立体几何中的活跃分子——直角四面体

三条侧棱两两相互垂直的四面体是一种特殊的四面体,我们称之为直角四面体,它具有以下性质:(1)任何一条侧棱垂直另两个侧棱构成的平面;(2)三个侧面两两垂直;(3)顶点在底面上的射影是底面三角形的垂心等,立体几何中很重要的概念和定理.都能从这个直角四正面体中衍生,因此深入研究直角四面体,对于把握空间图形中直线和平面的关系,尤为重要.下面利用直角四面体的性质简解两道商考题.……     

“对称”——经久不衰的高考热点

每年的高考,较多的问题都渗透着对对称内容的考察.在解答它们时,若能挖掘潜在的对称性,根据几何图形的对称及数据、位置、关系等所隐含着的对称性特点,则能在纷繁的困惑中求得简捷的突     

境由心生

在现实生活中,有人总是企盼没有的,却忘了现成的,追求遥远的,却无视身边的永无止境的物质追求,让人变得贪婪;盲目的攀比,让人抱怨生活的不公境由心生,心情不好,就会失去一次次微笑着感受人生的喜悦,就会失去不少在情绪乐观时可以获得成功的机会……其实,在这个纷繁复杂、充满诱惑的社会,不羡慕别人,不轻贱目己,过自己喜欢过的日子,就是最好的日子,活自己喜欢的活法,就是最好的活法,按自己的天性度过自己的时日,就是天堂般的日子!     

过程比结论更重要——对一道习题讲评的探究式教学

高三数学复习时常有习题课的教学,传统的教学方式往往是讲解一些同学们易犯的错误即"纠错课",或解决大多数学生所不能解的问题即"提高课".其目的是要求学生能通过例题的讲解与练习达到知识的掌握和能力的提高,以这种方式的教学容易产生学生"学后弃之"、"解后忘之"的现象.……     

Laplace-Stieltjes变换所定义的右半平面上的解析函数的增长性与型函数

本文在Laplace-Stieltjes变换的研究中首次引进了精确级和型函数的概念,讨论了右半平面上有限级L-S变换所定义的解析函数F(s)的增长性,完善并推广了Dirichlet级数的关于精确级和型函数的有关结果.     

离散的SI和SIS传染病模型的研究

为了描述个体的死亡、染病者的恢复以及疾病的传染,引入了相应的概率.基于总种群中个体数量为常数的假设,根据染病者能否恢复分别建立了具有生命动力学的离散SI和SIS传染病模型.所得到的结果显示:它们具有与相应连续模型相同的动力学性态,并确定了各自的阈值.在它们的阈值之下,传染病最终将灭绝;在它们的阈值之上,传染病将会发展成为地方病,染病者的数量将趋向于一确定的正常数.     

进化规划与进化策略的变异算子

进化算法是研究全局优化算法中最重要的随机算法之一,本文给出了进化规划和进化策略的变异算子的数学描述,并提出变异函数的概念,在此基础上,给出了用均匀分布的随机数构造变异算子的几种方法和若干例子.结果表明.利用本文给出的方法,不仅可以构造出目前进化策略和进化规划算法普遍采用的几种变异算子,还可以构造出新的变异算子.针对一般的变异算子,在不要求目标函数连续的情况下,证明了保持最优个体的进化规划和进化策略,迭代产生的最优个体的函数值收敛到问题的最优值的ε-邻域的概率为1.     

趣味速算法

1.数的加法在多位数相加时,这样做比较方便:先把每列的数的和写成单独的行,后再把这些行的数相加.     

分形的文化价值管窥

是人类文化的重要组成部分,它对人们的观念、精神、思维方式的形成产生了重要的影响.特别是人类文明的重大成果——欧几里得几何开创的公理化思想,更是对人类理性思维的形成起着关键的作用.     

例谈高考试题中的"焦点四边形"的最值问题

如果圆锥曲线的内接四边形的对角线经过圆锥曲线的焦点,我们把这样的四边形叫做焦点四边形.圆锥曲线的焦点四边形与焦点三角形有许多相似的性质,焦点四边形中的最值问题在近几年的高考试题及全国各地的模拟试题中频频亮相,值得关注,这类问题往往把考查圆锥曲线的性质与求最值问题结合起来,形成一个知识与能力的交汇点,是考查学生综合应用知识能力的良好载体,倍受命题者所推崇,成为一道新的亮点.……     

Evolution to a steady state for a rarefied gas flowing from a tank into a vacuum through a plane channel

A kinetic equation (S-model) is used to solve the nonstationary problem of a monatomic rarefied gas flowing from a tank of infinite capacity into a vacuum through a long plane channel. Initially, the gas is at rest and is separated from the vacuum by a barrier. The temperature of the channel walls is kept constant. The flow is found to evolve to a steady state. The time required for reaching a steady state is examined depending on the channel length and the degree of gas rarefaction. The kinetic equation is solved numerically by applying a conservative explicit finite-difference scheme that is firstorder accurate in time and second-order accurate in space. An approximate law is proposed for the asymptotic behavior of the solution at long times when the evolution to a steady state becomes a diffusion process.     

