3种国产牛奶中脂肪酸营养价值分析

目的测定不同种类牛奶中脂肪酸的含量。探讨牛奶脂肪酸的营养价值。方法以3种市售国产牛奶为研究对象，采用毛细管气相色谱-质谱法进行牛奶脂肪酸的分离测定。结果3种国产牛奶含有13～16种脂肪酸，酸牛奶总脂肪酸的含量最低。不同类型脂肪酸的比例不均衡。其中饱和脂肪酸的含量最高，约占70％；多不饱和脂肪酸的含量最低，仅为3％～7％。除低脂牛奶外。全脂牛奶和酸牛奶的ω-6／ω-3脂肪酸比率基本接近推荐值。结论与全脂牛奶和低脂牛奶相比。酸牛奶更适宜高血脂患者或心脑血管病高危人群的饮用。3种国产牛奶中的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）：单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）：多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）均不符合世界卫生组织推荐的1：1：1。有必要优化牛奶脂肪酸的组分以满足人体的营养需求。     

湖光牛奶脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱联用分析

[目的]建立简易方法检测湛江市湖光牛奶脂肪酸,并分析其营养价值。[方法]以BF3/MeOH溶液为衍生化试剂,正十七碳饱和脂肪酸（C17：0）为内标,牛奶脂肪酸的抽提和甲酯化一步完成;经DB-WAX石英毛细管柱分离,气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）进行定性定量分析。[结果]（1）本方法重现性试验脂肪酸CV为1.15%～5.68%,仪器重现性CV为2.31%～9.81%,回收率为84.2%～105.0%。（2）湖光牛奶含有16种脂肪酸,平均饱和脂肪酸：单不饱和脂肪酸：多不饱和脂肪酸为11.80：4.38：1,饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,达到69%;多不饱和脂肪酸的含量最低,仅为6%;ω-6/ω-3脂肪酸比率为2.30。[结论]本方法高效易行,准确可靠,节省时间,适合大标本量的检测;湖光牛奶饱和脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸比例不均衡,有必要优化脂肪酸的组分以提高其营养价值。     

人血浆游离脂肪酸对红细胞膜脂肪酸构成的影响

采用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）对４２例我国正常成人红细胞膜脂肪酸及血浆游离脂肪酸（ＦＦＡ）进行了测定，并进一步探讨了血浆ＦＦＡ成分对红细胞膜脂肪酸构成的影响。结果表明：（１）我国正常成人红细胞膜主要含甘二碳六烯酸（Ｃ）、花生四烯酸（Ｃ）、亚油酸（Ｃ）、油酸〔Ｃ）、软脂酸（Ｃ）和硬脂酸（Ｃ）。其中花生四烯酸含量最高占２９．１％。（２）正常人血浆ＦＦＡ构成与红细胞膜类似，但不含Ｃ而含正十四酸（Ｃ），其中Ｃ含量最高占３９．６％。（３）红细胞膜脂酸组成受血浆ＦＦＡ成分影响，血浆中长链多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）和饱和脂肪酸之间在掺入红细胞膜过程中可能具有竞争抑制作用。     

2018—2019年中国六城市不同泌乳阶段母乳中脂肪酸含量

目的调查中国不同泌乳期母乳中的脂肪酸含量和组成。方法 2018年1月至2019年12月,在成都、上海、天津、广州、长春和兰州招募处于不同泌乳期的健康产妇共690例,收集产妇产后0～5天、10～14天、40～45天、200～240天和300～400天母乳,每个城市每个泌乳阶段收到23例母乳,将其混合成一份混乳,一共获得30份混乳。采用气相色谱联合氢火焰离子化检测器测定混合母乳中的脂肪酸含量。结果母乳总脂肪酸(total fatty acids, TFA)、饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids, SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA)的含量随着泌乳期的进展而增加,并在40～45天增至高峰后达到相对稳定水平,但SFA、MUFA和PUFA在TFA中的组成比在0～400天内保持相对稳定。六城市0～400天母乳中花生四烯酸/二十二碳六烯酸在1.14～1.55,在整个泌乳阶段无明显变化趋势。亚油酸/α-亚麻酸在3.84～18.94,具有明显的地域差异性。结论中国六城市母乳中脂肪酸的含量和组成存在差异,并随着哺乳时间的推移呈现动态变化的过程。     

