静脉溶栓合并急诊介入治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）静脉溶栓后急诊介入治疗的疗效。方法：选择我院2011年3月到2012年8月收治的128例AMI患者,系发病12h内且无溶栓禁忌证的初发患者,随机均分成两组：溶栓＋PCI组[系静脉溶栓后进行急诊介入治疗（PCI）];直接PCI组（未经溶栓直接进行PCI）。比较两组患者心肌梗死相关动脉（IRA）开通率,治疗效果,及并发症的发生率。结果：术前到达导管室时IRA已达TIMI3级血流者共32例,其中静脉溶栓后进行急诊介入治疗组24例（37．5％）显著高于直接PCI组的8例（12．5％）,P〈0．05。术后溶栓＋PCI组IRA达TIMI3级血流者明显多于直接PCI组（75．0％比50％）,住院期间两组均无严重出血并发症发生。结论：静脉溶栓联合介入疗法治疗急性心肌梗死梗死相关动脉再通率高,更有利于保护左心室功能,并降低心脏事件的发生。     

急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓后补救介入治疗的临床疗效

目的探讨急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓后90min未通补救经皮冠状动脉内介入疗法的安全性和有效性。方法102例AMI患者分别行直接PCI术(38例)和64例接受rtPA(爱通力)或尿激酶静脉溶栓,限定自溶栓开始后90min内仍未再通者立即行补救性PCI,溶栓再通者则行择期冠状动脉造影,选择治疗方案。对以上两种方法的再通率、并发症、一个月后的左室射血分数等临床资料进行分析,对静脉溶栓和90min内补救PCI顺序疗法的安全性,有效性进行评价。结果直接PCI组再通率为94.7%(36/38),静脉溶栓 补救PCI组90min溶栓再通率为31.3%(20/64),补救PCI再通率为95.5%(42/44);直接PCI组2例于支架置入后出现无再流现象,补救PCI组1例出现无复流,静脉溶栓再通到择期介入治疗前无梗死相关血管(IRA)再闭塞;直接PCI组消化道出血1例,补救PCI组2例出现血尿。延迟PCI组1例出现脑出血后死亡。1个月后超声心动图检查结果:直接PCI组平均为58.2%,静脉溶栓未通 补救PCI组57.4%,溶栓再通 延迟PCI组为61.3%(P>0.05)。12h以内再通者LVEF为63.2%,12h以后再通者LVEF为51.3%(P<0.05).结论静脉溶栓失败后补救性PCI是合理有效安全的方法。     

急诊介入与溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗死疗效的比较

目的：比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）与静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗死（AMI）的疗效。方法：2006年1月至2010年6月间收治的60例AMI病人被分为：PCI组（30例）,静脉溶栓组（30例）;比较两组的ST回落情况,再通率,死亡率,主要不良心血管事件（MACE）发生率和心功能情况。结果：与静脉溶栓组比较,PCI组ST回落明显,ST仍抬高的水平明显较低（0.17±0.09）mV比（0.03±0.02）mV;与静脉溶栓组比较,PCI组30d内死亡率（10%比3.3%）,MACE发生率（23.3%比10%）明显降低,梗死相关血管再通率（53.3%比96.7%）明显提高,心功能明显改善[左室舒张末内径（51.8±5.8）mm比（45.7±6.6）mm,左室射血分数（45.2±7.7）%比（52.1±5.5）%],P均〈0.01。结论：经皮冠状动脉介入治疗能及时有效地开通梗死相关动脉挽救濒死的心肌,改善心功能,降低死亡率,是治疗急性心肌梗死的首选方法。     

急性心肌梗死介入治疗与静脉溶栓治疗的疗效观察

目的：比较急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（直接PCI）与尿激酶（UK）静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者近期的临床疗效。方法：首次发生的ST段抬高的AMI患者62例，其中30例患者接受直接PCI治疗（直接PCI组），32例患者接受UK静脉溶栓治疗（UK）组），两组均于发病6h内进行治疗，比较两组患者住院期间临床疗效及超声心动图检查结果。结果：两组院内死亡率无显著性差异P〉0．05。直接PCI组梗塞相关血管（IRA）再通率高于UK组（96．7％：62．5％），P〈0．05。临床疗效：直接PCI组再发梗塞、发生心肌缺血事件和心力衰竭比率明显低于UK组，（13．3％：34．4％），P〈0．05。二周后超声心动图显示，直接PCI组左室射血分数（LVEF）明显高于UK组（64．9±7．6）％：（49．1±7．3）％，P〈0．05，也明显高于UK组中溶栓成功组（64．9±7．6）％：（53．4±8．5）％，P〈0．05。结论：直接PCI是AMI早期再灌注安全有效的方法，能够提高IRA再通率，改善心功能，减少并发症。     

