仿生蜘蛛丝微纳米复合材料的集水性能

水是自然界大多数生物生存的必要条件,而动植物界存在着诸多奇妙的浸润现象。仿生微纳米复合材料浸润性相关研究是近年来国内外发展迅速的前沿热点,涉及跨领域、交叉领域。本文对仿生工程领域拥有集水性能的类蜘蛛丝微纳米复合材料的研究进展进行了评述,简要分析了材料的微纳米复合结构及其控制浸润性/液滴行为的机制,总结了类蜘蛛丝微纳米复合材料及集成蜘蛛网的制备技术发展(包括提拉法、静电纺丝法、微流体技术、三维编织技术、3D打印技术等),展示了不同微纳米复合材料及相应集水性能。本文重点分析并对比了仿生蜘蛛丝微纳米复合材料的仿生结构设计、材料制备技术、集水性能等,并展望了拥有集水性能的微纳米复合材料在微流体芯片、天气预报、海水淡化、药物缓释、微反应器、能量储运与转换等多领域的进一步新兴、多功能化应用。     

液体定向输运电纺纤维材料的研究及进展

静电纺丝法是一种高效、便捷制备微/纳米纤维的方法。制备过程中,通过调控微/纳米纤维化学组成及微观结构,能够实现纤维表面及纤维膜厚度方向浸润性差异或梯度的构筑,进而利用浸润性差异或梯度驱动液体的定向输运。综述了近年来电纺纤维及纤维膜材料在液体定向输运中的研究成果及液体定向输运机理,并对液体单向输运微/纳米纤维材料未来的应用及发展进行了展望。     

静电纺丝制备小直径血管支架

静电纺丝技术是一种简便易行的新型小直径血管支架制备方法,能够形成与天然血管细胞外基质类似的纳米级三维结构———仿生天然血管细胞外基质,促进细胞黏附和增殖。介绍了静电纺丝技术制备小直径血管支架的原理以及对采用不同材料(生物高分子材料、可降解人工合成材料及复合材料)静电纺丝制备的小直径血管支架的理化性能和生物学特征进行了描述与比较,指出了静电纺丝技术制备小直径血管支架研究的热点与不足。     

高分子微粒吸声材料的声学特性

以聚氨酯泡沫组装不同高分子微粒制备出一种新型高分子微粒吸声材料。初步讨论了微粒种类、粒径、构造层次以及微粒本体性质等因素对材料吸声效果的影响。并尝试从材料的微观结构联系材料的声学性质(声阻抗等)，探索材料多层次结构与材料吸声性能的关系。     

消息报道

<正>苏州纳米所在冷凝微滴自驱离纳米仿生界面研究中取得进展冷凝微滴自驱离纳米仿生界面近年来已经引起科学界和产业界的高度关注,因为这种新型传热传质界面可用于设计开发高性能相变基热控器件以满     

超疏水表面材料的制备与应用

仿生超疏水表面材料具有特殊微纳米结构,因此表现出自清洁、防污染等一系列优异性能.在荷叶、水黾腿、蝴蝶翅膀等自然界中超疏水性组织和器官的启发下,仿生超疏水表面材料的设计和研发的目标不仅在于模仿生物的功能结构,更主要的是制备组分和结构均可调的超疏水表面,从而获得既有疏水自清洁性,同时强度、耐热、耐酸碱等性能又十分优异的新材料.该类材料在国防、工业、农业、医学和日常生活中均有广阔的应用前景.从超疏水材料纳米界面的结构出发,分析材料的疏水原理及其制备方法,介绍了近几年来该材料的研究进展以及在管道无损运输、房屋建筑和防水等应用领域的探索,展望了其未来的应用方向和前景.     

