The changes in the tensile properties of tendons after freeze storage in saline solution

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of saline solution (0.9 per cent NaCl) on the tensile properties of freeze-stored tendons. Firstly, 170 pieces of chicken flexor digitorum profundus tendons were retrieved and wrapped in saline-soaked gauze before they were stored at -40degreesC. Then specimens were tensile tested at various time points over 360 days, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on fresh specimens, and specimens were freeze-stored for 233 days to investigate microstructure change after freeze storage. The mean values of strain ultimate tensile strength (UTS) did not deviate significantly (analysis of variance; p = 0.249) following freeze storage while the UTS and elastic modulus increased gradually with the duration of freeze storage and the growth became significant (p < 0.01) for durations longer than 70 and 40 days respectively. The SEM study showed that the collagen fibre density of specimens stored for 233 days decreased because of porosity growth. These findings suggested that the saline increased the tensile strength and modulus of the collagen.     

A study on tensile and fatigue properties of aged NAS 254N stainless steel at elevated temperatures

The effects of aging on tensile properties and fatigue crack growth behaviors of NAS 254N stainless steel was studied. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the aged specimens were almost the same as the as-received (as-rec.). The fracture strain, however, was decreased significantly by the aging, and the fracture surface of the aged at room temperature (RT) test was intergranular. As test temperature increased, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation decreased. And a type of serration was observed at 550-650°C As strain rate decreased, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased, but elongation increased. It was observed that tensile strength and strain had a sudden change at one point. And this critical temperatureT _cr was 550°C. The effect of aging time on the tensile strength and strain was also investigated. Tensile strength and strain decreased significantly beyond 100hrs. Fatigue crack growth rate at RT was enhanced by the aging at high stress intensity factor range. This is due to the occurrence of the intergranular fracture in the aged specimen. At 650°C, the fatigue crack growth behavior was almost the same without intergranular fracture.     

PBT拉伸断口形貌分析

本文研究了加载速率v对PBT拉伸断口形貌的影响,结果表明,随v的增大,试样断裂过程中裂纹扩展特征不同,断面形貌表现出由韧性断裂特征向脆性断裂特征的转变;断面平坦区比例参数AP/A0随v的增加先急剧增大,当v增大到1 000 mm/min以上时,AP/A0增加缓慢;断裂源处表面粗糙度参数RS和v呈线性关系,拟合得到的线性方程为:RS=2.10-4.72×10-4v。     

The influence of gripping techniques on the tensile properties of tendons

Gripping is a major challenge faced in the tensile testing of tendons. As soft and aqueous materials, tendons are prone to slip and experience premature failure during mechanical testing. Several gripping methods were attempted and evaluated, including serrated jaw, sandpaper, frozen ends, and air-dried ends. It was found that 1 kN pneumatic grips (Shimadzu Company) lined with cardboard provided an adequate grip without perceptible slip and damage to the tendons. It was found that using the pneumatic grips with cardboard lining the stress concentration at the grip-specimen interface reduced substantially. An analysis of specimens that failed at the grip-specimen interface versus those that failed at mid-substance shows that there was no significant difference in their tensile properties.     

Characterization of the tensile properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy joints based on axial force,traverse speed,and rotational speed

Friction stir welding (FSW) process has gained attention in recent years because of its advantages over the conventional fusion welding process. These advantages include the absence of heat formation in the affected zone and the absence of large distortion, porosity, oxidation, and cracking. Experimental investigations are necessary to understand the physical behavior that causes the high tensile strength of welded joints of different metals and alloys. Existing literature indicates that tensile properties exhibit strong dependence on the rotational speed, traverse speed, and axial force of the tool that was used. Therefore, this study introduces the experimental procedure for measuring tensile properties, namely, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile elongation of the welded AA 7020 Al alloy. Experimental findings suggest that a welded part with high UTS can be achieved at a lower heat input compared with the high heat input condition. A numerical approach based on genetic programming is employed to produce the functional relationships between tensile properties and the three inputs (rotational speed, traverse speed, and axial force) of the FSW process. The formulated models were validated based on the experimental data, using the statistical metrics. The effect of the three inputs on the tensile properties was investigated using 2D and 3D analyses. A high UTS was achieved, including a rotational speed of 1050 r/min and traverse speed of 95 mm/min. The results also indicate that 8 kN axial force should be set prior to the FSW process.     

Mechanical properties of different anatomical sites of the bone-tendon origin of lateral epicondyle

A series of rabbit common extensor tendon specimens of the humeral epicondyle were subjected to tensile tests under two displacement rates (100 mm/min and 10 mm/min) and different elbow flexion positions 45°, 90° and 135°. Biomechanical properties of ultimate tensile strength, failure strain, energy absorption and stiffness of the bone-tendon specimen were determined. Statistically significant differences were found in ultimate tensile strength, failure strain, energy absorption and stiffness of bone-tendon specimens as a consequence of different elbow flexion angles and displacement rates. The results indicated that the bone-tendon specimens at the 45° elbow flexion had the lowest ultimate tensile strength; this flexion angle also had the highest failure strain and the lowest stiffness compared to other elbow flexion positions. In comparing the data from two displacement rates, bone-tendon specimens had lower ultimate tensile strength at all flexion angles when tested at the 10 mm/min displacement rate. These results indicate that creep damage occurred during the slow displacement rate. The major failure mode of bone-tendon specimens during tensile testing changed from 100% of midsubstance failure at the 90° and 135° elbow flexion to 40% of bone-tendon origin failure at 45°. We conclude that failure mechanics of the bone-tendon unit of the lateral epicondyle are substantially affected by loading direction and displacement rate.     

The response of SiC fibres to vacuum plasma spraying and vacuum hot pressing during the fabrication of titanium matrix composites

Vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) and vacuum hot pressing (VHP) have been used to fabricate Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite material reinforced longitudinally with DERA Sigma C coated SiC 1140+ fibres. VPS of Ti-6Al-4V onto Sigma 1140+ SiC fibres caused no fibre/matrix interfacial reaction. During VHP a fibre/matrix reaction occurred, producing a mixture of fine (< 50 nm) TiC_x (x ≤ 1) adjacent to the fibre coating and coarse-grained (0.3–0.5 μm) equiaxed TiC_x adjacent to the Ti matrix. A decrease in C concentration with increasing distance from the C coating is proposed, and is consistent with the evidence presented. A similar thickness and morphology of reaction product arose from conventional foil–fibre foil processing, but the matrix coated fibre/hot isostatic pressing process led to a slightly thicker reaction layer. The TiC_x reaction product acted as a diffusion barrier, inhibiting further reaction more effectively than in experiments on earlier SiC fibres having a C coating. Surface damage was shown to be a factor in lowering 1140+ SiC fibre failure stress. Surface damage to 1140+ fibres resulted from both VPS and VHP, the former causing a slight reduction in mean ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and a large reduction in the bend strain to failure Weibull modulus. This damage was caused by both fibre winding and by deposition of metal during VPS, giving rise to coating flaws, and is not in itself considered to be a major problem. Surface damage increased after VHP, reducing the mean UTS and tensile Weibull modulus, and the mean bend strain to failure. This damage arose from bending and flattening of the rough monotapes, and from the fibre/matrix reaction caused by thermal exposure. The level of damage to 1140+ SiC fibre from VHP was reduced by modification of the process path. Increasing the VHP temperature and lowering the pressure ramp rate reduced fibre damage sufficiently to enable a macroscopic composite UTS of 95% of the theoretical maximum to be achieved.     

热老化对主泵泵壳材料失效评定曲线的影响研究

主要研究了热老化对主泵泵壳材料CF8在室温和350℃温度下拉伸性能以及失效评定曲线的影响。对经历不同老化时间的试样进行恒应变速率下的拉伸试验,采用Ramberg-Osgood （R-O）模型对拉伸真应力-真应变曲线进行分析,并将分析结果用于失效评定曲线的计算。结果表明,随热老化时间延长,室温和350℃温度下材料的抗拉强度均不断提高,断后延伸率有所下降;在小应变范围内,R-O模型能够较准确预测材料的真应力-真应变曲线;采用英国R6标准方法二得到不同老化阶段材料的失效评定曲线,结果显示在部分区域,如采用未老化材料的失效评定曲线,则评定结果将偏于不安全。     

An AFM study of the nanostructural response of New Zealand white rabbit Achilles tendons to cyclic loading

The nanostructural response of New Zealand white rabbit Achilles tendons to a fatigue damage model was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using the endpoint of dose assessments of each tendon from our previous study. The change in mechanical properties was assessed concurrently with nanostructural change in the same non-viable intact tendon. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the elongation of D-periodicities, and the changes were compared both within the same fibril bundle and between fibril bundles. D-periodicities increased due to both increased strain and increasing numbers of fatigue cycles. Although no significant difference in D-periodicity lengthening was found between fibril bundles, the lengthening of D-periodicity correlated strongly with the overall tendon mechanical changes. The accurate quantification of fibril elongation in response to macroscopic applied strain assisted in assessing the complex structure–function relationship in Achilles tendons.     

6061-T6铝合金薄板剪切试件设计及动态剪切力学特性分析

车身结构影响了整车的碰撞安全性,其中车身承载部件在碰撞过程中主要表现为剪切失效,因此需要对车身材料的动态剪切力学特性展开研究。为了描述6061-T6铝合金材料在复杂工况下的力学特性,进行了准静态和动态力学性能试验。基于不同应力状态和应变率下铝合金力学性能的测试数据,标定了材料的本构模型和断裂模型参数,并通过对比试验与仿真结果验证了材料参数的准确性。为了实现拉伸试验机开展铝合金薄板剪切试验,设计四种形状的薄板剪切试件,采用数值模拟对比所设计剪切试件的应力及应变分布,并分析不同剪切应变率对6061-T6铝合金材料剪切力学特性的影响规律。结果表明：圆形开口对称试件适用于研究塑性变形阶段的失效断裂,而圆形开口偏置试件适用于研究弹性变形阶段的应力应变关系。在低剪切应变率范围内,6061-T6铝合金无显著的应变率强化效应,然而随着应变率的增加敏感性有所提高。     

Statistical analysis on mechanical properties of friction-stir-welded AA 1050/AA 5083 couples

In this study, the effect of friction-stir welding (FSW) parameters such as spindle rotational speed, traverse speed, and stirrer geometry on mechanical properties of AA 1050/AA 5083 alloy couples were experimentally investigated. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness of welded joints were determined for this purpose. The full-factorial experimental design was conducted to obtain the response measurements. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and main effect plot were used to determine the significant parameters and set the optimal level for each parameter. A linear regression equation was derived to predict each output characteristic. The experimental and predicted values were in a good agreement with a R ² of 0.82 and 0.93 for UTS and hardness, respectively.     

Evaluation of component repair using direct metal deposition from scanned data

In this work, the repair volume of AISI H13 tool steel samples with hemisphere-shaped defects was reconstructed through reverse engineering and the samples were repaired by laser-aided direct metal deposition (DMD) using Co-based alloys powder as the filler material. Microstructure characterization and elemental distribution of deposits were analyzed using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Mechanical properties of repaired samples were evaluated via tensile test and microhardness measurement. The experiment showed that a gap between deposits and substrate exists if only employing the tool path generated from the reconstructed repair volume but the gap can be removed by depositing an extra layer covering that region. Microstructure and tensile test confirmed strong metallurgical bond in the interface. Defect-free columnar structure dominated the deposits near the interface while other regions of deposits consisted of dendrite structure with interdendritic eutectics. The tensile test showed that the repaired samples have a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and lower ductility compared with those of base metal. Fractography from tensile test showed repaired samples fractured brittlely at the deposits section with cracking propagating along the grain boundaries. The hardness measurement showed that the deposited layers have a much higher hardness in comparison to the substrate.     

应力波载荷作用下CFRP、GFRP层板动态拉伸性能的实验研究

介绍了Hopkinson杆冲击拉伸实验设备以及实验技术,推导了应力、应变的计算公式。利用Hopkinson杆加载装置对CFRP、GFRP层合板进行了冲击拉伸实验研究,得到不同应变率下CFRP、GFRP层板的应力、应变(бε)曲线,以及断裂强度、拉伸模量、断裂应变等力学参数,以期对复合材料层板在冲击拉伸情况下动态力学行为和变形、破坏机理有一个初步的认识。     

Surface modification and characterization of zirconium carbide particulate reinforced C70600 CuNi composite fabricated via friction stir processing

In the present research work, Friction stir processing (FSP) technique has been applied to develop a C70600 graded copper-nickel (CuNi) Surface metal matrix composite (SMMC) reinforced with and without addition of ZrCp. Rotational and traverse speeds were set as 1200 rpm and 30 mm/min, respectively. The fabricated SMMC were metallurgically characterized by using Optical microscope (OM) and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The homogeneous distribution of ZrC particles and good interfacial bonding between matrix/reinforcement were observed via OM and FESEM microscopes. The microhardness of the CuNi/ZrC surface composite was observed by using microhardness tester at the cross section of the sample. The average higher microhardness of 148 Hv at CuNi/ZrC SMMC and lower microhardness of 115 Hv at FSPed CuNi was found. The Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value was measured by using micro tensile testing machine. The UTS value of CuNi/ZrC composite and FSPed CuNi were observed to be 310 MPa and 302 MPa, respectively. The mode of fracture was also observed via FESEM. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) test was carried out to confirm the presence of CuNi & ZrC in the SMMC layer.     

Dynamic tensile characteristics of TRIP-type and DP-type steel sheets for an auto-body

This paper is concerned with the dynamic tensile characteristics of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-type and dual phase (DP)-type steel sheets at intermediate strain rates ranging from 0.003 to 200 s⁻¹. The dynamic responses of TRIP600, TRIP800, DP600 and DP800 steel sheets are investigated with the evaluation of stress–strain curves, the strain rate sensitivity, the fracture elongation and the effect of pre-strain. The dynamic responses were acquired from dynamic tensile tests at the intermediate strain rates with a high-speed material testing machine developed. Experiments were carried out with specimens whose dimensions were carefully determined by finite element analyses and experiments to induce uniform deformation in the gauge section at the intermediate strain rates. The tensile tests provide stress–strain curves and the strain rate sensitivity. Experimental results show two important aspects for TRIP-type and DP-type steel sheets quantitatively: The flow stress increases as the strain rate increases and the fracture elongation and the formability of TRIP-type sheets are better than those of DP-type sheets at the intermediate strain rates. The pre-strain effect was also investigated for two types of metals at the intermediate strain rates. TRIP600 and DP600 steel specimens pre-stained by 5% and 10% were elongated at the strain rate of 0.003 s⁻¹ for quasi-static loading, and then tested at strain rates of 0.003, 1, 10 and 100 s⁻¹. The results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of TRIP600 and DP600 steels are noticeably influenced by the pre-strain when the strain rate is over 1 s⁻¹. The ultimate tensile strength as well as the yield stress increases due to the pre-strain.     

The effects of glass fiber reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of polyurethane foam

In this paper, the mechanical properties of polyurethane foam (PUF) reinforced with glass fiber (RPUF) and non-reinforced PUF were investigated and compared to evaluate their structural applicability and failure criteria. The effects of glass fiber reinforcement were analyzed by tensile, compression, and repetitive impact testing. In the compression test, the differences of compressive response were analyzed by specimen directions, and tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the strain rate sensitivity of two materials in the low strain rate regime (έ<0.1/s). Structural impact tests were carried out using dry drop tests and custom-made equipment. The dimensions of the test PUF specimens were 340 mm × 340 mm × 270 mm. Reaction forces were measured at the bottom of the specimen using impact load sensors with the capacity to measure up to 100 ton. Deformation due to impact load was measured using a high-speed camera system. The time histories of the impact load versus displacement behavior during repetitive impact loading were analyzed. This study presents a comprehensive understanding of the effect of fiber reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of PUF.     

Influence of temperature on a low-cycle fatigue behavior of a ferritic stainless steel

The main objective of this study is to reveal the effect of dynamic strain ageing (DSA) on a ferritic stainless steel with detail relation to monotonic and cyclic responses over a wide range of temperatures. For assessing the effect of strain rate on mechanical properties, tensile test results are studied at two different strain rates of 2×10^?3/s and 2×10^?4/s. Typical responses of this material are compared with other alloy in literatures that exhibits DSA. Serrations in monotonic stress-strain curves and anomalous dependence of tensile properties with temperatures are attributed to the DSA effect. The low cycle fatigue curves exhibit prominent hardening and negative temperature dependence of half-life plastic strain amplitude in temperatures between 300°C–500°C which can be explained by DSA phenomenon. The regime for dependence of marked cyclic hardening lies within the DSA regime of anomalous dependence of flow stress and dynamic strain hardening stress with temperature and negative strain rate sensitivity regime of monotonic response. It is believed that shortened fatigue life observed in the intermediate temperature is mainly due to the adverse effect of DSA. An empirical life prediction model is addressed for as-received material to consider the effect of temperature on fatigue life. The numbers of load reversals obtained from experiment and predicted from fatigue parameter are compared and found to be in good agreement.     

高应变率对AM60镁合金力学性能的影响

分别采用静态拉伸试验机和冲击拉伸试验机测定了AM60压铸镁合金在不同应变率下(0.000 1,0.01,300和1 400 S-1)的拉伸力学性能,重点分析了高应变率对合金力学性能的影响,并用扫描电镜(SEM)对拉伸断口进行了分析.结果表明:在应变率很低和很高时,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度随着应变率的增加变化不大;从静态和动态(高应变率)结果综合比较来看,应变率对强度和断后伸长率有一定的影响,而弹性模量则对应变率不敏感;另外,动态和静态的断裂方式基本相同,都是以准解理断裂为主,局部区域呈沿晶断裂,局部区域存在典型的缩松断裂形貌.     

复合材料率相关本构模型的研究

在不同温度环境下,利用ＭＴＳ材料试验机,在中等应变速率（１／ｓ）下,对玻璃布－环氧层板的动态力学性能进行了实验研究,获得了杨氏模量、拉伸强度和泊松比等力学参数;对该层板材料在不同温度、不同应变速率下的应力应变曲线和破坏过程进行了分析讨论。根据实验数据,拟合了玻璃布－环氧层板材料的本构关系