溶栓后早期转运PCI与保守治疗/补救转运PCI治疗STEMI患者的比较

目的：本研究回顾分析比较急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者在基层医院行溶栓治疗后,早期转运到上级医院行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）和继续在当地予保守治疗然后作转运PCI的优劣。方法：315例AMI患者在发病12h内,于基层医院接受溶栓治疗,其后183例直接转诊行PCI（A组）,132例在当地继续保守治疗,67例因再次出现心肌缺血症状行补救性转运PCI（B组）。比较两组1年内全因死亡、再梗死、难治性心肌缺血发生率及30d内严重出血和脑卒中发生率,以及治疗前后左室射血分数（LVEF）改变情况。结果：与B组比较,A组1年内全因死亡率（6.8%比1.6%）、再梗死发生率（17.4%比3.3%）、难治性心肌缺血发生率（22.7%比4.4%）均明显降低（P均〈0.05）,而LVEF改善情况A组明显优于B组[（58.7±12.4）%比（47.6±11.9）%,P〈0.05]。结论：溶栓后的ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者应尽早转运到上级医院接受PCI治疗,以取得更好疗效。     

老年急性心肌梗死直接介入治疗与溶栓治疗的临床研究

目的探讨急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)与静脉溶栓治疗对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的近期疗效。方法 65例≥60岁的ST段抬高的AMI患者,31例接受急诊PCI治疗,34例接受静脉溶栓治疗,比较两种治疗方法对患者的临床近期效果。结果溶栓组梗死相关血管(IRA)再通率为58.8%,直接PCI组IRA再通率为96.8%;6个月时左室射血分数(LVEF)溶栓组为(40.2±6.3)%,直接PCI组为(53.8±6.7)%。出血并发症、住院期间病死率、再发心绞痛和主要心脏事件发生率,溶栓组明显高于直接PCI组。溶栓组平均住院时间为8.5d,PCI组平均住院时间为18.5d。结论对老年AMI患者,急诊PCI治疗更能尽快、及时有效地开通梗死相关动脉,挽救濒死心肌,改善左室功能,降低病死率。     

溶栓治疗在现代急性心肌梗死治疗中的作用与地位

急性心肌梗死的主要原因是血栓栓塞引起的冠状动脉急性血流中断。溶栓治疗是通过溶解血管中的新鲜血栓使血管再通,从而部分或完全恢复组织和器官的血流灌注。溶栓治疗不但能开通闭塞的冠状动脉,而且能显著降低心肌梗死的病死率。现从溶栓治疗的现状、常用药物、适应证与禁忌证,以及溶栓与经皮冠状动脉介入术的比较等方面对溶栓治疗在现代急性心肌梗死治疗中的作用与地位做一综述。     

小剂量静脉溶栓加冠脉内支架置入术治疗急性心肌梗死的临床效果

目的探讨小剂量静脉溶栓后追加冠脉内支架置入术治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床疗效和安全性。方法将发生AMI6h以内的112例患者随机分为溶栓+支架组和单纯支架组。对两组介入治疗前冠脉造影中血管TIMI3级的开通率、支架置入成功率、安全性及介入治疗后左室射血分数情况进行了比较。结果在冠脉造影中血管TIMI2级和3级的开通率,溶栓+支架组为67.8%,对照组为16.1%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3个月后溶栓+支架组左室射血分数有明显高于对照组的倾向[(59.2±11.2)%v(s50.6±10.9)%,P<0.05]。支架置入成功率和出血性合并症两组差异无统计学意义。结论小剂量静脉溶栓+支架置入治疗可以明显增加急性心肌梗死早期冠脉开通率,保护左心室功能,且不增加出血性并发症,是安全、有效获得再灌注的方法。     

