感染性休克血管活性药物选择策略

在重症监护病房(ICU) 中,管理严重感染和感染性休克患者是重症医生日常工作,因为感染性休克是ICU 患 者死亡的主要原因。应用血管活性药物是治疗感染性休克重要的循环支持手段。近年来,血管活性药物的应用和 疗效在不断进行重新评价。2012 年《严重感染和感染性休克国际治疗指南》 以及2014 年《中国严重脓毒症/ 脓毒性 休克治疗指南》进一步就感染性休克患者血管活性药物的应用提出了推荐性的意见,值得临床医师重视。     

间羟胺对感染性休克患者血压和肾脏功能的影响

目的观察间羟胺对感染性休克患者血压、心率和肾脏功能的影响。方法根据病情相近、病因相同、年龄相仿的原则收集1995年以来在我科ICU接受治疗的感染性休克患者70例。所有患者在休克发生后,均根据病情变化随时调整间羟胺用量,以维持血压稳定。然后根据临床使用间羟胺剂量的大小,将患者分成3组:小剂量组[A组,n=23,最大泵速为0.5～5μg/（kg.min）]、中剂量组[B组,n=23,最大泵速为6～10μg/（kg.min）]、大剂量组[C组,n=24,最大泵速为>11μg/（kg.min）]。在治疗前对患者进行APACHEIII评分,记录其血压、心率变化及尿量、BUN（血尿素氮）、CRE（肌酐）、尿ALB（白蛋白）和β2-MG（β2-微球蛋白）定量等肾功指标变化。结果抗休克治疗前,B组患者的APACHEIII评分显著高于A组,但低于C组（P<0.01）,说明3组患者的病情依次加重;所有患者BUN、CRE、尿ALB和β2-MG定量均异常升高,但组间差异无统计学意义;抗休克治疗开始后,患者尿量、BUN、CRE及尿ALB和β2-MG定量也逐步恢复（与治疗前相比,均P<0.01）,但组间各指标随时间变化差异无统计学意义。结论间羟胺用于感染性休克时,患者肾功的恢复与血流动力学的稳定相关,而与间羟胺剂量的关系不大。     

血管活性药物评分评估老年脓毒性休克患者预后的价值

目的 探讨血管活性药物评分(VIS)对老年脓毒性休克患者预后的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月东部战区总医院收治的93例老年脓毒性休克患者的临床资料,根据诊断脓毒症及脓毒性休克的生命体征及实验室结果,计算脓毒症及脓毒性休克期间最高急性生理和慢性健康状态评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)及序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA),计算脓毒性休克第1个48 h最高VIS。根据脓毒性休克后28 d生存情况分为存活组和死亡组。比较各组年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、生化指标、APACHEⅡ、SOFA、VIS、血管活性药使用情况及器官受累情况差异。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析探讨老年脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的危险因素,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估APACHEⅡ、SOFA、VIS对老年脓毒性休克患者28 d死亡的预测价值。采用SPSS 24.0软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,组间比较分别采用t检验、非参数检验、Fisher精确概率法和χ²检验。结果 随访28 d后,55例(59.14%)患者死亡(死亡组),38例(40.86%)患者存活(存活组)。死亡...     

外科感染性休克患儿围术期的麻醉管理

目的进一步提高外科感染性休克患儿围术期麻醉管理水平。方法对38例伴感染性休克患儿（坏疽性阑尾炎伴穿孔20例,嵌顿疝合并腹膜炎9例,胃穿孔9例）,均采用气管插管全麻,选择静注咪唑安定、依托咪酯、芬太尼、罗库溴铵进行麻醉诱导,在手术的过程中监测患儿心电图（ECG）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、无创血压（NIBP）、尿量、体温、中心静脉压（CVP）、有创动脉血压（ABP）、红细胞压积（Hct）、血糖、乳酸及电解质。术中根据血压和中心静脉压指导输液,充分的液体复苏治疗;纠正电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱;根据休克程度给予血管活性药物维持血压和循环灌注。结果38例患儿麻醉效果充分,术后SpO2、MAP、尿量、Hct、CVP较术前明显升高（P均〈0．05）,HR、乳酸水平、血糖明显下降（P均〈0．05）。32例术毕清醒安全拔管,6例送ICU。1例合并先心病进展为多脏器功能衰竭,术后第2天死亡。结论感染性休克患儿手术治疗成功的关键是围术期维持内环境稳定和脏器功能,避免脏器进一步损伤。     

