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1.
This note analyzes the effects associated with reducing demand uncertainty in a decentralized supply chain comprising one manufacturer, one retailer, and a wholesale price contract that governs the transactions between them. The demand uncertainty level is parameterized through a mean‐preserving spread, and the manufacturer's and the retailer's equilibrium decisions are solved accordingly. We consider the case of an exogenous retail price as well as the case of an endogenous retail price, and we find in both cases that the manufacturer's and the retailer's expected profits in equilibrium are not necessarily monotone decreasing in the uncertainty level. Thus, we find that, even if the cost of reducing demand uncertainty is zero, uncertainty reduction can hurt rather than benefit either or both members of the supply chain. 相似文献
2.
在需求随机且允许延迟支付的情况下,如果零售商的销售款不足以清偿应支付给制造商的货款,制造商将承担一定的回款风险。对此,以报童模型为基础,针对短生命周期产品建立了延迟支付下的批发价契约模型。分析表明,如果需求分布是IGFR,那么对于一定的批发价,零售商有确定的最优订货批量。制造商的预期利润是批发价的递增函数。制造商根据零售商至少应获得的预期利润来确定批发价。当满足一定条件时供应链能够实现协调,但这是一种系统利润分配缺乏柔性的协调。 相似文献
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以一个由上游制造商和下游零售商组成的二级供应链为建模背景,在汇率风险和需求风险聚集(pooling)在下游零售商的情况下,分别建立了有无批发价激励情形下的两个动态博弈模型,获得了相应的均衡。通过分析相应的均衡,结果表明,(1)在两种情形下,零售商的汇率风险对冲行为具有稳定供应链生产行为的作用,但批发价激励能够提高零售商的汇率风险对冲比例和供应链节点企业间的交易价格;(2)与无批发价激励的情形相比,有批发价激励时的制造商利润较高,从而制造商有使用批发价激励零售商对冲汇率风险的动机;(3)在风险聚集下,\"通过较低的批发价来激励零售商对冲汇率风险\"这一策略能够实现供应链盈利水平与风险承担之间的权衡:需求和汇率风险增加均会使得供应链节点企业和供应链整体的盈利水平降低,同时也将降低风险聚集处的节点企业和供应链整体的利润方差。 相似文献
4.
力量不对等供应链中不同定价权下的契约选择 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
寄存契约为供应商管理库存运营模式中的一种,零售商偏好寄存契约从而把库存风险转移给供应商,而供应商则偏好传统模式从而不需承担库存风险.从批发价格的定价权出发,探讨力量不对等供应链中成员偏好某种契约的务件.分析在力量不对等的供应链中,当批发价格为外生批发价格,即批发价格由外部市场决定时,供应链中成员在传统模式和寄存契约下的决策问题,并分析外生批发价格的大小如何影响供应链中成员的契约选择;当批发价格为内生批发价格,即批发价格由供应链中强势方(零售商或供应商)决定时,分别分析供应链中成员在传统模式和寄存契约下的决策问题,并横向分析不同力量对比度的供应链中,供应链成员如何选择契约和供应链的最终运行模式,从而为供应链成员的运营模式选择提供一定的科学指导. 相似文献
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供应链批发价与价格补贴的联合契约 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
针对随机需求的短生命周期产品,销售商仅有一次订货机会,销售分为两个阶段,第二阶段销售价格下跌,建立了供应链批发价与价格补贴的联合契约模型,分析了供应链协调条件,得到协调时对应不同新增利润分配比例的最优契约参数.然后作为联合契约特例研究了单纯的价格补贴契约.最后对单纯的价格补贴契约与联合契约进行了数值实验.研究表明:联合契约能够实现供应链协调;单纯的价格补贴契约能够激励销售商的订购量达到系统最优水平,但会损害供应商的利益,不能真正协调供应链. 相似文献
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针对具有产能不确定性的风险厌恶供应商和风险中性零售商组成的供应链系统,本文采用经典的风险指标Value-at-risk(VaR)衡量供应商的风险厌恶程度,并将其作为供应商的优化约束条件之一。在斯坦伯格顺序博弈的模型框架下,零售商做定价和订货量决策,供应商做批发价决策。本文求得供应商批发价在VaR约束下的理论上下界,研究了风险厌恶程度对最优批发价的影响。与风险中性环境下的结果相比,在设立合理目标利润的前提下,高风险厌恶程度可能使得供应商提高批发价,低风险厌恶程度则对供应商批发价无影响。当目标利润设立很高时,供应商为了逐利将会降低批发价诱导零售商提高订货量。 相似文献
7.