急诊PTCA与静脉溶栓对急性心肌梗塞的疗效

目的：探讨急诊 PTCA 支架置入术与静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞(AMI)的疗效。方法：32例 AMI 病人, 随机均分为心脏介入治疗组和溶栓治疗组。结果：介入治疗组：血管再通16例(100%),无死亡及需外科紧急处理病例,血管再通率、死亡率显著优于溶栓治疗组(血管再通68.8%,2例死亡,2例需外科紧急手术)(P＜0.05),介入治疗组的左室射血分数、左室收缩末容积改善亦优于溶栓组(P＜0.05～＜0.01)。结论：心脏介入治疗疗效优于溶栓组。     

急诊直接冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗塞的临床价值

目的:探讨急诊直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者近期及远期预后的影响。方法:65例初次AMI患者被随机分为两组:直接PCI组(A组,35例)及静脉溶栓成功组(B组,30例)。比较分析住院及随访期间两组主要临床事件发生率。结果:(1)住院期间直接PCI组的平均住院天数(d)、出血率(%)、再发不稳定心绞痛(%)、非致死心肌梗塞(%)、心源性死亡率(%)明显低于溶栓组(P<0.01);(2)随访期直接PCI组左室扩大(%)、室壁瘤形成(%)、死亡(%)、再狭窄率(%)等发生率亦显著低于溶栓组(P<0.01),存活率(%)及射血分数(%)明显高于溶栓组(P<0.05~<0.01)。结论:急诊直接PCI治疗是早期再灌注安全有效的方法,对于提高再通率、减少并发症及改善心功能优于溶栓组。     

Systemic and cardiac catecholamines during elective PTCA and during immediate PTCA for acute myocardial infarction

This study investigated arterial and coronary venous catecholamine concentrations in patients undergoing either elective coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or direct PTCA for acute myocardial infarction. We included 17 patients with stenoses of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and 10 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing PTCA. During the initial balloon dilatation arterial and coronary venous plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined. In elective PTCA, coronary occlusion (2 min) resulted in a transient increase of arterial concentrations of norepinephrine (2.04±0.30 vs. 1.26±0.13 nmol/L before dilatation) and epinephrine (0.52±0.08 vs. 0.34±0.04 nmol/L) in the first minute of reperfusion, whereas coronary venous concentrations of catecholamines were not changed after dilation. Among the 10 patients with AMI, immediate reperfusion of the LAD (TIMI grade 3) was achieved in 6 patients. In these patients, baseline arterial concentrations for norepinephrine (3.91±1.16 nmol/L) and epinephrine (4.68±2.07 nmol/L) were elevated and no transcardiac gradient for catecholamines was found. In the first minute after successful reopening of the LAD we detected a distinct rise of the transcardiac norepinephrine gradient from –0.10±0.53 to 85.02±24.64 nmol/L, which declined in the fifth minute of reperfusion to 4.36±2.30 nmol/L. Conversely, venous epinephrine and arterial concentrations for both catecholamines remained unchanged within the observation period. In the four patients with incomplete (TIMI 0–2) reopening of the LAD, we found no cardiac washout of norepine phrine. In summary, a transient rise of systemic catecholamines, but no cardiac release of norepinephrine was observed in patients after brief coronary occlusion. Conversely, a massive washout of norepinephrine from the infarcted myocardium occurred during AMI.Presented in part at the 67th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas, November 1994     

急性心肌梗死急诊PTCA及支架植入的临床观察

目的 观察急性心肌梗死急诊PTCA及冠脉内支架植入的临床效果及安全性。方法 对73例急性心肌梗死相关血管行直接PTCA50例,立即FICA15例,挽救FTCA8例,放置支架20枚。结果 总血管开通率94.5％(69/73);TIMI血流在20例放置支架血管均为Ⅲ级,在49例单纯PTCA血管中44例为Ⅲ级,5例为Ⅱ级;残余狭窄在放置支架的血管为(1.8±5.9)％(-10％～10％),在单纯PTCA血管为(15.4±11.2)％(0～30％);再通性心律失常发生率18.1％(10/62),在左前降支主要为频发室早和短阵室速,在右冠状动脉主要为心动过缓和不同程度的房室传导阻滞。结论急诊PTCA和放置支架可明显提高急性心肌梗死相关血管的再通率,有必要在有条件的医疗单位推广应用。     

