腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌特点与血清降钙素原的相关性分析

目的分析腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌特点与血清降钙素原的相关性。方法选取胜利油田中心医院腹膜透析中心2013年1月至2017年12月腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎138例次,其中腹膜透析液细菌培养阳性97例次,根据培养结果分为革兰阳性菌组和革兰阴性菌组。比较2组之间血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、C反应蛋白、血清降钙素原等的差异性及与致病菌的相关性。结果腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎腹透液培养阳性97例(70.29%),其中革兰阳性菌(G~+)51例(52.58%),以表皮葡萄球菌、沃氏葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性菌(G~-)46例(47.42%),以大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主。2组间在年龄、透析时间、季节性等一般资料间无差异(P0.05);血清降钙素原有显著差异(P0.01)。结论腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎以G+菌感染为主;血清降钙素原检测对区分G~+菌与G~-菌感染有参考价值。     

影响腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者预后的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎(peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis,PDAP)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年10月于徐州医科大学附属医院腹透中心行持续不卧床腹膜透析患者发生PDAP时的临床基本资料、实验室指标和转归情况。根据PDAP患者的预后将其分为三组:治愈组、退出组(拔管、死亡患者)、复发组(治疗后出现腹膜炎复发、再发或重现的患者),采用多元Logistic回归法分析影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结果本研究纳入的78例患者共发生133例次腹膜炎,其中治愈组81例次,退出组26例次,复发组26例次。病原微生物培养为革兰氏阳性菌57例次,革兰氏阴性菌39例次,混合菌感染4例次,真菌6例次,培养阴性27例次。退出组患者从腹膜炎出现症状到治疗的时间较治愈组及复发组长(P0.05),退出组患者前白蛋白、白蛋白水平较其他两组低(P0.05),hs-CRP水平较其他两组高(P0.05)。复发组前白蛋白水平较治愈组低(P0.05)。退出组患者血钾水平较治愈组低(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示治疗时间延迟、hs-CRP水平升高及低蛋白血症是影响腹膜炎患者退出腹膜透析的独立危险因素。结论治疗时间延迟、低蛋白血症及高水平hs-CRP是PDAP患者拔管或死亡的独立危险因素。PDAP患者应加强营养支持及早期积极抗感染治疗,减少腹膜炎频发率、拔管率、死亡率。     

长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床特征分析

目的 探讨长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床特征。 方法 回顾性分析2000年至2009年发生首次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者315例,按发生首次腹膜炎时腹膜透析龄分为两组：A组（<36个月）261例,B组（≥36个月）54例。对两组相关临床资料进行比较。 结果 入组患者平均年龄（55.7±15.9）岁,男性占61.0%,基础肾脏病主要为慢性肾小球肾炎（54.6%）,其次为糖尿病肾病（20.6%）。发病时A组中位腹膜透析龄8.4个月;B组中位腹膜透析龄49.4个月。发生腹膜炎时,两组间血红蛋白、血清白蛋白和血钾水平差异无统计学意义,但两组血清白蛋白和血钾水平均低于正常值范围。两组腹膜炎最常见诱因均为换液操作接触污染（48.2%比45.2%）。剔除未做透出液细菌培养患者,两组革兰阳性菌分布情况差异无统计学意义,但B组革兰阳性菌对甲氧西林的耐药率显著高于A组（46.2%比19.1%,P = 0.035）。两组革兰阴性菌分布情况及超广谱耐药菌比例差异无统计学意义。B组真菌感染比例显著高于A组（17.8%比6.4%,P = 0.011）。B组初始治疗有效率及临床结局显著差于A组（均P < 0.05）。两组间革兰阴性菌及真菌腹膜炎治疗失败率差异无统计学意义,但B组革兰阳性菌、无菌生长及未作培养腹膜炎治疗失败率显著高于A组（23.1%比1.5%、46.2%比6.7%、22.2%比0%,均P < 0.05）。Logistic回归分析整体资料显示,真菌感染、发病时较长腹膜透析龄、较低血清白蛋白水平为首次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎治疗失败的独立影响因素（P = 0.000、0.002、0.025）。 结论 长腹膜透析龄患者首次腹膜炎的临床结局较短腹膜透析龄患者差。较高真菌和其他耐药菌感染率以及营养不良是影响其疗效的主要因素。     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的致病菌及其易感因素分析

