扩散不断增强,Fick扩散不断弱化,气体的扩散能力不断降低,其中微孔和过渡孔是限制气体扩散的主要孔径因素;提出的储层条件下气体产出的综合模式图可以显示制约不同煤体结构煤储层气体产出的关键因素所在,有助于对储层进行针对性改造.     

地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散的数值模拟与动态仿真

文章对破坏性地震中可能发生的次生毒气泄漏与扩散灾害进行了数值模拟与动态仿真研究，设定了几种有实际意义的数值分析模型，分别进行了结构地震破坏，有毒有害气体泄漏，在一定泄漏和气象条件下的向周围空间扩散的动态仿真研究，给出了典型毒气扩散过程中可致人员死亡，严重危险和有感区域的范围的动态变化结果，作者认为地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散研究对大地震应急、城市和大型企业防灾都有重要的意义和广阔的应用前景。     

软取样装置的研制

水中溶解气体的分析,要经过采集水样或气样。然而目前采用的玻璃容器取样有许多弊病,作者经过调查,认为聚乙烯/莎林/国产尼龙三层共挤复合膜可作为软取样装置的原料。经过对比实验证明,用复合膜制成的软水袋在其稳定性和密闭性上都达到了分析精度要求,同时它又具有玻璃瓶所没有的许多优点。因此,作者认为用复合膜制成的软水袋完全可以代替玻璃瓶在天然水气体分析中广泛应。     

二氧化碳地质封存问题和地震监测研究进展

二氧化碳(CO2)的捕获和封存技术(CCS)是近年提出的减少CO2排放的重要方法,经过近二十年的发展已经为国际社会所公认.了解长时间封存CO2的变化规律对于成功实施CO2封存非常重要,而限于现场试验的困难性,数值模拟已成为监控长时间封存CO2变化的最重要方法.因此,需要加强CO2封存所涉及的多孔隙介质中多组分多相流运移模拟和地球化学反应模拟研究.在CO2注入地下储层之后,需要长时间监测所封存CO2的运移情况,以及时发现泄漏并采取相应的应对措施.地震监测方法是众多监测方法中最重要的方法之一,四维地震已经在世界上几个大型的封存项目中进行了多次实施,并且取得了很好的效果.为了使地震监测方法更加准确,并能做到常态性地有效监测或实时监控,不仅需要不断发展岩石物理理论和方法,而且需要在岩石物理学研究中充分考虑CO2封存问题的特殊性,即CO2的溶解和化学反应所引起的岩石物理性质的改变.这是研究地球环境和全球气候变化等重大地球科学问题的基础性研究课题,具有重要的理论和实际意义.     

气氡观测中的恒流鼓泡式脱气-集气装置研制与应用

利用20 cm不锈钢高压锅作为集气室,在锅的两边上、下分别打一个进出水孔,用15 mm不锈钢管道件连接,把进水口制作成高于锅内液面,出水口与锅内液面为同一水平面,形成一高一低,一小一大两个相对稳定的动态水平液面,在进水管中引入气泵输出气体,使集气室内进水同时进行自动连续鼓泡,把水中气体脱出,在输气管中接入玻璃转子流量计控制气体流量,进行恒流鼓泡。并应用于小流量冷水井气氡观测,效果显著。     

应用气体扩散和氡蜕变理论讨论水氡异常的形成

应用气体扩散理论,给出水氡异常变民体积应变的近式关系式,式中证明由于气体的扩散效应,水氡异常变化对体积应变量相 放大作用。这有是形成异常的主要原因,同时结合丰水氡异常对其进行了探讨。     

地震断裂带中气体来源及运移机制研究进展

随着新的观测技术和理论的快速发展,地震断裂带气体观测和同位素分析技术都得到长足发展,为研究微量气体运移机制以及气体来源示踪提供了重要的技术支撑.本文简要介绍了前人利用同位素技术在深部物质来源研究方面的主要进展,详细阐述了断裂带中微量气体的特征、气体运移的影响因素以及气体运移机制和理论模型,包括扩散对流作用、接力传递作用...     

Medium-temperature fumarolic gas sampling

In order to sample medium-temperature fumaroles, gases are collected by means of iron or glass tubings and conveyed to the condensation system through glass dewar tubes. One type of condenser was designed for condensate measurement and gas sampling for Radon activity determination; the other, with NaOH absorbing solution, for the S/Cl ratio measurement and the sampling of rare gases. With this method it is possible to obtain precise gas/vapour measurements as well as air free gas samples.     