In this note, we study the price‐setting newsvendor problem. We use three conditions, the log‐convexity of the coefficient of variation, the log‐concavity of the deterministic profit function, and the log‐convexity of the random noise's expectation conditional on having leftover inventory to establish the log‐concavity of the retailer's expected profit function. This new result is complementary to existing results and removes some assumptions in the pricing and inventory coordination literature. It also addresses the conjecture made by Petruzzi and Dada (1999), and can be applied in the pricing game. 相似文献
8.
The extant research on supply chain information sharing under wholesale pricing often assumes a model where the manufacturer can unilaterally set any wholesale price, and the retailer decides retail quantity or price while taking the wholesale price as given. Whereas this model may actually reflect the relative market power in some situations, its implementation misses out on certain win–win opportunities that could arise from information sharing. We propose a new wholesale pricing mechanism that promotes information sharing between a relatively weaker retailer and a more powerful manufacturer such that both parties become better off. The novel feature of the new mechanism is an extra stage of interaction, which happens before the retailer's information sharing decision: at the very outset the manufacturer and the retailer reach a contractual agreement on an upper bound which the wholesale price will not exceed if the retailer shares his information. This new, easily implementable, mechanism can be a win–win for both supply chain firms. In other words, facing market uncertainty, the manufacturer, while having the market power to dictate the wholesale price, can gain from a contractual restriction on the exercise of that power in order to induce the retailer, who is in a weaker position, to share useful demand information. 相似文献
9.
《Production and Operations Management》2018,27(6):1021-1037
Firms can enhance the reliability of their supply through process improvement and overproduction. In decentralized supply chains, however, these mitigating actions may be the supplier's responsibility yet are often not contractible. We show that wholesale price contracts, despite their simplicity, can perform well in inducing reliable supply, and we identify when and why they perform well. This could explain the widespread use of wholesale price contracts in business settings with unreliable supply. In particular, we investigate how the performance of wholesale price contracts depends on the interplay between the nature of supply risk and the type of procurement process. Supply risk is classified as random capacity when events such as labor strike disrupt the firm's ability to produce, or as random yield when manufacturing defects result in yield losses. The procurement process is classified as control when the buyer determines the production quantity, or as delegation when instead the supplier does. Analyzing the four possible combinations, we find that for random capacity, irrespective of the procurement process type, contract performance monotonically increases with the supplier's bargaining power; thus, wholesale price contracts perform well when the supplier is powerful. However, this monotonic trend is reversed for random yield with control: in that case, wholesale price contracts perform well when instead the buyer is powerful. For random yield with delegation, wholesale price contracts perform well when either party is powerful. 相似文献
10.
