牛乳中无乳链球菌PCR快速检测方法的建立

根据GenBank公布的的SIP基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,通过对PCR方法的优化,建立了牛无乳链球菌性乳房炎的快速PCR检测方法。用建立的PCR检测方法对患牛乳中无乳链球菌总DNA进行扩增．获得大小为945bp的DNA片段。特异性试验表明,停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌DNA均未扩出条带;敏感性试验表明,该对引物能够检测到的最低DNA浓度为1．25ng;重复试验表明该方法具有良好的重复性和稳定性。     

奶牛乳房炎相关链球菌PCR检测方法的建立

利用编码3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的gapC基因具有高度特异性的特点,建立PCR方法鉴定与奶牛乳房炎相关的链球菌。根据已有gapC基因序列设计1对引物,以分离自患乳房炎奶牛乳样的10株革兰阳性球菌、10株革兰阳性杆菌、10株革兰阴性杆菌作为待检菌株,进行PCR扩增。结果表明,在10株革兰阳性球菌中,有8株球菌可以扩增出约1011bp的目的条带,而其他2株革兰阳性球菌及20株杆菌均无相应PCR产物出现。通过传统的生化鉴定与16S rDNA序列分析相结合证实,能扩出gapC基因的8株革兰阳性球菌分别为乳房链球菌(Streptococcus uberis)、牛链球菌(S.bovis)与猪链球菌(S.suis)。说明基于gapC基因的PCR方法,用于鉴定奶牛乳房炎相关链球菌具有较强的特异性。     

双重PCR检测奶牛隐性乳房炎大肠杆菌与无乳链球菌方法的建立及应用

为快速检测奶牛隐性乳房炎主要致病菌大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌,分别针对2种致病菌16S-23S rRNA和16S rRNA基因设计2对特异性引物,优化并确立双重PCR反应体系。特异性检测表明,对其他对照菌株未扩增出目的条带;敏感性试验表明,该双重PCR对大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌的最小检测浓度分别为10~2、10~3cfu/mL。同时采用双重PCR与细菌学检查法对送检的96份奶样进行检测,结果双重PCR检出63份大肠杆菌阳性、54份链球菌阳性;细菌学方法检出29份大肠杆菌阳性、37份链球菌阳性。说明本研究建立的双重PCR方法敏感、快速,可用于检测大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌引起的奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

奶牛乳房炎中大肠杆菌PCR检测方法的初步建立

大肠杆菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的一种主要细菌.为了建立PCR直接检测奶牛乳房炎致病菌的方法,本试验以大肠杆菌为主要研究对象,根据已发表的致病性大肠杆菌16-23S rRNA特异性序列设计并合成一对引物,对昆明市的某发生奶牛乳房炎的病牛的牛奶进行大肠杆菌PCR检测,并对扩增片段进行序列分析,建立一种直接从牛奶中检测大肠杆菌的PCR快速诊断方法.结果表明,该方法能够检测到乳样中的大肠杆菌,而且具有快速、准确和特异的优点.     

牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌的PCR检测应用研究

采集92份患隐性乳房炎牛的乳汁,分别用PCR法和常规法进行致病菌检测,常规细菌鉴定法检测出金黄色葡萄球菌感染样18份,无乳链球菌感染样30份;双重PCR检测出金黄色葡萄球菌感染样22份、无乳链球菌感染样27份。本试验从基因水平对致病性乳汁进行检测,具有操作简便、快速、敏感性高、特异性强等特点。     

奶牛乳房炎常见致病菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立同时快速检测奶牛奶样中无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的方法,根据无乳链球菌sip基因、停乳链球菌isp基因、乳房链球菌pauA基因和金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因各设计1对特异性引物,建立多重PCR检测体系。结果显示,该检测方法具有高特异性,无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌敏感性分别为105、104、105、105 CFU/mL。对临床采集的460份奶样检测结果表明,建立的多重PCR体系可以用于临床上无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌感染引起的奶牛乳房炎的检测。     

奶牛乳房炎链球菌的分离与鉴定

奶牛乳房炎作为奶牛生产中最为常见、危害最大、经济损失最严重的一种疾病,给奶牛业造成了巨大的损失.对多种痛原菌引起的乳房炎的免疫效果不理想,抗生素仍是治疗奶牛乳房炎的首选药物.为此笔者利用实验室手段,对奶牛乳房炎病原菌进行分离与鉴定.通过对送检的乳样选择和接种适宜培养基分离细菌,进行药敏试验和菌种鉴定,以确定病原菌感染,达到对症治疗的目的.     