经皮穿刺球囊封堵冠脉建立犬急性心肌梗死模型的实验研究

目的:探讨应用PTCA球囊封堵冠状动脉犬急性心肌梗死动物模型的实验方法。方法:选用杂种犬20只,麻醉后经股动脉置入PTCA球囊至左前降支（LAD）和左旋支（LCX）,封堵血流90min。结果:2只因指引导管致前降支闭塞发生心室纤颤死亡,2只因球囊封堵前降支近端约30min后发生心室纤颤死亡,4只在球囊拔除后发生心室纤颤死亡,1只封堵左旋支中段犬在心肌梗死后20h死亡。其余11只动物成功建立急性心肌梗死模型。前降支封堵术后1周,行超声心动图检查出现室间上部及前壁局部运动异常,室壁也变薄。结论:运用PTCA球囊封堵冠状动脉成功建立急性心肌梗死动物模型,可为研究提供较好的实验模型。     

急性心肌梗死直接PTCA后早期ST段改变及其临床意义

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AM I）行直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）+支架术后心电图早期ST段回落幅度与左心室结构、功能的关系。方法首次患AM I并接受直接PTCA的患者32例。比较PTCA术前和术后1 hST段抬高的高度,按ST段下移>50%及ST段下移<50%,分别分为A组（21例）和B组（11例）。所有患者于术后4周进行临床评估和二维彩色多普勒超声心动图检查。结果随访期间两组患者均未发生死亡,A组心功能ⅢⅣ级2例,B组心功能ⅢⅣ级5例（P<0.05）。4周后A组左心室射血分数（LVEF）、收缩末容积指数（LVESVI）、舒张末容积指数（LVEDVI）和全心室壁运动指数（GWMSI）均显著优于B组（P<0.05）;梗死区室壁运动指数（RWMSI）在两组间无显著性差异。结论成功的直接PTCA后ST段的早期回落是反映心肌组织再灌注的简便可靠的指标,ST段回落>50%者的心脏功能、室壁运动及左心室重构情况明显优于ST段回落<50%者。     

Intervention with PTCA and CABG following thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction

The patterns of revascularisation with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the GUSTO 1 trial patients in Australia are described.
In comparison with rates documented in earlier trials of thrombolytic therapy in Australia, the rates of revascularisation post-thrombolysis increased by 50%, primarily due to a doubling in the rate of use of PTCA. However, the rates were low by international comparisons. There were marked variations in the rates of revascularisation between States, but no correlation with differences in mortality between States. The main predictors of post thrombolysis PTCA were prior angina, mild infarction and access to PTCA facilities.     

Marked ST elevation after successful PTCA for acute myocardial infarction

Prompt reperfusion of acutely ischemic myocardium appears to be the rational way of reversing ischemic injury and limiting the extent of eventual necrosis. Recent advances in emergency coronary bypass surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and thrombolytic therapy have provided methods for effective treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, several observations indicate this issue is more complex. Although blood flow must be restored to ischemic myocardium if it is to survive, animal experiments suggest potential deleterious effects associated with this reperfusion. These deleterious effects may be associated with unstable ST segments reported early after acute infarct thrombolysis. Though recurrent coronary occlusion cannot be excluded, reperfusion injury in this setting of coronary artery patency must be considered. This case illustrates this proposed reperfusion injury reflected as "tombstone" ST segment elevation in a patient following successful acute infarct PTCA.     

Primary antiphospholipid syndrome with acute myocardial infarction recanalised by PTCA

A 20 year old man with severe chest pain was hospitalised for acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography revealed total obstruction of his right coronary artery, which was successfully recanalised by direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). There was also diffuse thrombi in the left coronary artery that was not recanalised by perfusion with 3000 U pro-urokinase. Anticoagulant therapy was performed after PTCA. Creatine kinase peaked one day after hospitalisation (4805 U/l). The activated partial thromboplastin time was 62.6 seconds (45%). Plasma anticardiolipin IgG antibodies were high (3.8 and 2.7) in repeated examinations. The PTCA site was patent after three months. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome should be considered as a cause of acute myocardial infarction in young adults, and PTCA with anticoagulant treatment is effective for initial treatment of the syndrome.

Keywords: primary antiphospholipid syndrome;  acute myocardial infarction;  percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty