温度对大头金蝇Chrysomyia megacephala(Fabricius)幼虫体长变化的影响

法医昆虫学已普遍用来确定凶杀案件中的死亡时间,而蝇蛆体长是较常应用到的指标.为了明确温度对蝇类幼虫体长变化的影响,在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃等恒温下对重要的法医昆虫大头金绳幼虫体长变化进行了观察.结果表明幼虫体长的变化可分为两个阶段,增长期和缩减期.增长期幼虫体长变化迅速,缩减期变化缓慢,只是在化蛹前不久幼虫体长才迅速缩减至蛹长.不同恒温下增长期和缩减期所需时间不同.利用Loglstic的改进方程y=(a+bx)/(1+exp(c+dx))对不同恒温下体长随时间的变化情况进行了模拟,模拟效果较好.     

不同尸体材料上蝇类滋生及丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata生长发育比较

为了探明不同动物尸体上蝇类滋生及生长发育的差异，放置不同尸体材料于杭州室外诱使蝇类滋生，同时在室内２４℃恒温下用以上尸体材料饲养丝光绿蝇。结果表明：在灵长类、猪、牛等动物材料上滋生的蝇类种类及各种类的大体数量没有明显差异；２４℃下在所有尸体材料上丝光绿蝇的发育历期没有显著差异；对幼虫及蛹体长多重比较，表明体长在灵长类、猪、牛、鱼等之间差异不显著，而在脏器与肌肉之间差异显著     

不同尸体材料上蝇类滋生及丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata生？…

为了探明不同动物尸体上蝇类滋生及生长发育的差异，放置不同尸体材料于杭州室外诱使蝇类滋生，同时在室内２４℃恒温下用以上尸体材料的饲养丝光绿蝇，结果表明：在灵长类、猪、牛等动物材料上滋生的蝇类种类及各种类的大体数量没有明显差异：２４℃下在所有尸体材料上丝光绿蝇的发育历期没有显著差异；对幼虫有蛹体长多重比较，表明体长在灵长类、猪、牛、鱼等之间差异不显著，而在脏器与从之间差异显著。     

巨尾阿丽蝇幼虫表皮几丁质片层的透射电镜观察

本文对15℃、25℃和30℃恒温条件下，巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichinagrahami幼虫表皮几丁质片层厚度和数量进行了观察。结果表明(1)片层数量，1龄幼虫最多为8层，2龄幼虫11层，3龄幼虫因温度而异，15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃下分别为69层、77层、92层和81层；(2)片层厚度，新分泌片层明显厚于老片层，平均片层厚度随发育时间而逐渐增加，达到最大值后再逐渐变薄；(3)片层沉积速率，在不同恒温下明显不同，沉积速率与发育时间不成线性相关。利用幼虫表皮几丁质片层变动，可以作为一种比较可靠的估计日龄的有效方法。     

大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala幼虫发育形态学及其在死亡时间推断中的应用探讨

为了明确对于凶杀案件中死亡时间判断有重要意义的蝇类幼虫的形态特征变化规律,在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃饲养了大头金蝇并定期取样,显微镜下观察其形态变化.结果表明后气门形态、表皮、消化道等随时间而发生规律性的变化可作为幼虫日龄的标志.据此将幼虫期划分为8个阶段.不同温度下到达上述各阶段的时间不同,低温下需要时间长,高温下需要时间短.文中同时也观察了幼虫各龄的形态特征.     

大头金蝇蛹发育形态学用于死亡时间判断的基础研究

为了明确对于凶杀案件中死亡时间判断有重要意义的蝇蛹的形态随时间的变化规律 ,在 16、 2 0、2 4、 2 8、 32℃饲养了大头金蝇并定期取样、解剖 ,显微镜下观察其体表形态变化。结果表明 :大头金蝇蛹期可划分为 7个阶段。不同恒温下达到以上阶段的所需时间不同 ,高温下短而低温下长     

不同温度对广州管圆线虫感染期幼虫的杀灭作用

目的探究广州管圆线虫感染期幼虫（第Ⅲ期幼虫）在不同温度不同时间下的生存及死亡情况（死亡率）。方法采用人工消化法,从自然感染的褐云玛瑙螺中提取广州管圆线虫感染期幼虫,将其放人不同温度（35～90℃）的热水中,分别作用不同时间（1～20min）,取出置解剖镜下观察虫体的变化情况。结果在1～20min内．45℃以下温度对感染期幼虫不具有杀灭作用．死亡率为0;50～55％温度对感染期幼虫有轻度的杀灭作用,死亡率为12．00％～97．33％;60～65℃温度对感染期幼虫有一定强度的杀灭作用,死亡率为57．39％～100．00％;70～75℃温度对感染期幼虫有很强的杀灭作用,死亡率为97．22％～100．00％;在80℃以上温度时感染期幼虫迅速死亡,死亡率为100．00％。结论45℃以下温度,20min内对广州管圆线虫感染期幼虫没有杀灭作用;50～75℃温度,1～20min,对大多数广州管圆线虫感染期幼虫具有杀灭作用,温度越高,时间越长,杀灭作用越强;80％以上温度,1～20min,对广州管圆线虫感染期幼虫具有完全杀灭作用。     

杜氏绳蚋蛹和幼虫的补充描述（双翅目：蚋科）

2006年5月,从香港采集一些蚋成虫和幼期标本,经鉴定为杜氏绳蚋Simulium(Gomphostilbia)dudgeoni Takaokaand Davies,1995和崎岛蚋Simulium(Simulium)sakishimaense Takaoka,1977。前一蚋种是以两性成虫发表的新种,对蛹和幼虫的形态未作过描述。本文仅对蛹和幼虫的形态作补充描述。观察标本有13♀,1♂,4蛹和3条幼虫。该蚋隶属绳蚋亚属Ceylonicum组。上述标本保存在北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

杀虫隆对末龄幼虫家蝇表皮成分及体内激素滴度的影响

用不同剂量的几丁质合成抑制剂杀虫隆 (Triflumuron)饲喂家蝇 (Muscadomestica)幼虫后 ,对末龄幼虫表皮的化学成分进行定量分析 ,结果表明表皮中几丁质的含量减少了 2 2 6 %～ 4 6 3%。杀虫隆对表皮粗脂肪的合成稍有促进作用 ,但影响不显著。用高浓度 (>1mg L)杀虫隆处理家蝇幼虫后能明显提高表皮中粗蛋白的含量。用高效液相色谱法测定家蝇末龄幼虫不同时龄血淋巴中蜕皮激素和保幼激素的含量变化 ,结果表明杀虫隆能强烈抑制末龄幼虫血淋巴中蜕皮激素的滴度峰 ,但对峰期以外时间的滴度没有显著影响。杀虫隆可使末龄幼虫的保幼激素滴度在 2 4时龄前维持在高于正常幼虫的水平 ,2 4时龄后 ,对照组血淋巴中的保幼激素滴度开始上升 ,在 4 8时龄时上升到一较高值 ,而处理组却在 4 8时龄时下降到较低水平     