The special sealing mechanism of caprock for Quaternary biogenetic gas in Sanhu area,Qaidam Basin,China

The Quaternary biogenetic gas reservoirs in the east of Qaidam Basin have many characteristics such as late forming time, shallow burial depth, low diagenetic grade, high porosity and high permeability and so on. It cannot be considered as caprock according to the traditional evaluation criterion. However, the large scale and high efficient biogenetic gas reservoirs of the Qaidam Basin are really formed under these kinds of caprocks, so it does have some specialty in its sealing mechanism. Aiming at the special sealing mechanism, some simulating experiments have been done. The research results show that the sealing ability of biogenetic gas caprock is related with water saturation, the caprock that is saturated with salt water can effectively block seepage and diffusion. Furthermore, the multiple reservoir-caprock groups have accumulated sealing effect, causing the formation of big gas fields. The evaluation method with traditional caprock parameters cannot be adopted in evaluating the study area.

     

The special sealing mechanism of caprock for Quaternary biogenetic gas in Sanhu area,Qaidam Basin,China

The Quaternary biogenetic gas reservoirs in the east of Qaidam Basin have many characteristics such as late forming time, shallow burial depth, low diagenetic grade, high porosity and high permeability and so on. It cannot be considered as caprock according to the traditional evaluation criterion. However, the large scale and high efficient biogenetic gas reservoirs of the Qaidam Basin are really formed under these kinds of caprocks, so it does have some specialty in its sealing mechanism. Aiming at the special sealing mechanism, some simulating experiments have been done. The research results show that the sealing ability of biogenetic gas caprock is related with water saturation, the caprock that is saturated with salt water can effectively block seepage and diffusion. Furthermore, the multiple reservoir-caprock groups have accumulated sealing effect, causing the formation of big gas fields. The evaluation method with traditional caprock parameters cannot be adopted in evaluating the study area.     

The special sealing mechanism of caprock for Quaternary biogenetic gas in Sanhu area,Qaidam Basin,China

The Quaternary biogenetic gas reservoirs in the east of Qaidam Basin have many characteristics such as late forming time,shallow burial depth,low diagenetic grade,high porosity and high permeability and so on.It cannot be considered as caprock according to the traditional evaluation criterion.However, the large scale and high efficient biogenetic gas reservoirs of the Qaidam Basin are really formed under these kinds of caprocks,so it does have some specialty in its sealing mechanism.Aiming at the special sealing mechanism,some simulating experiments have been done.The research results show that the sealing ability of biogenetic gas caprock is related with water saturation,the caprock that is saturated with salt water can effectively block seepage and diffusion.Furthermore,the multiple reservoir-caprock groups have accumulated sealing effect,causing the formation of big gas fields.The evaluation method with traditional caprock parameters cannot be adopted in evaluating the study area.     

The generation and its sealing condition of natural gas in the Tadong area

Focusing on the two natural gas exploration geological problems with abundant source of oil cracking gas in the late stage and the sealing condition of the oil cracking gas reservoir, the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the evaluation parameters of gas cap rock are adopted to the study on the natural gas accumulation conditions in the Tadong area. Both the study on the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the statistical results of reservoir bitumen reveal that the geological formation of oil cracking gas in the Tadong area is located in the top of Cambrian. Two kinds of oil cracking gas geological models at least, namely well Mandong-1’s early rapid generation model (Middle Ordovician-end Silurian) and peak cracking model (with the natural gas conversion rate >90%), namely well Yingnan-2’s two-stage generation model of oil cracking gas, have been set up. The oil cracking gas of Yingnan-2 in the late stage is very significant in the evaluation of natural gas exploration in the Tadong area. The evaluation results of the cap rock show that the microscopic parameters of cap rock from the lower assemblage of Cambrian-Ordovician are better than those from the upper assemblage. The former has strong capillary sealing ability and higher cap rock breakthrough pressure than the upper assemblage, with strong sealing ability, so that natural gas dissipates mainly by diffusion. According to the above investigations, the lower assemblage Cambrian-Ordovician natural gas of Kongquehe slope, Tadong low uplift and Yingjisu depression in the Tadong area prospects well.