两阶段供应链中三种定价方式研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
本文考虑渠道一体化对品牌建设的作用,在一个制造商和两个零售商的两阶段供应链系统中,其中确定性的市场需求与产品的市场零售价格有关,通过分析以下三种定价方式下的最优定价和库存策略下供应链成员和系统的收益,1)商品市场零售价格由零售商各自决定,两零售商和制造商之间存在着竞争活动;2)商品市场零售价格由制造商统一制定;3)市场零售价格、转让价格和系统库存水平按渠道协调的最优原则确定,确定了同一产品品牌内部的市场竞争、定价控制权及转让价格对渠道性能及品牌自身造成的影响,并由此提出了分散决策系统中的一种激励机制. 相似文献
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供应链契约是影响VMI供应链整体绩效的重要因素,这是近年来关注的重要研究课题。本文着重研究了由供应商与零售商组成的二级VMI供应链协调问题,在供应商存在不公平厌恶的假设下,依据Cui等提出的不公平厌恶模型刻画了供应商的不利与有利不公平厌恶,通过分析得到了分散VMI供应链情形下供应商的最优策略,同时分析了二级VMI供应链在批发价格契约下的协调情况。通过分析得到的主要结论是:在供应商存在不利不公平厌恶的情形下,供应商存在唯一的最优产品生产量,其不高于传统供应商的最优产品生产量且为不利不公平厌恶系数或零售商势力外生参数的严格减函数或减函数,批发价格契约无法使二级VMI供应链达到协调;在供应商存在有利不公平厌恶的情形下,供应商存在唯一的最优产品生产量,其不低于传统供应商的最优产品生产量且为有利不公平厌恶系数或零售商势力外生参数的严格增函数或增函数,批发价格契约在一定条件下可使二级VMI供应链达到协调。最后,通过数值实验分析验证了本文得出的结论。 相似文献
13.
本文以单个制造商和单个零售商组成的二级绿色供应链为背景,建立了绿色技术研发的绿色供应链微分博弈模型,比较了集中和分散决策下的微分博弈均衡解。最后,通过动态批发价机制对绿色供应链成员进行合作协调,并采用数值仿真对结果进行了验证和说明。研究发现:1)与分散决策相比,集中决策下绿色技术水平和绿色渠道总利润较高;2)当协调参数在一定范围内时,动态批发价机制能够协调制造商和零售商的行为,并且在该种模式下,绿色技术水平、产品绿色度以及商品的价格均达到了集中决策下的情形;3)在动态批发价机制下,随着绿色投资成本系数的增加或价格敏感度的增加或消费者环保意识的下降,绿色技术水平、产品绿色度、商品价格、零售商的利润以及绿色渠道总利润是下降的,而商品批发价和制造商的利润则是增加的。 相似文献
14.
考虑批发价格更新的易逝品的零售商订货策略 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13
易逝品的供应链管理作为供应链管理的一个重要分支,日益受到关注和重视。易逝品供应链管理的一个核心问题就是:制造商如何吸引零售商尽早订货和零售商如何针对制造商的吸引措施来进行合理订货。本文研究考虑批发价格更新的易逝品的零售商的订货策略,制造商通过为零售商提供不同批发价格的两次订货机会,来实现制造商和零售商的共赢。通过对开始时刻和批发价格更新后的系统进行建模和讨论,得到了制造商提供的两次不同的批发价格应满足的条件和零售商应该采取的优化的订货与调整策略。 相似文献
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Tony Haitao Cui Guangwen Kong Behrooz Pourghannad 《Production and Operations Management》2020,29(7):1767-1788
We consider a supply chain with a supplier selling products to a retailer who is boundedly rational. The retailer’s orders are randomly distributed around the optimal order quantity. We develop a behavioral model which incorporates human retailers’ bounded rationality in the supplier’s contractual decisions. In contrast to a supply chain with a fully rational retailer, where a wholesale price contract usually cannot outperform more complicated nonlinear contracts, we find that when the retailer is boundedly rational a wholesale price contract can dominate commonly used nonlinear contracts, such as buyback and revenue sharing contracts, in terms of a supplier’s profit and supply chain profit. We characterize the conditions under which a wholesale price contract outperforms more sophisticated nonlinear contracts for the supplier. In particular, we show that a wholesale price contract is more likely to be implemented by the supplier when the supply chain profit margin is low, the retailer is less rational, the demand variance is large, and the retailer’s reservation value is high. We then conduct a series of laboratory experiments to test whether the behavioral model’s predictions are still salient even when the supplier is not necessarily rational. Our results provide an explanation for the prevalence of wholesale price contracts in business practice where the rationality of a retailer cannot always be guaranteed. We also find that a retailer’s bounded rationality plays a more important role in determining supply chain profit than a supplier’s bounded rationality. 相似文献
17.