重组人脑利钠肽对感染性休克患者心功能及组织灌注的影响

【】目的：探究重组人脑利钠肽在治疗感染性休克患者的心功能及组织灌注中的应用价值。方法：将2014年6月至2017年1月在我院接受治疗的感染性休克合并心功能不全的125例患者,按照随机分为两组,两组均按照6h早期目标导向治疗及集束化治疗方案进行治疗。在此基础上试验组62例患者加用rhBNP治疗,对照组63例患者则不使用rhBNP治疗,比较两组间的治疗效果。结果：试验组乳酸水平、Pro-BNP水平、心脏指数分别在治疗后24h、48h、72h较对照组显著改善,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而心率、平均动脉压、氧饱和度则在两组间比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。对两组患者的住ICU天数及1月生存率进行比较后发现,试验组的住ICU天数明显少于对照组,1月生存率也明显高于对照组,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：在感染性休克患者的基础治疗上加用rhBNP,能较早地改善其组织灌注及心功能,有利于提高患者的预后。     

如何理解感染性休克患者的微循环障碍

微循环功能障碍在感染性休克发病机制中发挥重要作用,且与全身循环状况并不平行。除传统的评估手段外, 近年来的技术进步使医生能够在床旁对感染性休克患者的微循环状态进行直接和间接的评估。手持视频显微镜能 够对微循环改变进行半定量评估。感染性休克的特征性微循环改变包括灌注毛细血管密度减少以及明显的灌注异 质性,且与临床预后相关。然而,微循环指导的血流动力学治疗能否使患者获益,尚有待临床研究证实。     

如何针对休克患者选择血管活性药物?

<正>答:鉴于休克的病因不同,不同阶段的病理生理过程也十分复杂,治疗关键是纠正血流动力学紊乱;治疗的主要目标是改善组织器官的血流灌流,恢复细胞的功能与代谢。迄今为止,合理应用血管活性药物仍是休克的基础治疗之一。多巴胺(Dopamine)属于儿茶酚胺类药物,是去甲肾上腺素前体,既可激动α受体和β受体,还可激动多巴胺受体。药理作用是肾上腺素能受体激动效应和外周多巴胺受体激动效应,并呈剂量依赖性。多巴胺静脉内应用,常用剂量2²0μg·kg-1·min-1,小剂量(120μg·kg-1·min-1,小剂量(1⁴μg·kg-1·min-1)时主     

不同类型糖皮质激素治疗对感染性休克患者预后影响的Meta分析

目的 评价不同类型糖皮质激素治疗对感染性休克患者预后的影响。方法 检索糖皮质激素治疗感染性休克患者的中英文临床随机对照研究,纳入关于糖皮质激素治疗感染性休克患者预后影响的随机对照试验,采用RevMan5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析,分析不同类型糖皮质激素治疗对感染性休克患者预后的影响。结果 纳入16篇临床随机对照研究共6 896例感染性休克患者。与对照组比,糖皮质激素治疗组患者28 d病死率(P=0.16)、90 d病死率(P=0.16)、ICU病死率(P=0.87)、住院病死率(P=0.35)差异均无统计学意义。使用氢化可的松联合氟氢可的松治疗感染性休克患者28 d病死率明显低于对照组(RR=0.87, 95%CI 0.87 ～ 0.98,P=0.02)。糖皮质激素明显降低使用大剂量去甲肾上腺素的感染性休克患者的ICU病死率(RR=0.87, 95%CI 0.78 ～ 0.97,P=0.01)。使用糖皮质激素明显升高高血糖的发生率(RR=1.10, 95%CI 1.06 ～ 1.15,P<0.000 1)。结论 糖皮质激素不能改善感染性休克患者的病死率,氢化可的松联合氟氢可的...     