埃及伊蚊腺苷脱氨酶相关基因的鉴定和表达分析

为了筛选和鉴定埃及伊蚊全基因组中腺苷脱氨酶相关基因,并分析其在蚊虫不同发育时期、雌蚊不同组织中的表达差异,本文运用模式昆虫黑腹果蝇Dm-ADA基因的ADA结构域序列在NCBI埃及伊蚊全基因组数据库中筛选并鉴定埃及伊蚊ADA相关基因,采用ExPASy在线相关工具包分析其理化性质和结构域,运用Signal P4.0预测信号肽,结合使用Gene Doc和Mega6.0软件包进行同源性比对和构建系统进化树构建。首先提取埃及伊蚊不同发育时期(卵、Ι~Ⅳ龄幼虫、蛹、未吸血雌蚊、雄蚊)、雌蚊不同组织(唾液腺、中肠、脂肪体和卵巢)RNA并逆转录为cDNA,利用荧光实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法对埃及伊蚊不同发育时期和雌蚊不同组织表达谱进行相对定量分析。结果显示,从埃及伊蚊全基因组中获得3条具有完整开放阅读码框的ADA相关基因(Aa-ADAL、Aa-ADGF-A、Aa-ADGF-B);尽管不同物种ADA基因家族成员间相似性较低,但8个酶活性位点高度保守。Aa-ADAL在2龄幼虫期(7.88)、卵巢(8.05)高表达;Aa-ADGF-A在3龄幼虫期(7.25)高表达;Aa-ADGF-B在雌蚊唾液腺(10.07)显著高表达。经分析,2条属于ADA2/ADGF亚家族,1条属于ADAL亚家族。     

Exercise and sleep: body-heating effects

Eight physically trained subjects underwent three experimental conditions on separate occasions between 1400 and 1800 h. Two conditions acted as controls for a high-intensity exercise (HI) condition of treadmill running at 80% VO2 max for a total of 80 min. The rate of body heating was modelled in a no-exercise passive heating condition (PH), and the total exercise load was replicated in a low-intensity condition (LI) at 40% VO2 max for 160 min. LI produced no slow-wave sleep (SWS--stages 3 + 4 sleep) changes, but was the only condition to produce significant increases in sleep length and in non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (stages 1 + 2 + 3 + 4), and a significant decrease in sleep onset time. Although HI and PH produced similar SWS increases, these consisted of significant increases in stage 3 sleep for HI and in stage 4 sleep for PH. No REM sleep parameter was affected under any condition. Self-estimates of presleep tiredness produced no significant findings. It was concluded that a high and sustained rate of body heating for 1-2 h, particularly the inherent rapid rates of core temperature increase and of body dehydration, may trigger a SWS response, and that exercise may simply be a vehicle for these effects.     

The effect of rate of cooling, time of day and light regime on the shivering response in rabbits.

In man hypothermia exists when core temperature (Tc) falls below 35 degrees C. The onset of hypothermia is often insidious in that it can occur without any particular symptoms of serious discomfort. There is evidence that this decrease in thermosensitivity is most likely to occur when the rate of body cooling is slow. In addition there is some evidence that the susceptibility to become hypothermic varies with the circadian rhythm of Tc, particularly in animals maintained under constant light conditions. A systematic investigation has been carried out to determine whether the thermoregulatory response to body core cooling is affected by the rate of change of body temperature, the time of day at which the cooling takes place and/or by the light regime under which the animals are maintained. The investigation was made in rabbits maintained either under a 12-h light/dark (LD) cycle or under conditions of continuous light (LL). Thermosensitivity (relationship between falling Tc and the induced increase in metabolic heat production) was determined at two different rates of body cooling (1 degrees C decrease in core temperature in either 30 or 160 min.) and at different times of the day. A chronically implanted intravascular heat exchanger was used to extract heat from the animals. The results indicate that neither the rate of body cooling nor the time of day at which the cooling took place had any clear effect on the shivering response. Likewise there was no clear difference in the shivering response of the animals maintained under (LD) conditions as compared to those maintained under (LL) conditions.     

The effect of rate of cooling,time of day and light regime on the shivering response in rabbits