综合及其他

《国家产业技术政策》指出新材料产业技术发展方向 在国家经贸委近日发布的《国家产业技术政策》中指出,新材料作为重点高新技术产业其发展方向是:根据国际高新技术新材料的发展趋势,集中力量重点攻关,开发超细粉体材料技术与纳米新材料技术,力争在纳米材料制备与纳米器件制造技术上与国际保持同步。要进一步拓展纳米新材料在农业、微电子、能源、环保、医疗、化工、建材、交通运输等领域的应用。大力发展新型金属结构材料、新型非金属材料、新型高分子材料和新型复合材料技术。重点开发多功能、机敏、智能、仿生等     

脱合金制备纳米多孔金属在植入领域研究进展

纳米多孔金属因其特殊的结构带来的优异性能,在催化和能源等领域得到了广泛的应用。在医用植入领域,具有微/纳米尺度双连续多孔结构的仿生材料也逐渐引起重视,但目前传统的成型工艺很难实现该类结构的制备。近年来,由于纳米多孔金属与人体骨骼中的多孔结构类似且具有良好的综合性能,开始被尝试引入医用植入领域以获得新型金属植入材料。现有研究发现,纳米多孔结构的金属材料在力学与生物学上均有着相对较好的性能表现,故在植入领域有着极大的应用潜力。聚焦于脱合金制备纳米多孔金属,系统综述了该类纳米多孔金属在植入领域的研究进展。首先介绍了常见的金属植入材料,然后重点阐述了脱合金法制备纳米多孔金属植入材料的具体制备工艺,并基于所制备的纳米多孔金属具有的结构特征列举了该类结构金属在植入领域的具体应用形式,最后对纳米多孔金属在植入领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

新一代潜在阻燃高分子材料--聚合物/无机物纳米复合材料

文章综述了一类新型潜在阻燃高分子材料--聚合物/无机物纳米复合材料。简述了这类材料的特征及制备方法,详述了PPgMA（顺丁烯二酸酐接枝聚丙烯）/LS（层状硅酸盐）及PS/LS两种纳米复合材料的阻燃性能,并讨论了材料结构与阻燃性的关系。     

微合金化对TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料微观组织和力学性能影响的研究进展

微量添加合金元素是改善铝基复合材料综合性能的有效方法,是基于电磁搅拌、超声振动等物理工艺,双峰结构、仿生层状材料等制备技术之外改善增强相/基体界面结构、调控强度-韧性力学性能的一种行之有效的低成本技术.近年来,合金元素在TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料中的研究备受关注,取得了一定的成果,对其作用机理的理解也向纳米层级甚至原子层级迈进.本文归纳了国内外微量添加合金元素对TiB2/Al复合材料中TiB2颗粒形貌、微观组织、力学性能的一系列最新进展,阐述了微合金化机制,并展望了其在调控复合材料裂纹萌生与扩展、发挥微纳尺度本征力学性能、协调材料强度和韧性矛盾中的潜在价值,以期为制备高性能铝基复合材料提供借鉴和参考.     

Bioinspired 2D Nanomaterials for Sustainable Applications

The increasing demand for constructing ecological civilization and promoting socially sustainable development has encouraged scientists to develop bioinspired materials with required properties and functions. By bringing science and nature together, plenty of novel materials with extraordinary properties can be created by learning the best from natural species. In combination with the exceptional features of 2D nanomaterials, bioinspired 2D nanomaterials and technologies have delivered significant achievements. Here, the progress over the past decade in bioinspired 2D photonic structures, energy nanomaterials, and superwetting materials, is summarized, together with the challenges and opportunities in developing bioinspired materials for sustainable energy and environmental technologies.     

Bioinspired design toward nanocellulose-based materials

Nature provides lots of inspiration for material and structural design for various applications. Deriving design principles from the investigation of nature can provide a rich source of inspiration for the development of multifunctional materials. The bioinspired design templates mainly include mussels, nacre, and various plant species. As a sustainable and renewable feedstock, nanocellulose can be used to fabricate advanced materials with multifunctional properties through bioinspired designs. However, challenges and opportunities remain for realizing the full potential in the design of novel materials. This article reviewed recent development in the bioinspired nanocellulose based materials and their application. This article summarizes the functions (e.g., surface wetting) and applications (e.g., composite) of bioinspired nanocellulose-based materials. The bioinspired design templates are discussed along with strategies, advantages, and challenges to the development of synthetic mimics. Additionally, mechanisms and processes (e.g., chemical modification, self-assembly) leading to biomimetic design are discussed. Finally, future research directions and opportunities of bioinspired nanocellulose-based materials are highlighted.     