小剂量氢化可的松对感染性休克患者血乳酸的影响

目的研究小剂量氢化可的松对感染性休克患者血流动力学以及动脉血乳酸浓度的影响。方法将感染性休克患者80例随机分为治疗组与对照组各40例,两组均给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用小剂量氢化可的松治疗,治疗后4、12、24、48 h及7 d进行心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心脏指数(CI)监测以及动脉血乳酸测定,并在治疗后24、48 h及7 d行急性生理功能和慢性健康状况(APACHⅡ)评分,记录28 d病死率。结果治疗前两组患者各血流动力学指标、APACHEⅡ评分以及动脉血乳酸浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组相比,治疗组4 h后各时间点HR、MAP、CI均有明显改善(P0.05);与治疗前比较,治疗组4～12 h血乳酸浓度较治疗前明显下降(P0.05);而与对照组比较,治疗组在4、12、24 h及7 d各时点均有明显下降(P0.05);治疗组与对照组相比,血管活性药物使用时间减少(P0.05),28 d病死率明显降低(P0.05)。结论小剂量氢化可的松能有效地改善患者组织灌注以及全身氧代谢,从而提高感染性休克患者抢救成功率。     

血管活性物质对原发性高血压的影响及药物干预

目的 :探讨血管活性物质对原发性高血压 (EH)的影响及药物干预。　　方法 :应用放射免疫法及化学比色法测定了合用卡托普利和尼群地平治疗的 6 0例原发性高血压患者 (原发性高血压组 ) ,在治疗前、治疗后 4周及治疗终点的血浆内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)、降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)、神经肽 Y(NPY)和神经降压素 (NT)的浓度水平 ,并与 5 0例健康者 (正常对照组 )对照。　　结果 :长期治疗后 ,原发性高血压组血压明显下降 ,左心室肥厚逆转 ,心脏舒张功能改善 ,尿蛋白排泄量下降 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,同时 ET、NPY浓度明显下降。 NO、CGRP、NT明显升高并接近正常对照组水平 (P<0 .0 0 1)。　　结论 :血浆 ET、NO、CGRP、NPY、NT的浓度变化在原发性高血压发生、发展过程中具有重要作用 ,联合应用卡托普利和尼群地平通过对原发性高血压患者的血管活性物质的调节而达到降压和保护靶器官的作用     

Pentraxin 3, a Predicator for 28-Day Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock

Background

Useful biomarkers that can serve as prognostic predictors are of great value in clinical practice because of the complex individual response to sepsis. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), as a multifunctional pattern-recognition molecule, has been reported to be closely associated with the severity of infectious diseases in intensive care units (ICU). The aim of this study was to investigate whether PTX3 could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in patients with septic shock.

Pathophysiology of Septic Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Various Therapeutic Approaches with Special Emphasis on Immunoglobulins

Abstract: The pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock is dominated by an imbalance of pro‐ and antiinflammatory mediators produced by toxin‐activated inflammatory cells. Both the overshooting of proinflammatory mediators as well as the development of immune paralysis are deleterious to the patient. Available therapeutic approaches with monoclonal antibodies and antagonists targeted against toxins and mediators have focused mainly on inhibition of overshooting proinflammation; the results, however, have been disappointing. Due to these disappointing results of specific antiinflammatory regimens, adjuvant treatment of sepsis and septic shock with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs) has regained interest although this indication has at best been validated in part. Likely beneficial mechanisms of action may include the improvement of serum bactericidal activity due to neutralizing and opsonizing IgG and IgM antibodies as well as stimulation of phagocytosis and neutralization of bacterial endo‐ and exotoxins; another attractive mode of action may represent Ig‐mediated modification and specific suppression of proinflammatory cytokine release from endotoxin‐ and superantigen‐activated blood cells. For the total group of patients with sepsis and septic shock, a reduction in mortality by IVIg could not be documented; however, in the SBITS study with 653 patients included, a moderate improvement in sepsis morbidity and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was demonstrated. In defined sepsis subgroups, a reduction in mortality by IVIg has been seen in each small, not yet confirmed trial. Thus, IVIg is not a magic bullet of sepsis treatment, but it may reduce morbidity and thereby may be useful in the therapeutic mosaic of sepsis treatment.     

培哚普利、卡托普利和硝苯地平对老年轻中度高血压患者肾功能的影响

目的：观察培哚普利、卡托普利和硝苯地平对老年轻中度高血压患者肾功能的影响。方法：９４例老年轻中度高血压心室肥厚患者随机分为培哚普利、卡托普利和硝苯地平３组，服用２周安慰剂后用药３个月，剂量逐月递增。用药前后测定血压、尿微白蛋白分泌率（ＭＡＥＲ）、尿素氮、肌酐、肌酐清除率和血钾、血钠。结果：３组用药后血压均明显下降达正常范围；尿ＭＡＥＲ在培哚普利组显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），另两组下降不显著；尿素氮、肌酐、肌酐清除率３组治疗前后无明显变化；血钾在卡托普利组和培哚普利组均有上升（Ｐ＜０．００５和Ｐ＜０．０５），血钠水平３组间均无变化。结论：培哚普利、卡托普利和硝苯地平均可有效控制血压，培哚普利同时可降低尿ＭＡＥＲ，改善肾功能，但培哚普利与卡托普利均可引起血钾升高，应引起注意。     

丙酮酸乙酯对脓毒症休克犬抗氧化及器官保护作用研究

目的:研究丙酮酸乙酯(EP)对脓毒症休克犬的抗氧化及器官保护作用。方法:健康雄性杂种犬20只,内毒素(LPS)静脉注射复制犬脓毒症休克模型,随机分为对照组(n=8)和EP治疗组(n=12)。对照组只接受林格氏液复苏,EP治疗组另外给予EP首剂0.05g/kg,然后0.05g/(kg.h)持续泵入。脓毒症休克模型建立前及建立后0、8、12、24h取血测定氧化应激指标丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮(NO)水平、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性;测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平、D-乳酸含量。结果:治疗后两组血清MDA、NO水平均显著上升(P<0.05);SOD活力、T-AOC、GSH-PX活性均明显下降(P<0.05),8h后对照组与EP组比较,有明显差异(P<0.05)。治疗后两组血清ALT、AST、BUN、Cr、DAO、D-乳酸水平均升高(P<0.05),12h后对照组与EP组比较有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论:丙酮酸乙酯能改善脓毒症休克犬的氧化应激状态,对多种脏器功能具有保护作用。     

Clinical Effects of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in Patients With Septic Shock Caused by Urinary Tract Infection

Direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber (PMX‐DHP) has been widely used for severe sepsis and septic shock. However, data are limited regarding the clinical experience and efficacy of PMX‐DHP for septic shock resulting from urinary tract infection (UTI). At our institution, 15 patients with septic shock resulting from a UTI received PMX‐DHP from January 2013 to July 2017. The cause of the urosepsis was mainly obstructive pyelonephritis secondary to ureterolithiasis or neurogenic bladder. Average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were 25.9 ± 4.3 and 10.5 ± 2.2, respectively. If patients were still hypotensive after initial resuscitation, we began PMX‐DHP. Mean arterial pressure increased significantly from 58.3 ± 9.6 mm Hg to 93.6 ± 14.8 mm Hg just after PMX‐DHP and to 94.7 ± 16.9 mm Hg (P < 0.0001) 24 h after the treatment. Catecholamine index decreased significantly from 20.7 ± 11.3 to 9.3 ± 13.5 (P = 0.0001) 24 h after the treatment. Of 15 patients, 14 (93.3%) had survived 28 days after admission. Our results suggest a possible role for PMX‐DHP in the rapid stabilization of hemodynamics in patients with septic shock with an underlying UTI. These patients may be good candidates for PMX‐DHP.     