中链脂肪酸与脂代谢

构成片油三酯(脂肪)的脂肪酸依其碳链结构的长短,分为短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸(MCFA)和长链脂肪酸(LCFA).脂肪酸又按其碳链结构中是否含有碳原子双键以及含有双键的数目,又分为饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸.     

食用植物油脂肪酸含量检测及营养分析

食用植物油脂肪酸含量检测及营养分析广东省广州市卫生防疫站（５１００８０）黄桂花肖斌权林仲才李莹食用植物油的质和量，即脂肪中饱和脂肪酸（ＳＦＡ）、单不饱和脂肪酸（ＭＵＦＡ）、多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）的比例，直接影响到人们的健康。本文检测了广州地区市售...     

鱼油对小鼠脑磷脂中脂酸组成的影响

昆明种小鼠随机分成两组，对照组和鱼油组，按小鼠处死时间，对照组分三个亚组，鱼油组分四个亚组。取小鼠脑组织，采用气相色谱法测其脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成，考察鱼油中ｎ－３系多不饱和脂肪酸对小鼠大脑的影响，结果表明：鱼油可使小鼠脑重增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），使脑磷脂中饱和脂肪酸，单不饱和脂肪酸和ｎ－６系多不饱和脂肪酸水平降低，使ｎ－３系多不饱和脂肪酸水平上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）。停用鱼油两周后，其脑磷脂中脂肪酸水平与     

人乳,牛乳及婴儿奶方中脂肪酸组成比较

目的 进一步提倡母乳喂养。方法 采用气相色谱法测定了人乳、牛乳和婴儿奶方中脂肪酸的含量。结果 显示婴儿幼奶方和牛乳中总饱和脂肪酸（ＳＦＡ）、Ｃ８：０、Ｃ１４：０、Ｃ１６：０和Ｃ１８：０含量都显著高于人乳，而总不饱和脂肪酸（ＴＵＦＡ），总多价不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）、亚油酸（Ｃ１８：２，ＬＡ），α－亚麻酸（Ｃ１８：３，ＬＮＡ）和花生四烯酸（Ｃ２０：４，ＡＡ）含量都显著低于人乳。人乳可可测得十十二碳六     

食用油对血脂、脂质过氧化、膜磷脂脂肪酸及血小板功能的影响

大鼠分别喂饲猪油、花生油、茶油、豆油、麻油及牛油高胆固醇饲料１～３个月，发现：１．麻油及牛油组血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）水平远低于诸油及花生油组（Ｐ＜０．０５），且高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）水平最高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。茶油及豆油组ＴＣ与ＬＤＬ－Ｃ居中。甘油三酯以豆油组最高，茶油组最低（Ｐ＜０，０５）。２．各组红细胞膜、心肌线粒体及肝微粒体磷脂脂肪酸与饲料脂肪酸水平呈正相关。ＲＢＣ膜及心肌线粒体磷脂中，猪油及牛油组饱和脂肪酸含量较高，茶油组的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，麻油及花生油组的多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）含量较高。３．茶油组血清、肝及脑丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）水平最低，其余各组均较高。豆油组的肝ＭＤＡ最高。４．血清、肝超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平以花生油及豆油组较低。５．血小板聚集率及血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）／６－酮－前列腺索Ｆ＿（１ａ）（６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ＿（１ａ））比值以麻油组最低、豆油组较高。６．茶油组的生物膜流动性较大，而猪油及牛油组较小。     