内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎链球菌毒力基因检测及耐药性研究

为了解内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎链球菌毒力基因的分布情况及其耐药现状,通过该地区360份乳房炎奶样链球菌的分离鉴定,利用微量肉汤稀释法测定了81株链球菌对15种药物的MIC,采用PCR法检测耐药基因及毒力基因的携带情况。结果显示,分离到的81株链球菌对β-内酰胺类的耐药率最高;对红霉素和四环素的耐药率在40%~85%;对氟喹诺酮类的耐药率相对较低。多重耐药菌株达88.9%(n=72)。耐药基因pbp2b的检出率为86.4%,tetL和tetM的检出率在75%以上,红霉素耐药表型主要由ermB介导。分离菌株毒力基因中cfb的检出率最高(50.6%),其次为cyl和hylB。内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎链球菌对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类和四环素耐药情况严重,且发现多重耐药菌株的流行;链球菌中尤以无乳链球菌的毒力基因携带率较高。     

奶牛乳房炎链球菌的耐药性检测

采用微量稀释法测定17种药物对临床分离的57株奶牛乳房炎链球菌的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),以美国临床检验标准委员会(NCCLS)的临界浓度作为判断标准,分析奶牛乳房炎链球菌对17种药物的耐药谱.结果表明,临床分离的菌株以耐药菌为主,且94.73%的菌株呈多重耐药,菌株耐药谱型达16种,对磺胺甲(口恶)唑(100.0%...     

Aquagrams of Raw Milk for Oestrus Detection in Dairy Cows

The purpose of this research was to develop rapid and cost‐effective method for oestrus detection in dairy cows by means of near infrared spectroscopy and aquaphotomics, using raw milk from individual cows. We found that aquaphotomics approach showed consistent specific water spectral pattern of milk at the oestrus periods of the investigated Holstein cows. Characteristic changes were detected especially in foremilk collected at morning milking. They were reflected in calculated aquagrams of milk spectra where distinctive spectral pattern of oestrus showed increased light absorbance of strongly hydrogen‐bonded water. Results showed that monitoring of raw milk near infrared spectra provides an opportunity for analysing hormone levels indirectly, through the changes of water spectral pattern caused by complex physiological changes related to fertile periods.     

奶牛源乳房链球菌毒力与耐药性分析

乳房链球菌是导致奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌之一,但近年来研究发现乳房链球菌也与奶牛子宫内的感染相关,导致子宫内膜炎的发生.采集甘肃省不同地区5个牧场患有子宫内膜炎奶牛的子宫黏液样品48份,共计分离得到18株乳房链球菌.然后通过CAMP试验来检测分离菌株的协同溶血作用,采用普通PCR检测10种已知毒力基因(hasA、hasB...     

Improved Detection of Reproductive Status in Dairy Cows Using Milk Progesterone Measurements

This study tested a model for predicting reproductive status from in-line milk progesterone `measurements. The model is that of Friggens and Chagunda [Theriogenology 64 (2005) 155]. Milk progesterone measurements (n = 55 036) representing 578 lactations from 380 cows were used to test the model. Two types of known oestrus were identified: (1) confirmed oestrus (at which insemination resulted in a confirmed pregnancy, n = 121) and (2) ratified oestrus (where the shape of the progesterone profile matched that of the average progesterone profile of a confirmed oestrus, n = 679). The model detected 99.2% of the confirmed oestruses. This included a number of cases (n = 16) where the smoothed progesterone did not decrease below 4 ng/ml. These cows had significantly greater concentrations of progesterone, both minimum and average, suggesting that between cow variation exists in the absolute level of the progesterone profile. Using ratified oestruses, model sensitivity was 93.3% and specificity was 93.7% for detection of oestrus. Examination of false positives showed that they were largely associated with low concentrations of progesterone, fluctuating around the 4 ng/ml threshold. The distribution of time from insemination until the model detected pregnancy failure had a median of 22 days post-insemination. In this test, the model was run using limited inputs, the potential benefits of including additional non-progesterone information were not evaluated. Despite this, the model performed at least as well as other oestrus detection systems.     

Epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis Intramammary Infections in a Dairy Herd

From 1987 to 1991, almost 36 000 quarter samples of mammary secretion representing 1790 lactations of 510 dairy cows from a research herd were collected for bacteriological examination. The percentage of cows infected with Streptococcus uberis ranged from 12 to 16 % of cows/year. S. uberis was isolated from 14.2 % of lactations over the 5-year period. The prevalence of S. uberis intramammary infection (IMI) was significantly higher in cows with ≥4 lactations than in cows with 3 or fewer lactations. Regardless of lactation number, the prevalence of S. uberis was highest before parturition, during early lactation and near drying off. The prevalence of S. uberis infected quarters ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 % of quarters/year; the prevalence rate for the 5-year period was 2 % of quarters. The quarter prevalence of S. uberis was lowest in cows with ≤3 lactations, increased significantly with lactation number and was highest in cows with ≥6 lactations. The percentage of quarters infected with S. uberis varied significantly by year. The majority (95 %) of S. uberis IMI were subclinical. The ratio of subclinical IMI to clinical IMI was lowest during early lactation, and increased with days in milk, and with lactation age except for cows in their 5th and 6th lactations. Results of this epidemiological investigation suggest that opportunities exist where suitable control measures could be applied to reduce the impact of S. uberis infections in the dairy herd.     

PCR技术在乳及乳制品致病菌检测中的应用

PCR技术是1985年诞生的一项DNA体外扩增技术,具有特异性强、敏感性高、操作简便、快速高效等特点,被广泛地应用于生物科学的各个领域。作者介绍了PCR技术的基本原理及其在几种致病菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌及其他一些有害微生物在乳及乳制品检测中的应用。     

影响奶牛乳蛋白生产的因素及应对措施

奶牛乳蛋白的合成受许多因素的影响，如奶牛的品种、基因、泌乳特征和环境等因素。本文主要介绍了乳蛋白生理、评估乳蛋白的参数，论述影响乳蛋白生产较难控制和较易控制的因素及应对措施，为牧场乳蛋白的生产提供参考。     

酒精阳性乳的发病原因与防治

酒精阳性乳是指用68%～70%的酒精与等量牛奶混合而产生微细颗粒或絮状凝块的牛奶。根据其酸度不同,可分为高酸度和低酸度酒精阳性乳两种,低酸度酒精阳性乳是指酸度在16°T以下,高酸度酒精阳性乳的酸度为20°T以上,加70%酒精产生凝固。由于这种乳的热稳定性较差,当温度超过120℃     

多重PCR检测奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和酵母菌方法的建立与应用

参照GenBank发表的序列，在金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌16SrRNA与23SrRNA之间的区域设计了3对引物，参照念珠菌和隐球菌的18SrRNA的序列设计1对引物，建立了检测金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和酵母真菌4种乳腺炎主要致病菌的多重PCR方法。参照Skladny的方法制备模拟了细菌感染l临床标本。结果表明：本试验建立的多重PCR方法具有较好的特异性，多重PCR方法检测乳样中的金黄色葡萄球菌的细菌最小浓度为10^4CFU／mL，检测无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和酵母真菌的细菌最小浓度分别为10^4CFU／mL、10^3CFU／mL和10^3CFU／mL。通过对采自临床型乳腺炎（46个）和隐性乳腺炎（167个）动物共计213个乳样分别用传统细菌学培养法和多重PCR方法进行检测，多重PCR对金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母真菌的检测具有更高的检出率（P〈0．01），但该方法对无乳链球菌和停乳链球菌的检出率与培养法差异不显著（P〉0．05）。