仿生材料在集水领域应用的研究现状

目前,淡水资源紧缺已经成为一个全球性的难题,特别是在一些干旱和欠发达地区,问题更加严峻。在自然界中,许多生物能够从雾气中获得水分,这为开发新颖的功能性集水材料提供了灵感。最近,在实际应用和基础研究方面,仿生集水材料作为一个热门的课题越来越受到人们关注。本文总结了纳米布沙漠甲虫、仙人掌和蜘蛛丝的集水机理,并叙述了仿生材料的合成、功能和集水效率,以及最近几年仿生材料新的发展。最后,对仿生集水材料在制备和应用过程中存在的主要问题进行总结并对未来发展趋势进行展望。     

Bioinspired interactive neuromorphic devices

The performance of conventional computer based on von Neumann architecture is limited due to the physical separation of memory and processor. By synergistically integrating various sensors with synaptic devices, recently emerging interactive neuromorphic devices can directly sense/store/process various stimuli information from external environments and implement functions of perception, learning, memory, and computation. In this review, we present the basic model of bioinspired interactive neuromorphic devices and discuss the performance metrics. Next, we summarize the recent progress and development of bioinspired interactive neuromorphic devices, which are classified into neuromorphic tactile systems, visual systems, auditory systems, and multisensory system. They are discussed in detail from the aspects of materials, device architectures, operating mechanisms, synaptic plasticity, and potential applications. Additionally, the bioinspired interactive neuromorphic devices that can fuse multiple/mixed sensing signals are proposed to address more realistic and sophisticated problems. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons regarding to the computing neurons and integrating sensory neurons and deliver the perspectives on interactive neuromorphic devices at the material, device, network, and system levels. It is believed the neuromorphic devices can provide promising solutions to next generation of interactive sensation/memory/computation toward the development of multimodal, low-power, and large-scale intelligent systems endowed with neuromorphic features.     

Functional gradients and heterogeneities in biological materials: Design principles,functions, and bioinspired applications

Living organisms have ingeniously evolved functional gradients and heterogeneities to create high-performance biological materials from a fairly limited choice of elements and compounds during long-term evolution and selection. The translation of such design motifs into synthetic materials offers a spectrum of feasible pathways towards unprecedented properties and functionalities that are favorable for practical uses in a variety of engineering and medical fields. Here, we review the basic design forms and principles of naturally-occurring gradients in biological materials and discuss the functions and benefits that they confer to organisms. These gradients are fundamentally associated with the variations in local chemical compositions/constituents and structural characteristics involved in the arrangement, distribution, dimensions and orientations of the building units. The associated interfaces in biological materials invariably demonstrate localized gradients and a variety of gradients are generally integrated over multiple length-scales within the same material. The bioinspired design and applications of synthetic functionally graded materials that mimic their natural paradigms are revisited and the emerging processing techniques needed to replicate the biological gradients are described. It is expected that in the future bioinspired gradients and heterogeneities will play an increasingly important role in the development of high-performance materials for more challenging applications.     

Bioinspired nanoscale materials for biomedical and energy applications

The demand for green, affordable and environmentally sustainable materials has encouraged scientists in different fields to draw inspiration from nature in developing materials with unique properties such as miniaturization, hierarchical organization and adaptability. Together with the exceptional properties of nanomaterials, over the past century, the field of bioinspired nanomaterials has taken huge leaps. While on the one hand, the sophistication of hierarchical structures endows biological systems with multi-functionality, the synthetic control on the creation of nanomaterials enables the design of materials with specific functionalities. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the field of bioinspired nanomaterials, which we have broadly categorized into biotemplates and biomimics. We discuss the application of bioinspired nanomaterials as biotemplates in catalysis, nanomedicine, immunoassays and in energy, drawing attention to novel materials such as protein cages. Furthermore, the applications of bioinspired materials in tissue engineering and biomineralization are also discussed.     