鱼油对小鼠脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成的影响

昆明种小鼠随机分成两组，对照组和鱼油组，按小鼠处死时间，对照组分三个亚组，鱼油组分四个亚组。取小鼠脑组织，采用气相色谱法测其脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成，考察鱼油中ｎ一３系多不饱和脂肪酸对小鼠大脑的影响，结果表明：鱼油可使小鼠脑重增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），使脑磷脂中饱和脂肪酸，单不饱和脂肪酸和ｎ一６系多不饱和脂肪酸水平降低，使ｎ一３系多不饱和脂肪酸水平上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）。停用鱼油两周后，其脑磷脂中脂肪酸水平与对照组的水平接近，即鱼油对脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成的影响作用逐渐减弱。由此推论，在人脑早期形成发育过程中，适时、适量、持续补充人体必需ｎ一３系多不饱和脂肪酸是必要的。     

Xiang Study: an association of breastmilk composition with maternal body mass index and infant growth during the first 3 month of life

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to establish a mother and child cohort in the Chinese population, and investigate human breastmilk (HBM) composition and its relationship with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant growth during the first 3 mon of life.SUBJECTS/METHODSA total of 101 Chinese mother and infant pairs were included in this prospective cohort. Alterations in the milk macronutrients of Chinese mothers at 1 mon (T1), 2 mon (T2), and 3 mon (T3) lactation were analyzed. HBM fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and HBM proteomic profiling was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS).RESULTSDuring the first 3 mon of lactation (P < 0.05), significant decreases were determined in the levels of total energy, fat, protein, and osteopontin (OPN), as well as ratios of long-chain saturated FA (including C16:0, C22:0 and C24:0), monounsaturated FA (including C16:1), and n-6 poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) (including C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6, and n-6/n-3). Conversely, butyrate, C6:0 and n-3 PUFA C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) were significantly increased during the first 3 mon (P < 0.05). HBM proteomic analyses distinguished compositional protein differences over time (P = 0.001). Personalized mother-infant analyses demonstrated that HBM from high BMI mothers presented increased total energy, fat, protein and OPN, and increased content of n-6 PUFA (including C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with low BMI mothers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMI of the mothers positively correlated with the head circumference (HC) of infants as well as the specific n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 over the 3 time points examined. Infant HC was negatively associated with C18:0.CONCLUSIONThis study provides additional evidence to the Chinese HBM database, and further knowledge of FA function. It also helps to establish future maternal strategies that support the healthy growth and development of Chinese infants.     

Impact of management system and lactation stage on fatty acid composition of camel milk

This study aimed to investigate the impact of management system and lactation stage on camel milk fatty acid (FA) composition, with emphasis on odd and branched-chain FA (OBCFA), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), and trans-FA (TFA). Milk samples were collected from thirteen camels managed under intensive and semi-intensive systems at early, mid, and late lactation. Our results provided for the first time the OBCFA profile in camel milk. Eleven OBCFA were identified with a predominance of C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, and C17:0. The vaccenic acid (VA) was the predominant TFA; other isomers appeared in smaller amounts. The Δ9-desaturase activity measured as desaturation index of C14:0 was relatively high in the mammary gland of camel. Milk from the semi-intensive system was characterized by a higher nutritional value, due to the higher contents of total CLA, rumenic acid (RA), VA, linoleic, α-linolenic, and polyunsaturated FA compared with milk from the intensive system. Few differences were found in the OBCFA profile throughout lactation. Our study provided deeper information on FA composition, showing that camel milk is a good source of OBCFA, RA and VA. These results have to be taken into account in the investigation of the functional properties of camel milk fat as well as in the ongoing intensification of camel farming systems.     

Fatty acid composition in preterm and term breast milk

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the fatty acid (FA) composition of colostrum and mature milk produced by nursing mothers of preterm and at-term newborns, in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Low contents of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.02%/colostrum and 0.01%/mature milk for preterm and term milk) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (colostrum group: 0.10%/preterm and 0.09%/term; mature milk: 0.05%/preterm and 0.03%/term) were determined. The comparison among the groups showed that the elaidic acid content was significantly higher (1.67%) in mature term milk. The content of rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid) was significantly higher in at-term colostrum compared with preterm colostrum. When considering the maturity of the milk, there was a significant increase in the percentage of this FA in the preterm group. The results show that, overall, the greatest differences observed were between the colostrums and mature milks for both groups and not between preterm and at-term mothers.     

Longitudinal Study of Cytokine Expression,Lipid Profile and Neuronal Growth Factors in Human Breast Milk from Term and Preterm Deliveries

Breast milk (BM) is considered as a reference for infant nutrition. The role of bioactive components, such as cytokines, hormones, growth factors (GFs) and fatty acids (FAs) is poorly known, but they might be implicated in immune response development. The aim of this study was to identify the lipid profile and the spectrum of cytokines and neuronal GF in BM samples and analyse the influence of gestational age and lactation time on these components. This study used a longitudinal prospective method for the characterization of cytokines, FAs and GFs global profiles in 120 BM samples from 40 healthy mothers (20 preterm and 20 term) collected as colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The cytokines were analysed by protein array (Ray Bio® Human Cytokine Array G6. Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA, USA) and the FAs were analysed by gas chromatography. The FA profile was similar between the term and the preterm BM samples. Omega-3-α-linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-6-linoleic acid were the most abundant in the term and preterm samples during lactation. Omega-3 ETA and omega-3 EPA we observed exclusively in the preterm samples. The cytokine profile showed a different trend based on gestational age. A significantly higher expression of neurotrophic factors was found in the mature preterm milk samples as compared to the mature term samples. Our study is the first to identify the influence and interactions of perinatal factors on cytokine, GFs and FAs in human milk.     

Inadequate Content of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) of Donor Human Milk for Feeding Preterm Infants: A Comparison with Mother’s Own Milk at Different Stages of Lactation

A cross-sectional single-center study was designed to compare the fatty acids profile, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, between milk banking samples of donor human milk and mother’s own milk (MOM) for feeding preterm infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation. MOM samples from 118 mothers included colostrum (1–7 days after delivery), transitional milk (9–14 days), and mature milk (15–28 days and ≥29 days). In the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) group, the levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) and DHA (C22:6 n3) showed opposite trends, whereas α-linolenic acid was higher in donor human milk as compared with MOM, with increasing levels as stages of lactation progressed, DHA levels were significantly lower in donor human milk than in MOM samples, which, in turn, showed decreasing levels along stages of lactation. DHA levels in donor human milk were 53% lower than in colostrum. Therefore, in preterm infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation, the use of pasteurized donor human milk as exclusive feeding or combined with breastfeeding provides an inadequate supply of DHA. Nursing mothers should increase DHA intake through fish consumption or nutritional supplements with high-dose DHA while breastfeeding. Milk banking fortified with DHA would guarantee adequate DHA levels in donor human milk.     

Fatty acids and lipids of camel milk and colostrum

Total fat content was 32.8 ± 14g/L in camel milk (10-240 days post partum) or 30.1 ± 19.5g/L in colostrum (1-7 days post partum). Triacylglycerols accounted for 96% of the total lipids in milk. Triacyglycerols of camel milk contained saturated fatty acids (66.1/%) and unsaturated fatty acids (30.5%). The predominant saturated fatty acids were 16 : 0 (34.9%) 14 : 0 (14.5%) and 18 : 0 (9.7%). The content of these fatty in acids in colostrum was lower (52.4%) than that of mature milk. The colsotrum contained a relatively high amount of 18 : 1 (25.4%), and 16 : 1 (13.9%), with the remainder being a mixture of dienoic and trienoic long-chain fatty acids. Triacylglycerols contained low amount of short-chain fatty acids (C4-C8). There is a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in camel colostrum and milk.     

Fatty acids and lipids of camel milk and colostrum

Total fat content was 32.8 +/- 14 g/L in camel milk (10-240 days post partum) or 30.1 +/- 19.5 g/L in colostrum (1-7 days post partum). Triacylglycerols accounted for 96% of the total lipids in milk. Triacyglycerols of camel milk contained saturated fatty acids (66.1%) and unsaturated fatty acids (30.5%). The predominant saturated fatty acids were 16:0 (34.9%) 14:0 (14.5%) and 18:0 (9.7%). The content of these fatty in acids in colostrum was lower (52.4%) than that of mature milk. The colsotrum contained a relatively high amount of 18:1 (25.4%), and 16:1 (13.9%), with the remainder being a mixture of dienoic and trienoic long-chain fatty acids. Triacylglycerols contained low amount of short-chain fatty acids (C4-C8). There is a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in camel colostrum and milk.     

0～6月母乳中的抗感染因子

本文用单向琼脂免疫扩散法测定了分娩后第1天到产后6个月301份母乳中SIgA,IgM,IgG,补体C_3、C_4,乳铁蛋白和溶菌酶。在母乳SIgA,IgM和IgG三种主要的免疫球蛋白中,以SIgA的含量最高,占初乳中免疫球蛋白总量的89.8％;产后第1天母乳中SIgA高达3152.5±758.4mg/dl,是正常人血清中IgA含量的13.5倍。新生儿喂以母乳对保护消化道粘膜,避免感染有重要意义。产后第1天初乳中补体C_3为99.7±40.0mg/dl,补体C_4为65.9±23.5mg/dl,接近正常人血清水平。乳铁蛋白在初乳中含量极高,产后第1天高达1228.7±351.0mg/dl。溶菌酶在产后第1天的母乳中含量高达944.2±335.3μg/ml,是新鲜牛奶中溶菌酶含量的429倍。将母乳加热62.5℃30分钟,SIgA损失29.7％,溶菌酶损失8.3％,为了保留母乳中的抗感染因子,贮存人乳的消毒以巴斯德灭菌法最好。     

GC-MS方法检测超重/肥胖男性青年血清游离脂肪酸代谢谱

目的研究超重/肥胖男性血清脂肪酸水平的变化。方法采用气相色谱质谱联用(GC/MS)方法检测30例超重男性和30例体重正常男性血清16种游离脂肪酸水平。结果超重/肥胖组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平显著降低(P<0.05)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平显著升高(P<0.05),血糖(GLU)水平无显著差异(P>0.05);超重/肥胖组血清游离脂肪酸肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)、棕榈酸(C16:0)、软油酸(C16:1)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、γ-亚麻酸(γ-C18:3)、α-亚麻酸(C18:3)、二十碳二烯酸(C20:2)、二十碳五烯酸EPA(C20:5)、二十二碳六烯酸DHA(C22:6)、二十四碳酸(C24:0)、水平显著高于正常组(P<0.05);总脂肪酸(TFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不胞和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3PUFAs、n-6PUFAs水平均高于正常组(P<0.05),PUFA/TFA超重/肥胖组显著低于正常组。多元统计分析结果也显示C14:0、C16:0、C18:0等SFAs以及n-3PUFA C18:3在PCA模型中超重/肥胖组与正常组的分离起到重要作用。结论肥胖发生早期体内即出现血脂和游离脂肪酸等脂类代谢紊乱,C14:0、C16:0、C18:0和C18:3可作为肥胖血清脂肪酸变化的潜在生物标记物。[营养学报,2013,35(2):137-141]     

Accumulation of fatty acids in purslane grown in hydroponic salt stress conditions

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is the eighth most common plant distributed throughout the world being a heat- and drought-tolerant plant. In this study, we evaluated the effect of salinity on total amounts of fatty acids (FAs) and ω3/ω6 ratio in leaves of purslane. Plants exposed to four levels of chloride salinity in the root zone (60, 90, 120 and 240 mM NaCl) for 40 days showed no signs of toxicity or death. The main FAs detected were C16:0>C18:3>C18:2. The ratio of ω6 to ω3 was not changed with salt stress. Hierarchic cluster analysis brought together 60 and 90 mM NaCl in control plants, based on their FA content. The results of this study confirm the purslane as a plant rich in FAs whose consumption may contribute to dietary intake of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, with obvious benefits to human health.