筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形数值模拟

针对磁脉冲辅助冲压成形过程,提出了基于ANSYS平台的有限元分析程式,通过编制用户子程序,采用重启动分析法,建立了冲压预成形过程显式求解和瞬态磁脉冲成形"松散"耦合分析之间的动态连接,并用于5052-O铝合金圆筒形拉深件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形过程的有限元仿真研究。结果表明,所建立的有限元分析方案,能实现圆筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形连续变形过程的模拟,板坯变形信息体现了准静态冲压变形和高速率磁脉冲成形之间的耦合。有限元模拟结果与实验吻合较好。     

Experimental Observations of Quasi-Static-Dynamic Formability in Biaxially Strained AA5052-O

To establish the efficacy of electromagnetically assisted sheet metal stamping (EMAS), a series of combined hydraulic bulging and electromagnetic forming (EMF) experiments are presented to evaluate the biaxial quasi-static-dynamic formability of an aluminum alloy (AA5052-O) sheet material. Data on formability are plotted in principal strain space and show an enhanced biaxial formability beyond the corresponding experimental results from conventional forming limit diagram. The plastic strains produced by the combined process are a little larger than or at least similar with those obtained in the fully dynamic EMF process. In addition, the biaxial forming limits of aluminum sheets undergoing both very low and high quasi-static prestraining are almost similar in quasi-static-dynamic bulging process. Limit formability seems to depend largely on the high-velocity loading condition as dictated by EMF. It appears that in quasi-static-dynamic forming, quasi-static loading is not of primary importance to the material’s formability. Based on these observations, one may be able to develop forming operations that take advantage of this formability improvement of quasi-static-dynamic deformation. Also, this could enable the use of a quasi-static preform fairly close to the quasi-static material limits for the design of an EMAS process.     

Research on formability of 5052 aluminum alloy sheet in a quasi-static–dynamic tensile process

In order to establish the efficacy of electromagnetically assisted sheet metal stamping (EMAS), the formability of 5052 aluminum alloy sheet in a quasi-static–dynamic tensile process is experimentally investigated using a combined quasi-static tension and the pulsed electromagnetic forming (EMF) method. Data on the formability of aluminum alloy 5052-O employing this combined loading method is compared with data for traditional quasi-static tensile tests. Results show that the formability of aluminum alloy sheet undergoing a quasi-static–dynamic tensile process is dramatically increased beyond that exhibited in quasi-static tensile tests, and a little higher than or at least similar with that obtained in the fully dynamic EMF process. The forming limits of aluminum samples with both low and high pre-strain levels are almost similar in quasi-static–dynamic tensile process, which makes it possible stretching the sheet to a higher quasi-static pre-strain level without weakening its total quasi-static–dynamic formability. This would enable the use of a quasi-static pre-form fairly close to the quasi-static material limits for design of an EMAS process in manufacturing large aluminum alloy shell parts.     

Application of electromagnetic-assisted stamping (EMAS) technique in incremental sheet metal forming

The application of high velocity electromagnetic-assisted stamping (EMAS) technique in incremental sheet metal forming has been proposed. EMAS whose principle is based on Lorenz force is a hybrid forming process that uses both quasi-static conventional stamping technique and electromagnetic forming actuators built into sharp corners and other difficult-to-form contours to form metals. The recent push to use more artificial intelligent (AI) aluminum alloys in automobile and aircraft industries as a result of increasing demand for fuel efficient cars and aircrafts, large size vehicle panels, improved formability limit of materials and weight reduction have placed EMAS as one of the best high velocity forming technique.It is believed that the end result of this vision will lead to more cost effective land and aerospace vehicles.     

Improvement of the drawability based on the surface friction stir process of AA5052-H32 automotive sheets

Based on the imperative social demand for lighter vehicles, lightweight materials such as aluminum alloys are expected to replace conventional steels in many automotive applications. In automotive parts manufacturing, most of the components produced in conventional stamping operations are geometrically complex as the blanks are subjected to both stretching and drawing deformations. However, aluminum alloys have intrinsic drawbacks, such as the inferior formability of these materials, although the effects of the weight reduction in terms of performance are highly promising. In an effort to improve the formability of aluminum alloy sheets, the surface friction stir process is proposed in this study. This process locally modifies the surface of automotive aluminum alloy sheets via stirring and advancing on the surface of the sheet, similar to the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process that utilizes a probe without a pin. When the surface of the sheet is modified locally by stirring, dynamic recrystallization due to the severe shear deformation along with heat resulting from the friction occur due to changes in the micro-structure and mechanical properties in the stirred zone, while the dislocation density and grain size refinement are curtailed. In this work, the drawability performance of AA5052-H32 sheets (thickness 1.5 mm) that were welded using the surface friction stir process was experimentally and numerically investigated in cylindrical cup drawing tests. When applied to AA5052-H32 automotive sheets, the surface friction stir process improved the drawability of the entire aluminum alloy sheet. For numerical simulations, the non-quadratic anisotropic yield function Yld2000-2d was employed along with isotropic hardening, while the formability was evaluated by utilizing theoretical forming limit diagrams (FLD) based on Hill's bifurcation and M-K theories.     

电磁成形技术在汽车制造中的应用

介绍了电磁成形基本原理,阐述了电磁复合冲压成形与电磁焊接在汽车制造领域中的应用以及其成形件的性能研究现状,探讨了电磁成形技术的发展趋势:将在铝合金汽车制造方面发挥巨大的作用。     

Electromagnetically assisted sheet metal stamping

A new approach, electromagnetically assisted sheet metal stamping, has been developed to alter strain distribution and improve formability in sheet metal stamping. In this study, this new approach was applied to form a non-symmetric panel from Al 6111-T4. The results show that this new approach greatly increased the draw depth of the formed panel, compared with conventional stamping. A detailed analysis of strain distribution, stretching and draw-in shows that both a more homogeneous strain distribution and enhanced draw-in contribute to producing deeper pans in a single press operation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of electromagnetically assisted sheet metal stamping, which offers a much improved ability to make complex components in a single press stroke as compared to conventional stamping.     

变压边力对矩形件成形性能的影响

起皱和断裂是板料成形过程的主要失效模式 ,合理控制成形过程中压边力 ,可以消除这些缺陷 ,提高成形性能。本文通过对随位置变化的变压边力作用下的矩形盒拉深过程进行数值模拟 ,研究各部位压边力变化对整体成形性能影响、及其影响范围 ,为分块压边圈的压边力的调整提供一定的依据。     

铝合金筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形试验研究

针对铝合金筒形件传统拉深成形中由于成形性差容易出现拉裂问题,采用拉深预成形和磁脉冲辅助成形相结合的方法对5052-O铝合金板材进行筒形件成形性试验研究,探索磁脉冲辅助冲压成形工艺提高材料成形性的可能性。并研究应用磁脉冲成形减小预成形筒形件圆角半径的工艺可行性。结果表明:与普通冲压相比,磁脉冲辅助冲压成形能够提高材料的成形性,且提高放电电压和增加放电次数能增强圆角的再变形能力,圆角变形更加均匀。普通拉深筒形件减薄最严重部位出现在筒壁和圆角相接处,而磁脉冲辅助冲压成形筒形件有两个减薄严重部位:侧壁与圆角相接处和筒底与圆角相接处。     

多弯角车身钣金件多工位级进模设计与应用

为避免冲压过程中多弯角结构引起的零件内部孔形和外部轮廓的边界误差导致级进模技术实施失败,以多弯角车身钣金件为对象,分析了制件的多弯角冲压成形工艺方案,设计了毛坯排样图;其次,应用单工位全工序有限元法(FEM,Finite Element Method),分析了零件的冲压成形过程,验证了冲压工艺参数与工艺方案的可行性;再次,以所设计的毛坯排样图为基础,对多弯角车身钣金件级进模进行结构概要与工序结构设计,设计并制造了1套13工位级进模;最后,进行了实冲试验,试验获得的制件外观质量好、表面光滑、无起皱与破裂等成形性问题,且关键成形部位精度达到了零件图的设计要求。试验表明:所设计的级进模能够满足企业的生产要求,且设计过程是合理的。     

软硬模辊式冲压模具设计及工艺优化

软硬模辊式冲压模具解决了传统钢质模辊冲装置存在的干涉问题,但在实际使用中仍存在诸多缺陷,如:上下辊的易调节操纵性差、板料冲裁加工变形大等。结合冲压模具的实际应用情况,对软硬模辊式冲压模具进行了结构改进和冲头优化设计。优化调整了下辊高度的楔形机构,保证冲压时的重叠量且更容易实现上下辊的水平度;将辊式冲压机上的平刃口圆柱冲头改为中空内斜刃冲头,减小了冲压后产生的塌陷深度,提高了板料的平整度。经计算仿真和实验验证,表明本文所提出的优化方案切实可行,能够有效提高冲压质量。     

Deep spinning of sheet metals

Spinning of sheet metals into cylindrical cups is an important sheet metal forming process for its advantages of flexible tooling and very small forming loads. The most challenging aspect in this process is its low formability due to wrinkling formation in the free flange. In this work, a new deep spinning process with roller set aided with blank-holder of constant clearance is proposed aiming to suppress the wrinkling formation in the deformation zone. Experimental work on annealed and hard aluminum sheet metals is carried out to assess the new process. The proposed spinning process has shown rapid increase in the formability of the sheet metals as the roller feed increases. On the other hand, significant increase in the roller feed worsens the formability of sheet metals in conventional spinning. The Limiting Spinning Ratios, LSRs; or the blank to mandrel diameters ratios, have increased from 1.75 using the conventional spinning to 2.40 using the deep spinning with annealed aluminum sheets in one pass. Also, the LSRs have increased from 1.67 using the conventional spinning to 2.24 using the deep spinning with hard aluminum sheets in one pass. New failure modes of flange jamming and wall fracture have been presented and discussed. In addition, the formability limitations, thickness strains, and spun cup form features at different process parameters are experimentally investigated and discussed. Further, a finite element model for the new process is presented and verified showing the limitation of the available shell elements offered by ANSYS Mechanical APDL in modeling the new process.     

广义成形性技术的发展、应用和未来合作

当今的板金属成形工业 ,特别是汽车冲压领域需要开发一种成形技术 ,以加工处理大量从有限元分析、物理试验、圆网格分析等方面所获得的力学信息 ,从而判定制造合格冲压件的难易程度。本文概略地介绍了所开发的广义成形技术的内容和未来的应用发展趋势。广义成形技术以数学塑性理论为基础 ,可用于分析力学信息和建立成形性指数 ,以严格测定各类冲压缺陷。这些缺陷包括内部断裂、边缘断裂、起皱、形状变化、变形量不足和表面柔软等。理论包括 6个组成部分 :a 变形模式理论 ;b 广义成形性理论 ;c 冲压变量窗口技术 ;d 金属流动趋向性控制原理 ;e 二维冲压过程模型 ;f 冲压相似性理论。成功的应用实例已有 :a 汽车覆盖件拉深模具设计与制造 ;b 模具调试 ;c 冲压生产稳定性控制 ;d 冲压成形工程专家系统。最后 ,在所有介绍的理论基础上建立了平台 ,对未来的工作做了进一步的规划 ,提出了若干发展要点。     

Optimal Programming of Multi-point Cushion Systems for Sheet Metal Forming

Numerical optimization technique coupled with finite element analysis of the stamping/sheet hydroforming process was developed to predict four possible modes for application of blank holder force (BHF) in multiple-point cushion systems, namely a) BHF constant in space/location and time/stroke, b) BHF variable in time/stroke and constant in space/location, c) BHF variable in space/location and constant in time/stroke and d) BHF variable in space/location and time/stroke. The BHF was predicted by (a) minimizing the risk of failure by tearing (thinning) in the formed part and (b) avoiding wrinkling. The developed technique was applied to predict the BHF to form a) an automotive part (liftgate-inner) from AA6111-T4 aluminum alloy, b) an asymmetric part from aluminum alloy AA5083-H32 by sheet hydroforming process with die (SHF-D) and c) a round cup by sheet hydroforming with punch (SHF-P). Experimental results showed that the FEM based optimization methodology can reduce trial and error effort and is able to predict the blank holder force necessary to form the parts without fracture and wrinkling in the investigated stamping and sheet hydroforming operations.     

高温合金波纹件粘性介质压力成形过程危险点的数值模拟

粘性介质压力成形（Viscous pressure forming,VPF)适合于高强度难变形材料钣金零件的制造。本文应用有限元商业软件DEFORM^TM进行模拟，对比分析采用粘性介质压力和刚性凸模成形高温合金波纹形薄壁件过程中材料危险点的变化。发现前者板料成形的危险点会发生转移，释缓了应力集中，降低了缺陷了发生的可能性。因此，有利于提高板料的菜性。     

Mechanism investigation for the influence of tool rotation and laser surface texturing (LST) on formability in single point incremental forming

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a new sheet metal forming process which achieves higher formability, greater process flexibility and reduced forming force compared to conventional sheet forming operations due to its characteristic of localized deformation. In recent years, a novel SPIF process assisted by localized friction heat is developed to further improve the material formability. Physically, the frictional heat is generated by the high relative motion at tool–workpiece interface resulted from tool rotation. However, the mechanisms behind formability difference induced by tool rotation at both low and high speed ranges are required to investigate in detail. In this paper, a series of experiments with an increase of tool rotation speeds ranging from 0 to 7000 rpm are conducted to form AA5052-H32 aluminum alloy sheets into a truncated funnel. Additionally, the obtained results are analyzed in terms of formability, forming forces and temperature trends to find out the different roles of friction and heat during the forming process. As a result, the formability behaviors at varying tool rotation speeds can be categorized into four stages according to different reasons. It indicates that friction is the dominant factor in low tool rotation speed range (0–1000 rpm) but will be substituted by thermal effect and potential dynamic recrystallization in high tool rotation speed range (2000–7000 rpm). Furthermore, due to the proved lubrication enhancement and hydrodynamic enhancement generated by surface textures, a laser surface textured forming tool is also utilized to show its influence on forming forces, measured temperatures and the corresponding formability. Finally, it demonstrates that the fabricated laser surface texturing (LST) is capable to reduce the friction at tool–workpiece interface and change the magnitude of heat generation.     

Comparison of different analysis models to measure plastic strains on sheet metal forming parts by digital image processing

The principal strains of sheet metals and their limitations while forming can be obtained by using a strain measurement system. A strain measurement may employ one of two different approaches: namely the total least square optimization method or the multiple regression analysis (MRA) method. With both methods plastic strains of deformed parts are calculated based on the non-deformed reference configuration designated by a circle and the deformed configuration, which is a curve-fitting ellipse. In the MRA method, the mathematical formula is simpler reducing the required computations than that of the total least square optimization method. While the formula has a greater margin of error, this margin proves less than significant in the practical application of the method’s results.Information from the results of a strain measurement system can be used to determine the sheet metal’s formability and strain path allowing engineers to determine at which point, the sheet metal will crack. They can then change the thickness and the material of the sheet metal, or modify its shape accordingly to maximize the metal’s efficiency. Strain measurement systems possess practical advantages in their actual application; they improve the quality of sheet metal being produced by minimizing defects in sheet metal during production. One industrial case study of fine stamping electronic part is discussed to demonstrate the proposed methodology.     

一种柔性变压边力的智能冲压过程研究

板料成形时易产生破裂、起皱以及尺寸和形状精度不良的倾向。在伺服压机的基础上,研究一种柔性可变压边力的独立加载闭环控制系统。选择圆筒形工件为模拟对象,利用有限元软件分析圆筒形工件在不同定值下及变压边力下冲压仿真结果。比较得到成形圆筒形工件的最优压边力曲线以及冲压载荷随时间变化的曲线,加载到装置的控制系统,使压边单元与板材始终处于贴合状态。该闭环系统通过压机变载、变行程等不同的运动模式协同柔性压边装置对冲压成形过程进行控制,柔性控制压边力和冲模载荷,来适合零件不同变形阶段的特点。实验证明:该系统可以最大限度提高金属板材成形性能,不仅防止了板材变薄在尾部产生褶皱以及工件拉裂的情况,而且可以提高板材拉深极限。     

Mechanism investigation of friction-related effects in single point incremental forming using a developed oblique roller-ball tool

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a highly versatile and flexible process for rapid manufacturing of complex sheet metal parts. In the SPIF process, a ball nose tool moves along a predefined tool path to form the sheet to desired shapes. Due to its unique ability in local deformation of sheet metal, the friction condition between the tool and sheet plays a significant role in material deformation. The effects of friction on surface finish, forming load, material deformation and formability are studied using a newly developed oblique roller ball (ORB) tool. Four grades of aluminum sheet including AA1100, AA2024, AA5052 and AA6111 are employed in the experiments. The material deformation under both the ORB tool and conventional rigid tool are studied by drilling a small hole in the sheet. The experimental results suggest that by reducing the friction resistance using the ORB tool, better surface quality, reduced forming load, smaller through-the-thickness-shear and higher formability can be achieved. To obtain a better understanding of the frictional effect, an analytical model is developed based on the analysis of the stress state in the SPIF deformation zone. Using the developed model, an explicit relationship between the stress state and forming parameters is established. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the developed model. The model can also be used to explain two contrary effects of friction and corresponding through-the-thickness-shear: increase of friction would potentially enhance the forming stability and suppress the necking; however, increase of friction would also increase the stress triaxiality and decrease the formability. The final role of the friction effect depends on the significance of each effect in SPIF process.     

平底简形件板材液压成形的数值模拟

针对传统板材冲压成形中存在的成形极限低、模具凹模复杂及零件表面品质差等缺点,发展了板料液压成形技术。通过数值模拟方法,采用钣金成形专用分析软件JSTMPA／NV对5754铝合金平底筒形件的板料液压成形过程进行了研究,以最终成形零件的壁厚分布为评定标准,对成形过程中零件可能出现的缺陷进行预测和分析,研究工艺参数包括充液室压力、凸凹模单边间隙和凹模圆角半径对零件成形性的影响,并对工艺参数进行了优化。研究表明：采用20MPa的液室压力、1．1mm的凸凹模单边间隙和5mm的凹模圆角半径时,获得的铝合金平底筒形件的