目的分析第四军医大学西京医院腹膜透析中心腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的易感因素、致病菌谱、药敏情况及预后。 方法回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院腹膜透析中心2013年7月至2015年6月持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者中腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎(PDAP)患者及未发生腹膜炎的腹膜透析患者的透析龄(<1年组,1～3年组,>3年组)、文化程度(初中以下组、初中及初中以上组)、培训者工龄(<5年组,5～10年组,>10年组)及血清白蛋白水平等临床资料;同时分析腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者致病菌谱、药敏等临床资料及转归情况。 结果501例CAPD患者中,87例患者发生106例次腹膜炎,平均腹膜炎发生率为1次/66.8病人月。透析龄<1年组,1～3年组,>3年组的腹膜炎发生率分别为18.8%(21/112)、24.0%(56/233)、6.4%(10/156),三组间差异有统计学意义(χ²＝20.42,P<0.001);初中以下文化水平患者腹膜炎发生率(29.1%,59/203)显著高于初中及以上文化水平患者(12.4%,37/298)(χ²＝21.60, P<0.001);培训护士的工龄<5年,5～10年和>10年组,腹膜炎的发生率分别为25.4%(51/201)、15.4%(23/148)、8.6%(13/152),三组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝17.55,P<0.001)。腹膜炎患者的血清白蛋白水平[(26.89±5.16)g/L]显著低于非腹膜炎组[(34.58±6.27)g/L;t＝－8.8,P<0.001]。腹膜炎患者透出液病原菌培养阳性率为58.3%(56/96),革兰阳性菌比例为78.6%(44/56)。革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌占45.5%(5/11)。头孢唑林钠、头孢他啶的经验用药有效率为65.9%(70/106)。表皮葡萄球菌感染共21例次,66.7%(14/21)复发,33.3%(7/21)拔管。 结论本中心的腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生率与患者透析龄、文化程度、培训者工龄及血清白蛋白水平密切相关。腹膜炎致病菌以革兰阳性菌为主,其中表皮葡萄球菌所占比例最高,且复发率和拔管率高。     

腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌及菌谱变化——单个腹膜透析中心15年回顾分析

目的 探讨腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌谱和耐药率变化，以及致病菌与预后之间的关系。方法 回顾性分析了2001至2005年本院腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎并与1990至2000年109例次资料进行比较。 结果 (1)致病菌谱分布:2001至2005年收治腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎145例共206例次，培养阳性108例次(52.4%)，培养阴性率从1990至2000年的60.6%下降至47.6%(P < 0.05)。革兰阳性(G+)球菌感染的发生率从25.6% 上升至39.8% (P > 0.05)；凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的发生率从4.7%上升至26.9%(P < 0.01)；耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌发生率为22.2%。革兰阴性(G-)杆菌腹膜炎的发生率从44.2%下降至34.3%(P > 0.05)；铜绿假单孢菌与大肠埃希菌腹膜炎的发生率有一定程度的上升；肺炎克雷伯杆菌性腹膜炎的发生率显著下降(14.0% 比 3.7%，P < 0.05)。真菌性腹膜炎的发生率有所下降(30.2% 比 17.6%，P > 0.05)。(2)耐药率分析:对于G-杆菌，阿米卡星耐药率最低(10.3%)。(3)转归:与1990至2000年相比，总体治愈率从68.8% 上升至73.9%；导管拔除率从19.2%下降至14.3%；病死率从10.1% 下降至5.4%。真菌性腹膜炎退出率为100%，显著高于G+球菌、G-杆菌性腹膜炎(P < 0.01)。铜绿假单孢菌感染所致退出率为44.4%，显著高于非铜绿假单孢菌的细菌感染(P < 0.01)。结论 与1990至2000年相比，近5年腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎培养阴性率显著下降；凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是最常见的致病菌；真菌性腹膜炎发生率有所下降；感染性腹膜炎治愈率有所改善。真菌性腹膜炎是导致腹膜透析退出的主要原因，其次是铜绿假单孢菌感染所致腹膜炎。     

单中心腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌的分布及耐药情况分析

目的:分析单中心腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌的分布及耐药情况,为腹膜炎防治提供理论依据。方法:回顾性分析2012年05月01日~2016年12月31日温岭市第一人民医院腹膜透析中心接受治疗的84例(155例次)腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者的临床资料,统计腹膜炎相关致病菌的分布及耐药情况。结果:155例次腹膜炎中,致病菌培养阳性117例次,阳性率为75.48%,其中革兰氏阳性菌86例次,革兰氏阴性菌24例次,真菌感染7例;革兰氏阳性菌中最多为表皮葡萄球菌,占22.09%,革兰氏阴性菌中最多者为大肠埃希菌,占37.5%;真菌感染7例次,包括近平滑念珠菌4例,罗伦特隐球酵母2例及白色念珠菌1例。革兰阳性菌对红霉素耐药率最高,对头孢噻肟、呋喃妥英、利奈唑烷敏感,对万古霉素、替加环素耐药率较低,分别为1.23%、1.96%,革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高,对丁胺卡那霉素敏感,对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林他唑巴坦耐药率均较低,分别为4%、4.17%、4.17%,4例患者死亡,12例转血透治疗,2例拔管后重新置管。操作不规范是引起腹膜炎的主要原因,占41.3%,主要为G+菌感染,28.4%原因不清楚,10.3%为腹泻引起腹膜炎。结论:腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,多为操作源性感染,推荐万古霉素作为革兰阳性菌的经验性用药,丁胺卡那霉素可作为革兰阴性菌的经验性用药。     

维持性腹膜透析患者腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的发生率及危险因素分析

目的 探讨维持性腹膜透析患者腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的发生率及相关危险因素.方法 以中山大学附属东华医院腹膜透析中心192例患者为研究对象.根据腹膜透析液培养结果分成腹膜炎组与正常组.采用多因素logistic回归分析腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的危险因素.结果 共16例（8.3％）患者发生腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎.致病菌以表皮葡萄球菌为主,占50.0％（8/16）.治愈12例（75.0％）,死亡1例.高龄（OR=1.35,95％ CI 1.16～7.68,P=0.026）、糖尿病（OR =3.34,95％ CI 1.90～6.54,P＜0.001）、低血红蛋白（OR=1.68,95％ CI 1.21～6.48,P=0.022）及低白蛋白血症（OR=1.04,95％ CI1.02～1.07,P=0.036）是腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的相关危险因素.结论 腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎发生率较高;高龄、低血红蛋白、糖尿病及低白蛋白血症是其相关危险因素.     