     

The generation and its sealing condition of natural gas in the Tadong area

Focusing on the two natural gas exploration geological problems with abundant source of oil cracking gas in the late stage and the sealing condition of the oil cracking gas reservoir, the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the evaluation parameters of gas cap rock are adopted to the study on the natural gas accumulation conditions in the Tadong area. Both the study on the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the statistical results of reservoir bitumen reveal that the geological formation of oil cracking gas in the Tadong area is located in the top of Cambrian. Two kinds of oil cracking gas geological models at least, namely well Mandong-1’s early rapid generation model (Middle Ordovician-end Silurian) and peak cracking model (with the natural gas conversion rate >90%), namely well Yingnan-2’s two-stage generation model of oil cracking gas, have been set up. The oil cracking gas of Yingnan-2 in the late stage is very significant in the evaluation of natural gas exploration in the Tadong area. The evaluation results of the cap rock show that the microscopic parameters of cap rock from the lower assemblage of Cambrian-Ordovician are better than those from the upper assemblage. The former has strong capillary sealing ability and higher cap rock breakthrough pressure than the upper assemblage, with strong sealing ability, so that natural gas dissipates mainly by diffusion. According to the above investigations, the lower assemblage Cambrian-Ordovician natural gas of Kongquehe slope, Tadong low uplift and Yingjisu depression in the Tadong area prospects well.     

Zur Phosphatbestimmung im Grundwasser

Contrary to surface water, groundwaer is mainly anoxic and contains high iron(II) concentrations. Consequently, results of ortho-phosphate analyses often show a systematical underestimation since phosphate is coprecipitated or adsorbed by precipitating iron(III) hydroxide. This process is caused by aeration during sampling, storing and filtration of groundwater samples. The error of P-analyses can only be reduced by sampling and filtrating under inert gas and by an immediate addition of the chemicals for the molybdenum blue method. Storage of unfiltered, acidified samples is possible, too.     

水氡仪标定技术的实验研究

准确标定水氡仪是提高水氡观测质量的关键。配制液体镭源标准化是水氡仪标定的关键。本文针对全国水氡观测台站普遍反映的问题,就水氡仪标定技术和方法—选择液体镭源、仪器检查调试、液体镭源积累时间、积累前排氡时间,液体镭源体积影响、扩散瓶体积和式样、闪烁室标定周期及寿命、报废液体镭源回收利用等进行一系列实验,並由实验数据而给出结论。     

Sampling of VOCs with the BAT Ground Water Sampling System

In the BAT ground water sampling system, a stainless steel probe with a porous filter element is pushed vertically to the desired sampling depth. An evacuated glass sampling tube is then lowered down the penetration rods where it makes contact with the filter via a hypodermic needle and draws a pore fluid sample.
An investigation of the system was carried out at a number of sites contaminated by leaking underground gasoline storage tanks. Ground water samples obtained using the BAT system and adjacent monitoring wells were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Because the BAT system is an in situ penetration device with a small filter length, it is possible to determine variations in contaminant concentration with depth. BAT samples in general exhibited higher recovery of VOCs than did bailer samples from adjacent monitoring wells screened over large intervals.
Much higher levels of VOCs were recovered when the probe was used with its 316 stainless steel filter than when using the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filter. Significant sorption apparently occurred on the latter filter.
Because the BAT sample tubes are sealed and remain a closed system, the in situ water pressure is maintained. No significant loss of VOCs was found in sampling tubes containing headspace. Samples from the upper tube in the cascaded setup with headspace recovered levels of VOCs as high, or in a few cases higher, than the lower, no-headspace tubes.     

Preservation of ∼3.4–3.5 Ga microbial biomarkers in pillow lavas and hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa

Exceptionally well-preserved pillow lavas and inter-pillow hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa contain textural, geochemical, and isotopic biomarkers indicative of microbially mediated alteration of basaltic glass in the Archean. The textures are micrometer-scale tubular structures interpreted to have originally formed during microbial etching of glass along fractures. Textures of similar size, morphology, and distribution have been attributed to microbial activity and are commonly observed in the glassy margins of pillow lavas from in situ oceanic crust and young ophiolites. The tubes from the Barberton Greenstone Belt were preserved by precipitation of fine-grained titanite during greenschist facies metamorphism associated with seafloor hydrothermal alteration. The presence of organic carbon along the margins of the tubes and low δ¹³C values of bulk-rock carbonate in formerly glassy samples support a biogenic origin for the tubes. Overprinting relationships of secondary minerals observed in thin section indicate the tubular structures are pre-metamorphic. Overlapping metamorphic and igneous crystallization ages thus imply the microbes colonized these rocks 3.4–3.5 Ga. Although, the search for traces of early life on Earth has recently intensified, research has largely been confined to sedimentary rocks. Subaqueous volcanic rocks represent a new geological setting in the search for early life that may preserve a largely unexplored Archean biomass.