Structural Design Elements in Biological Materials: Application to Bioinspiration

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological materials science as they can serve as a toolbox for rationalizing the complex mechanical behavior of structural biological materials and for systematizing the development of bioinspired designs for structural applications. They are employed to improve the mechanical properties, namely strength, wear resistance, stiffness, flexibility, fracture toughness, and energy absorption of different biological materials for a variety of functions (e.g., body support, joint movement, impact protection, weight reduction). The structural elements identified are: fibrous, helical, gradient, layered, tubular, cellular, suture, and overlapping. For each of the structural design elements, critical design parameters are presented along with constitutive equations with a focus on mechanical properties. Additionally, example organisms from varying biological classes are presented for each case to display the wide variety of environments where each of these elements is present. Examples of current bioinspired materials are also introduced for each element.     

Large-scale fabrication of bioinspired fibers for directional water collection

Spider-silk inspired functional fibers with periodic spindle-knots and the ability to collect water in a directional manner are fabricated on a large scale using a fluid coating method. The fabrication process is investigated in detail, considering factors like the fiber-drawing velocity, solution viscosity, and surface tension. These bioinspired fibers are inexpensive and durable, which makes it possible to collect water from fog in a similar manner to a spider's web.     

Biomimetic and Bioinspired Synthesis of Nanomaterials/Nanostructures

In recent years, due to its unparalleled advantages, the biomimetic and bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials/nanostructures has drawn increasing interest and attention. Generally, biomimetic synthesis can be conducted either by mimicking the functions of natural materials/structures or by mimicking the biological processes that organisms employ to produce substances or materials. Biomimetic synthesis is therefore divided here into “functional biomimetic synthesis” and “process biomimetic synthesis”. Process biomimetic synthesis is the focus of this review. First, the above two terms are defined and their relationship is discussed. Next different levels of biological processes that can be used for process biomimetic synthesis are compiled. Then the current progress of process biomimetic synthesis is systematically summarized and reviewed from the following five perspectives: i) elementary biomimetic system via biomass templates, ii) high‐level biomimetic system via soft/hard‐combined films, iii) intelligent biomimetic systems via liquid membranes, iv) living‐organism biomimetic systems, and v) macromolecular bioinspired systems. Moreover, for these five biomimetic systems, the synthesis procedures, basic principles, and relationships are discussed, and the challenges that are encountered and directions for further development are considered.     

Biological materials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and protection, sharp and cutting components, light weight for flight, or special nanomechanical/chemical extremities for reversible adhesive purposes. We illustrate these principles through examples from our own research as well as selected literature sources. We conduct this analysis connecting the structure (nano, micro, meso, and macro) to the mechanical properties important for a specific function. In particular, we address how biological systems respond and adapt to external mechanical stimuli. Biological materials can essentially be divided into mineralized and non-mineralized. In mineralized biological materials, the ceramics impart compressive strength, sharpness (cutting edges), and stiffness while the organic components impart tensile strength, toughness and ductility. Non-mineralized biological materials in general have higher tensile than compressive strength, since they are fibrous. Thus, the mineralized components operate optimally in compression and the organic components in tension. There is a trade-off between strength and toughness and the stiffness and density, with optimization. Mineralization provides load bearing capability (strength and stiffness) whereas the biopolymer constituents provide viscoelastic damping and toughness. The most important component of the nascent field of Biological Materials Science is the development of bioinspired materials and structures and understanding of the structure–property relationships across various length scales, from the macro-down to the molecular level. The most successful efforts at developing bioinspired materials that attempt to duplicate some of the outstanding properties are presented.