液体平衡状况与感染中毒性休克患者预后的关系

目的：探讨液体平衡状况与感染中毒性休克患者预后的关系。方法：对78例感染中毒性休克患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果：78例感染中毒性休克患者在抗休克治疗后7d内出现液体负平衡者50例,存活42例;持续液体正平衡者28例,存活8例。在老年（≥60岁）、APACHⅡ评分≥20、血清白蛋白≤30g／L、血肌酐≥200μmol／L等条件下,患者出现液体负平衡的几率较低（P〈0．05）。结论：感染中毒性休克患者在抗休克治疗后7d内出现液体负平衡提示预后良好。     

恶性血液病患者合并感染性休克的临床特点

目的:分析恶性血液病并脓毒血症患者发生感染性休克时的临床特点及治疗措施,为临床诊疗提供参考.方法:回顾性分析170例伴有脓毒血症的恶性血液病患者中,发生感染性休克43例患者的诊治过程及相关影响因素.结果:感染性休克发生率为25.3%,纠正率为46.5%,死亡率为53.5%,致病菌以革兰氏阴性(G-)菌为主(83.0%),休克1 h内快速补液和经验性应用抗生素与药敏结果相符利于纠正休克,碳青霉烯类抗生素与药敏符合率最高.结论:恶性血液病患者极易合并脓毒血症及感染性休克,死亡率高,早期诊断并及时给予个体化抗感染、抗休克治疗能够显著提高患者生存率.     

Timing for Initiation of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock and Acute Kidney Injury

The optimal timing for renal replacement therapy initiation in septic acute kidney injury (AKI) remains controversial. This study investigates the impact of early versus late initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on organ dysfunction among patients with septic shock and AKI. Patients were dichotomized into “early” (simplified RIFLE Risk) or “late” (simplified RIFLE Injury or Failure) CRRT initiation. Patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 or those on long‐term dialysis were excluded. Organ dysfunction was quantified by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. From January 2008 to June 2011, 120 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐one (26%) underwent “early” while 89 (74%) had “late” CRRT. No significant difference was noted between groups on improvement of total SOFA/non‐renal SOFA score or noradrenaline equivalent in the first 24 and 48 h after CRRT initiation. Dialysis requirement and mortality (at 28 days, 3 months and 6 months) did not differ. In conclusion, improvement of non‐renal SOFA score 48 h after CRRT correlated with SOFA score on CRRT initiation (P = 0.040) and APACHE IV risk of death (P = 0.000), but not estimated glomerular filtration rate on CRRT initiation (P = 0.377). Improvement of non‐renal SOFA score correlated with SOFA score on CRRT initiation and APACHE IV risk of death. However, this retrospective review cannot identify any significant clinical benefit of early CRRT initiation in patients presenting with septic shock and AKI.     

Angiopoietin Balance in Septic Shock Patients Treated by Direct Hemoperfusion With Polymyxin B‐immobilized Fiber

Capillary permeability is a tightly regulated feature of microcirculation in all organ beds; however, in sepsis this feature is fundamentally altered. We previously reported elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor (fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1) in patients with septic shock, then investigated two kinds of angiopoietins in those patients. An enzyme‐linked immunoassay was used to measure serum angiopoietin‐1 and ‐2 levels in 12 patients with septic shock who were treated by direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column (DHP‐PMX). The angiopoietin‐1 level was lower in patients with septic shock (7.01 ± 10.08 ng/mL) than in controls (28.24 ± 11.61 ng/mL, P < 0.001), but the angiopoietin‐2 level was higher in septic shock patients (40.83 ± 30.13 ng/mL vs. 2.47 ± 1.78 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Between seven survivors and five non‐survivors there was no significant difference in angiopoietin‐1 levels before DHP‐PMX therapy. During DHP‐PMX therapy, however, the angiopoietin‐2 level was significantly decreased in survivors (31.52 ± 26.15 ng/mL vs. 17.32 ± 22.46 ng/mL, P = 0.035). Moreover, at the end of the therapy, the angiopoietin‐1 level was significantly lower in non‐survivors (1.14 ± 1.30 ng/mL vs. 10.43 ± 13.56 ng/mL, P = 0.042), but the angiopoietin‐2 level in non‐survivors was significantly higher (70.79 ± 40.47 ng/mL vs. 17.32 ± 22.46 ng/mL, P = 0.019). The angiopoietin‐2 level may be associated with vascular permeability in septic patients, and angiopoietins may be suitable markers of disease severity and mortality.