On a mapping of a projective space into a sphere

We obtain an exact estimate for the minimum multiplicity of a continuous finite-to-one mapping of a projective space into a sphere for all dimensions. For finite-to-one mappings of a projective space into a Euclidean space, we obtain an exact estimate for this multiplicity for n = 2, 3. For n ≥ 4, we prove that this estimate does not exceed 4. Several open questions are formulated.     

Asymptotics of a solution of a nonlinear system of diffusion of a magnetic field into a substance

We study the asymptotic behavior at large time of a solution to a system of nonlinear integro-differential equations which arises in mathematical modeling of diffusion of a magnetic field into a substance. We establish the corresponding stabilization rate.     

Travelling Waves in a Nonlocal Reaction-Diffusion Equation as a Model for a Population Structured by a Space Variable and a Phenotypic Trait

We consider a nonlocal reaction-diffusion equation as a model for a population structured by a space variable and a phenotypic trait. To sustain the possibility of invasion in the case where an underlying principal eigenvalue is negative, we investigate the existence of travelling wave solutions. We identify a minimal speed c* > 0, and prove the existence of waves when c ≥ c* and the nonexistence when 0 ≤ c < c*.     

Motion of a container as a nonholonomous system in a curved section of a horizontal pipeline

The problem of the motion of a container in a curved section of a horizontal pipeline is solved using second-order Lagrange equations in the presence of nonholonous couplings. The special case of the motion of a container in a circular curve is examined.Translated from Matematicheskie Metody i Fiziko-Mekhanicheskie Polya, No. 25, pp. 90–95, 1987.     

Symmetry-based solution of a model for a combination of a risky investment and a riskless investment

Benth and Karlsen [F.E. Benth, K.H. Karlsen, A note on Merton's portfolio selection problem for the Schwartz mean-reversion model, Stoch. Anal. Appl. 23 (2005) 687-704] treated a problem of the optimisation of the selection of a portfolio based upon the Schwartz mean-reversion model. The resulting Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation in 1+2 dimensions is quite nonlinear. The solution obtained by Benth and Karlsen was very ingenious. We provide a solution of the problem based on the application of the Lie theory of continuous groups to the partial differential equation and its associated boundary and terminal conditions.     

Fast computation of a rational point of a variety over a finite field

We exhibit a probabilistic algorithm which computes a rational point of an absolutely irreducible variety over a finite field defined by a reduced regular sequence. Its time-space complexity is roughly quadratic in the logarithm of the cardinality of the field and a geometric invariant of the input system. This invariant, called the degree, is bounded by the Bézout number of the system. Our algorithm works for fields of any characteristic, but requires the cardinality of the field to be greater than a quantity which is roughly the fourth power of the degree of the input variety.

     

Choosing a leader on a complex network

In many real life applications a group of people interact through a communication network, mathematically modelled as a connected graph linking each element of the group. These participants may have diverse objectives and play very different roles depending on their knowledge and privileges. We focus on a particular scenario, in which a certain node is absolutely essential for completing the intended task. Moreover, if a technical failure results in disconnection of a participant to this leader node, this participant can no longer take part in the group's performance.     

Locating a robber on a graph

Consider the following game of a cop locating a robber on a connected graph. At each turn, the cop chooses a vertex of the graph to probe and receives the distance from the probe to the robber. If she can uniquely locate the robber after this probe, then she wins. Otherwise the robber may either stay put or move to any vertex adjacent to his location other than the probe vertex. The cop’s goal is to minimize the number of probes required to locate the robber, while the robber’s goal is to avoid being located. This is a synthesis of the cop and robber game with the metric dimension problem. We analyse this game for several classes of graphs, including cycles and trees.     

The rolling of a wheel with a pneumatic tyre on a planet

A model of a pneumatic tyre as a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom is proposed, when its surface is represented by the deformed surface of a torus. Using a number of hypotheses a functional of the potential energy of the deformations of the tyre is obtained as a function of the deformations of its tread. A complete system of equations of motion is obtained, assuming that the wheel rolls without slipping in the area of contact of the tread with the plane, with respect to the previously unknown part of the tread. In two special cases of the rolling of a wheel with breakaway and on a banking, all the characteristics of the motion (the contact area, the tyre deformation, and the forces and moments applied to the disc of the wheel) are obtained.