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1.
The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30–50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again. 相似文献
2.
The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30-50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again. 相似文献
3.
The Euroconference on Coastal Management Research held in San-Feliu de Guixols, Spain, in December 1997 brought together scientists
from a great variety of disciplines in the natural and social sciences, in a search for modes of transdisciplinary cooperation
in the context of integrated coastal management. During the conference the participants discussed which interactions among
disciplines are required for different coastal issues. Discussion groups each focused on a particular type of coastal environment,
characterized by a particular type and degree of development. The group discussions were inspired by background papers which
were prepared for this purpose by invited speakers. A selection of these background papers were redrafted on the basis of
the conference outcome, and are published in this issue of theJournal of Coastal Conservation. The reports of the discussion groups are published in a conference proceedings booklet issued by EMAPS (1998), the European
Polar and Marine Sciences Secretariat. A synthesis of ideas on the challenge of transdisciplinarity, expressed during the
discussion group sessions, is presented in this introduction. The statements reflect opinions or suggestions which received
broad support from the participants; they should not be taken as proven knowledge. 相似文献
4.
Economic aspects of possible land use strategies and protection measures in coastal zones as a response to global environmental
change are examined. First, some key elements are mentioned that are of critical importance for water and land management
in coastal zones. Next, various socio-economic repercussions are discussed. In this context, research needs will be addressed.
Subsequently, these issues are considered for the case of The Netherlands. It is concluded that integrated modelling and analysis
is just starting and needs to receive more attention in order to study long run economic costs, benefits and changes in coastal
zones. 相似文献
5.
Coastal zones in Portugal, as interface areas between land and sea, have problems related to the growing human pressure in
terms of changes in land use associated with urban and industrial occupation, new accessibility (ports, motorways) and traffic
flows, intensification of recreational use (beaches, water sports) and excessive fishing. Impacts include deterioration of
water quality and sediments; alteration and degradation of natural habitats; new hydrodynamic situations; major landscape
changes: and rapid changes in habits and way of life of the local populations and increased exposure of populations and assets
to natural and induced risks (storms, accidents, spills, explosions).
Plans for the Management of the Coastal Zone (POOC) have been developed and seven of them have been approved, while two similar
plans are at a final stage of preparation. Together they cover the entire coast of Portugal. Their implementation and assessment
could be a first step towards an integrated management of the Portuguese coastal zones. River Basin Management Plans (PBH)
have been concluded and recently approved for the whole country. However, these plans do not consider estuarine systems and
some other issues related to coastal systems. The National Water Plan (PNA) is under public presentation and discussion. Several
‘key messages’ are presented in this paper as a contribution for assessment of the proposals of this plan on issues related
with coastal waters. 相似文献
6.
Sea surface colour data, derived from the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) archive, have been used to assess the space/time
variability of coastal plumes and run-off in the Mediterranean Sea. A time series of 2645 scenes, collected by the CZCS from
1979 to 1985, was processed to apply sensor calibration algorithms, correct for atmospheric contamination, and derive chlorophyll-like
pigment concentration. Individual images, remapped on a 1-km2 pixel grid, were generated for each available day, and then mean values calculated pixel by pixel to form monthly, seasonal
and annual composites. The results obtained must be taken with caution, due to the CZCS limitations in the quantitative assessment
of bio-optical pigments when high concentrations of dissolved organics or suspended sediments are present, e.g. along littorals
or within plumes. Marked differences appear in the distribution of water constituents between coastal zones and open sea,
northern and southern near-coastal areas, western and eastern sub-basins. The oligotrophic character of the basin contrasts
with areas of high concentration related to river plumes—Ebro (Ebre), Po, Rhone, Nile—, coastal run-off patterns, and persistent
mesoscale features (e.g. coastal filaments and eddies). Seasonal variability appears to be high, with higher concentrations
occurring over most of the basin in the cold season, when climatic conditions are favourable to coastal run-off and vertical
mixing. Atmospheric forcing (wind and rainfall over continental margins) could play an important role in establishing the
observed space/time distribution of water constituents. The impact of continental interactions (fluvial and coastal run-off),
or that of exchanges between coastal zone and open sea, could have paramount influence on the biogeochemical fluxes in the
entire basin. 相似文献
7.
Wenchao Xue May Zaw Xiaochan An Yunxia Hu Allan Sriratana Tabucanon 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(2):32
8.
M. Dassenakis F. Botsou V. Paraskevopoulou C. Chikviladge K. Kachiasvili 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(5):379-393
The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution of pollutants in two coastal systems in Georgia: (1) Kubitskali river which flows into the Black sea through the city of Batumi and is polluted mainly from the effluents of an oil refinery; (2) Paliastomi lake, which is a shallow water body at the south-east of the city of Poti. During 2000–2001, two samplings took place in each system, one in the low-flow period and one in the high-flow period. During these samplings, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were measured in situ, whereas water samples were collected for the analysis of trace metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants with standard methods. The results of the measurements indicate the significant pollution of both systems by ammonia and in the case of Kubitskali River also by oil products. The need for a sustainable management plan of the activities taking place in the river basin is urgent. 相似文献
9.
M. Dassenakis F. Botsou V. Paraskevopoulou C. Chikviladge K. Kachiasvili 《Chemistry and Ecology》2006,22(5):379-393
The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution of pollutants in two coastal systems in Georgia: (1) Kubitskali river which flows into the Black sea through the city of Batumi and is polluted mainly from the effluents of an oil refinery; (2) Paliastomi lake, which is a shallow water body at the south-east of the city of Poti. During 2000-2001, two samplings took place in each system, one in the low-flow period and one in the high-flow period. During these samplings, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were measured in situ, whereas water samples were collected for the analysis of trace metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants with standard methods. The results of the measurements indicate the significant pollution of both systems by ammonia and in the case of Kubitskali River also by oil products. The need for a sustainable management plan of the activities taking place in the river basin is urgent. 相似文献
10.
T. Stoichev L. Makedonski T. Trifonova M. Stancheva F. Ribarova 《Chemistry and Ecology》2007,23(3):191-200
In spite of a worldwide reduction in the utilization of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), they are still a problem for the aquatic environment and human health. The Black Sea is still being polluted with persistent chemicals, including OCPs. Aquatic organisms (sprat, scad, bluefish, shad, belted bonito, goby, and black mussel) with different feeding behaviours were sampled on a seasonal basis from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea, and the concentrations of 13 OCP residues were determined. Although many of the OCPs were not detected in the samples, in all samples 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) was present mainly in the form of its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE). Only about 12% of the total DDT was present as the parent compound pp-DDT, which suggests that it was not being used recently in the region. The total DDT concentrations were generally below 150 μg kg-1 fresh weight, but higher levels—up to 354 μg kg-1 fresh weight—were also measured for fish species with a high fat content. Between-species differences were observed, even when the concentrations were presented on a fat-level basis. DDT concentrations did not show any significant changes over the 2-yr sampling period. Fish sampled in the northern areas of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast seemed to contain higher DDT levels than those from the southern areas, suggesting a major (historical) influence of the Danube River. For permanent monitoring purposes, the utility of Black Sea gobies and scad should be considered. 相似文献
11.
It is expected that the Baltic region becomes a major centre of economic growth and prosperity in Europe already during this
decade (Anon. 2000). Therefore, an Agenda 21 for the Baltic region (Baltic 21) was developed to ensure a sustainable development.
Especially the coastal ecosystems are subject to increasing anthropogenic pressure e.g. eutrophication, traffic, harbours,
tourism or offshore wind parks. Eutrophication remains the main ecological problem in the Baltic Sea and has serious negative
social and economical consequences. Inner and outer coastal waters play an important role as buffers and filters for the Baltic
proper. Consequently, the utilization and preservation of their self-purification capacity is of great importance.
Combined results of our own coastal research and of the international workshop ‘Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function
and coastal zone management’ (Rostock University, November 2001) are presented here. Conclusions for an improved integrated
coastal zone management of Baltic coastal ecosystems will be presented. 相似文献
12.
Donald F. Boesch 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1996,2(2):103-114
The influence of science in the recognition of the effects of landscape changes on coastal ecosystems and in the development
of effective policy for managing and restoring these ecosystems is examined through four case studies: Chesapeake Bay, San
Francisco Bay, the Mississippi Delta, and Florida Bay. These ecosystems have undergone major alterations as a result of changes
in the delivery of water, sediments and nutrients from their watersheds. Both science and management have been challenged
by the spatial, functional and temporal scale mismatches inherent in the watershed-coastal ecosystem relationship. Key factors
affecting the influence of science on management include (1) sustained scientific investigation, responsive to but not totally
defined by managers; (2) clear evidence of change, the scale of the change and the causes of the change; (3) consensus among
the scientific communities associated with various interests; (4) the development of models to guide management actions; (5)
identification of effective and feasible solutions to the problems. 相似文献
13.
Boesch Donald F. 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1996,2(1):103-114
The influence of science in the recognition of the effects of landscape changes on coastal ecosystems and in the development
of effective policy for managing and restoring these ecosystems is examined through four case studies: Chesapeake Bay, San
Francisco Bay, the Mississippi Delta, and Florida Bay. These ecosystems have undergone major alterations as a result of changes
in the delivery of water, sediments and nutrients from their watersheds. Both science and management have been challenged
by the spatial, functional and temporal scale mismatches inherent in the watershed-coastal ecosystem relationship. Key factors
affecting the influence of science on management include (1) sustained scientific investigation, responsive to but not totally
defined by managers; (2) clear evidence of change, the scale of the change and the causes of the change; (3) consensus among
the scientific communities associated with various interests; (4) the development of models to guide management actions; (5)
identification of effective and feasible solutions to the problems. 相似文献
14.
New legislation for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground waters has recently
been established in Italy. This law presents a new integrated approach, where all water bodies are considered as complex ecosystems
to be studied in each of their components. The new concept of environmental quality of the water body, based on the ecological
and chemical status, is also introduced. At the same time (i.e. the end of 2000), the European Community approved the European
Water Framework Directive based on the same basic environmental concepts and criteria of the new Italian law. This paper analyses
the important points and innovations required by the new Italian legislation for monitoring and classification of marine coastal
waters. Details of definitions, parameters, analysis and monitoring programs are discussed. A comparison with the European
Water Framework Directive is eventually given, underlining the specific characteristics of the Mediterranean sea, which have
to be taken into consideration when applying the European Directive to this particular ecoregion. 相似文献
15.
V. M. Shestopalov V. A. Ivanov A. S. Bohuslavsky S. I. Kazakov 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2008,12(4):169-179
The main engineering-geological hazards and their factors of the Mountain Crimea coastal region are considered. A characteristic
shore line site of Cape Kikineiz and its neighboring coastal area near the Katsiveli settlement has been studied in more detail.
The important characteristic of the site is a high diversity of geological conditions with numerous manifestations of dangerous
engineering-geological processes: shore and hydrological network abrasion, loss of slopes and rocks stability, etc. These
processes have intensified during the last decades under the influence of natural and man-induced factors. The results of
preliminary study of geo-environmental situation of the area are presented. The program for further research and possible
recommendations for rational coastal hazard management and area ecological state improvement are outlined. 相似文献
16.
Muhammet Boran Hikmet Karaçam M. Salih Çelikkale Sevim Köse Muzaffer Feyzioglu Sebahattin Kutlu 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-2):67-73
This paper presents data on the concentrations of 5 metals, copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in Blue Whiting sampled from the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. The highest metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn and Pb were recorded in Blue Whiting with the values of 2.71, 0.601, 14.137, 15.322 and 1.078 μg g‐1 dry weight, respectively. On average the metal concentrations in Blue Whiting followed the order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Cd. Temporal differences of concentrations of these metals were significant (p < 0.05). Spatial fluctuations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn and Pb concentrations in Blue Whiting were also significant (p < 0.01). It was found that the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn and Pb in the muscle in Blue Whiting were below the limit of Public Health Regulation in Turkey. 相似文献
17.
Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Aristomenis P. Karageorgis Vasilios Kapsimalis Paraskevi Drakopoulou Nikolaos Skoulikidis Horst Behrendt Zlatko Levkov 《Ecological modelling》2009
The estimation of nutrient fluxes, the determination of spatial and temporal response and the understanding of biogeochemical changes in the past, present and future in the Axios River catchment, in Greece, as well as the impacts to the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf were accomplished by the use of harmonized watershed and coastal zone models. The mathematical model MONERIS was the watershed management model that was used to model the export loads of nutrients in Axios River. MONERIS was developed to estimate the nutrient inputs into river basins by point sources and various diffuse pathways. Watershed hydrologic and water quality data were collected and synthesized to develop input data sets for the simulation of Axios River catchment. The model was modified to better assess organic nitrogen export loads in Mediterranean watersheds. The results showed the importance of agricultural and livestock activities, concerning their nutrients emissions in the River. MONERIS was integrated with the coastal zone model WASP 6.0 to assess the impacts of the nutrient loads to the eutrophication status of the coastal zone. Several management scenarios were assessed. Management scenarios included measures for reduction in the emissions from the fertilizer plant of Veles, removal of phosphorous from the detergents in FYROM, treatment of urban wastes to EU Standards, reduction in N-fertilizer input, reduction in erosion and the green scenario that represented the maximum reduction scenario of all the measures together. The model simulations indicated that the coastal zone of Axios mouth will be eutrophic for nitrate (2.69–3.34 μM) and phosphate (0.2–0.68 μM) and upper mesotrophic for chlorophyll-a (0.74–1.45 μg/l) for the scenarios tested. The results suggest that the impact of the management scenarios will be largely negligible (no change in trophic status) for the Thermaikos Gulf sector nearby the Axios River due to additional sources such as the loads from Thessaloniki's waste water treatment plant which appear to affect the region to a greater extent. The integration of watershed and coastal zone models can be used to assess management scenarios in order to illustrate the significance of various land use practices to the eutrophication of the Gulf. 相似文献
18.
Leontine Visser 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(2):145-148
‘Integration’ was one of the most frequently used words at the San Feliu Euroconference but the participants did not always use it in the same way. Integration is one of the key notions discussed in the subsequent papers bySalz, Green &; Penning-Rowsell, Köhn &; Gowdy andDavos. A short introduction to these papers is presented, where some of the views expressed by the authors are compared with related conceptions which can be found in social sciences literature. 相似文献
19.
Abstract As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of this material to adsorb radiocaesium. Batch tests were conducted in which Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq ml?1 to 1,760 Bq ml?1. This work was done in an argon atmosphere at 9.5°C, which is the average temperature of the sediment. Isotherms were linear for all cores and distribution ratios (RD) calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1,660 ml g?1. These isotherms fit a simplified Freundlich isotherm. Correlations of RD to a number of sediment parameters describing texture and mineralogy were determined. A close relationship was observed between RD for caesium and the percentage of illite contained in the samples. 相似文献
20.
As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of this material to adsorb radiocaesium. Batch tests were conducted in which Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq ml-1 to 1,760 Bq ml-1. This work was done in an argon atmosphere at 9.5°C, which is the average temperature of the sediment. Isotherms were linear for all cores and distribution ratios (RD) calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1,660 ml g-1. These isotherms fit a simplified Freundlich isotherm. Correlations of RD to a number of sediment parameters describing texture and mineralogy were determined. A close relationship was observed between RD for caesium and the percentage of illite contained in the samples. 相似文献