Current performance measurement systems consider not only financial measures, like costs and profits, but also non-financial indicators with respect to customer service, quality and flexibility. Using the newsvendor model, we analyse the respective influence of these possibly conflicting performance measures on important operations and marketing decisions, for instance the order quantity and the selling price of a product. As in the classical newsvendor model for price-independent as well as price-dependent demand distribution, the objective of the firm is to maximise expected profit. In this paper, we also consider a service constraint—a lower bound for the level of product availability—and a loss constraint—an upper bound for the probability of a loss occurring. For both models, we provide conditions for the existence of solutions. We then analyse the influence of demand variability using a set of conditions specifying the quantiles of the predetermined performance measures: a higher variability of demand implies a smaller admissible region of the decision variables. In the price-independent case, the optimal solution has a control-limit structure: the optimal order quantity is thus given either by the classical newsvendor solution or by the control-limits corresponding to the constraints. In the price-setting model with multiplicative demand, this structure is used to check whether small admissible prices are determined by the service constraint or by the loss constraint. Using these structural results, a procedure is developed to more easily enable the computation of the optimal values of the order quantity, selling price and expected profit. 相似文献
18.
从产品安全责任入手,基于批发价格合同,运用博弈论的基本思想,对四种情景中供应链的均衡进行分析:\"非竞争与非激励协调\"、\"非竞争与激励协调\"、\"竞争与非激励协调\"和\"竞争与激励协调\"。结果显示:适度的批发价格合同激励协调措施能够提升制造商履行产品安全责任水平、市场需求量、供应链及其各成员的期望收益,但过度激励会降低市场需求量与分销商的期望收益,进而阻滞供应链总期望收益的增加;竞争将降低市场需求量、供应链及其各成员的期望收益;低度激励时竞争将降低制造商履行产品安全责任水平,高度激励时竞争将提升制造商履行产品安全责任水平;供应链采用批发价格合同激励协调机制能够增强其对外部的竞争能力,但过度竞争将降低制造商履行产品安全责任水平,进而对供应链及其各成员的利益造成损害。研究成果对供应链的产品安全责任管理实践有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
19.
公司债务与内生破产的实物期权方法分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文利用实物期权方法在风险中性概率测试下研究公司的债务与内生破产问题。将公司破产与接管理解为股东和债权人持有的期权,在得到写在公司资产上的各种相机权益的价值后,本文详细讨论风险债务的债权人在公司破产时选择破产清算或破产营运时公司债务水平与破产决策之间的关系,分析了不同杠杆水平的公司破产决策问题,发现公司债务对公司的破产决策具有重要影响。杠杆公司股东策略违约的破产时间与公司价值最大化的时间通常不一致,破产导致公司价值损失;而且由于杠杆融资,公司破产时间与纯股本公司破产时间不一致,破产带来效率损失。本文的分析对我国公司债务与破产政策的研究具有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
20.
Assembly and kitting operations, as well as jointly sold products, are rather basic yet intriguing A decentralized supply chains, where achieving coordination through appropriate incentives is very important, especially when demand is uncertain. We investigate two very distinct types of arrangements between an assembler/retailer and its suppliers. One scheme is a vendor‐managed inventory with revenue sharing, and the other a wholesale‐price driven contract. In the VMI case, each supplier faces strategic uncertainty as to the amounts of components, which need to be mated with its own, that other suppliers will deliver. We explore the resulting components' delivery quantities equilibrium in this decentralized supply chain and its implications for participants' and system's expected profits. We derive the revenue shares the assembler should select in order to maximize its own profits. We then explore a revenue‐plus‐surplus‐subsidy incentive scheme, where, in addition to a share of revenue, the assembler also provides a subsidy to component suppliers for their unsold components. We show that, by using this two‐parameter contract, the assembler can achieve channel coordination and increase the profits of all parties involved. We then explore a wholesale‐price‐driven scheme, both as a single lever and in combination with buybacks. The channel performance of a wholesale‐price‐only scheme is shown to degrade with the number of suppliers, which is not the case with a revenue‐share‐only contract. 相似文献