单中心腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎致病菌及原因分析

目的:分析腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎感染原因及致病菌菌谱、耐药性变化,为合理用药提供依据。方法:回顾深圳市第二人民医院近5年来腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者一般情况、细菌培养及药敏试验、疗效及转归。结果:96例次腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎中,常见的感染原因是不规范操作(28. 1%)及不洁饮食(41. 6%)。培养菌株65例次,其中G+菌31例次(47. 7%),G-菌25例次(38. 5%),真菌8例次(12. 3%),分支杆菌1例次(1. 5%)。本中心最主要的致病菌是G+球菌,以葡萄球菌及链球菌多见,而G-菌感染中以大肠杆菌最为常见。G+菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素无耐药,对青霉素G的耐药率为72. 7%。G-菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、厄他培南无耐药,对阿米卡星(5%)、头孢他啶(5. 2%)及头孢替坦(5. 5%)低耐药,对氨苄西林耐药率为83. 33%。真菌对伊曲康唑、酮康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶无耐药。G+菌、G-菌、培养阴性腹膜炎患者治愈率分别为88%、86. 4%、92. 1%。结论:革兰阳性菌仍是腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的主要致病菌;腹透液培养阴性的腹膜炎患者治愈率高、预后较好。革兰阳性球菌对青霉素耐药性较高,经验治疗宜首先万古霉素;革兰阴性菌腹膜炎经验治疗可选用氨基糖甙类、头孢他啶或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。     

自动化腹膜透析机在初置管腹膜透析患者过渡期运用探讨

目的 探讨自动化腹膜透析在初置管腹膜透析患者过渡期的运用及对患者远期腹膜炎发生率的影响.方法 将在本腹膜透析中心进行腹膜透析置管的患者随机分为间歇性腹膜透析组(IPD组)和自动化腹膜透析组(APD组),均从置管日即开始渐进式的腹膜透析7d,分别记录其出血压、血肌酐、尿素氮、血钙、血磷、血钾、超滤量、尿量等指标及他们的培训时间、伤口愈合情况;同时随访半年,对比两组患者的腹膜炎发生情况,并分析腹膜炎的相关危险因素.结果 治疗前两组患者在主要临床及生化指标方面均无显著差异.过渡治疗一周后IPD组患者血压下降值、电解质下降值、尿量减少情况均较APD组患者显著,差异有显著的统计学意义(P ＜0.05或＜0.01);术后IPD组有7例患者出现伤口渗漏,APD组有1例,两组比较有统计学差异(P =0.032).APD组患者平均每天的学习和培训时间(3.45±1.34h/d)亦显著高于IPD组患者(2.34±0.78h/d),P=0.022.随访半年后两组在主要临床及生化指标方面无显著差异,但随访期间APD组患者腹膜炎发生率(3/44)显著低于IPD组(13/44)(P＜0.05).进一步Logistic回归分析显示年龄是腹膜炎发生的危险因素,培训时间是腹膜炎发生的保护性因素.结论 在初置管患者过渡期使用APD方式治疗能够有效清除患者体内毒素,保持患者水电解质平衡,并且增加患者住院期间的透析培训时间,减少远期腹膜炎的发生率,有其明显优越性,值得推广运用.     

营养不良和慢性炎症对肠炎相关性腹膜炎腹透患者的影响

目的：探讨慢性炎症状态和营养状况对肠道感染相关性腹膜炎的腹膜透析患者的影响。方法：对我院腹膜透析中心2000年～2010年间收治的持续性不卧床腹膜透析并发腹膜炎的患者进行回顾性研究。将肠道感染相关性腹膜炎的患者（1组）,其他原因导致的腹膜炎的患者（2组）作为对照,比较两组临床和实验室数据,分析肠道感染相关性腹膜炎与免疫功能、营养状况等的关系。结果：1组12例,发生感染性腹膜炎23例次,2组31例,发生感染性腹膜炎53例次。与2组相比,1组患者血压和水肿情况明显升高,CRP明显增加,血红蛋白和血浆白蛋白明显降低,SGA评分营养不良的发生率较高（以上所有数据P〈0.05）。结论：与其他原因导致腹膜炎的患者相比,肠道感染相关性腹膜炎的患者的营养不良、慢性炎症和容量负荷较重。加强营养,积极治疗肠炎可能有助于该病的预防和控制。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.