In man hypothermia exists when core temperature (T_e) falls below 35 °C. The onset of hypothermia is often insidious in that it can occur without any particular symptoms of serious discomfort. There is evidence that this decrease in thermosensitivity is most likely to occur when the rate of body cooling is slow. In addition there is some evidence that the susceptibility to become hypothermic varies with the circadian rhythm of T_e, particularly in animals maintained under constant light conditions. A systematic investigation has been carried out to determine whether the thermoregulatory response to body core cooling is affected by the rate of change of body temperature, the time of day at which the cooling takes place and/or by the light regime under which the animals are maintained. The investigation was made in rabbits maintained either under a 12-h light/dark (LD) cycle or under conditions of continuous light (LL). Thermosensitivity (relationship between falling T_e and the induced increase in metabolic heat production) was determined at two different rates of body cooling (1 °C decrease in core temperature in either 30 or 160 min.) and at different times of the day. A chronically implanted intravascular heat exchanger was used to extract heat from the animals. The results indicate that neither the rate of body cooling nor the time of day at which the cooling took place had any clear effect on the shivering response. Likewise there was no clear difference in the shivering response of the animals maintained under (LD) conditions as compared to those maintained under (LL) conditions.     

Effects of humid heat exposure on human sleep stages and body temperature.

The objective of this study was to confirm the effect of humid heat exposure on sleep stages and body temperature. Seven healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 22.7+/-1.63, served as the subjects. The experiments were carried out under four different conditions of room temperature and relative humidity: 29 degrees C RH 50% (29/50), 29 degrees C RH 75% (29/75), 35 degrees C RH 50% (35/50), and 35 degrees C RH 75% (35/75). The subjects wearing only shorts slept from 23:00 to 7:00 on a bed, which was covered with a 100% cotton sheet. EEG, EOG, and mental EMG were recorded through the night. Rectal temperature (Tr) and skin temperature were measured continuously. The 35/75 condition caused more wake and a lower sleep efficiency index (SEI) and stage S3+S4 than 29/50 and 29/75. Stage REM and stage 3 were significantly decreased at 35/75 than at 29/50 and 35/50. Tr was maintained at a higher level at 35/75 than under the other conditions. Mean skin temperature was higher at 35/50 and 35/75 than at 29/50 and 29/75. These results suggest that humid heat exposure during night sleep increases the thermal load to supress the sleep-evoked Tr decrease, stage 3, SWS, and REM, and increase wakefulness.     

Effects of total body core cooling on heat production of conscious goats

Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of general body core cooling on heat production at various air temperatures between +1°C and +56°C in conscious goats. An intravascular heat exchanger (IVHE) was used to alter body core temperature independently of air temperature. Heat loss via the IVHE caused a fall in body core temperature, the extent of which depended on the rate of extraction and air temperature. Irrespective of air temperature the decrease in body core temperature resulted in shivering and an increase in heat production, which eventually balanced the heat loss. During steady state conditions the extra heat production was approximately equal to that lost via the IVHE. The threshold body core temperature at which heat production increased in response to central cooling did not significantly alter with air temperature. However, the slopes of the curves describing this response were smaller at higher than at lower air temperatures, which indicated that central thermosensitivity decreased with increasing air temperature. Irrespective of air temperature the threshold temperatures for shivering were higher and the slopes of the curves were steeper than those previously found with combined cooling of the hypothalamus and spinal cord in the same species which indicated the existence of central thermosensors outside the above two mentioned areas.     

Climate niches of tick species in the Mediterranean region: modeling of occurrence data, distributional constraints, and impact of climate change

In this study, we used ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) and principal components analysis (PCA) of climate variables to define the climate niches and areas of potential colonization of six species of ticks in the Mediterranean region: Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer, Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini & Fanzago, Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerantsev, Matikashvili & Lototsky, Hyalomma marginatum Koch, Hyalomma excavatum Koch, and Boophilus annulatus (Say). ENFA generated distribution models that varied in accuracy from high to very high (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.87-0.97), with the lowest AUC obtained for B. annulatus. PCA provided an adequate separation of the climate niches of different species in the reduced space of the variables. Climate scenarios and factorial consensus analysis were used to evaluate the geographic impact of climate change (as turnover in habitat suitability) on the niches of the ticks and net variations in habitat availability. The scenario that was most compatible with estimates of future climate in the Mediterranean region (increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall) was predicted to produce a sharp increase in the extent of suitable habitat for R. bursa, R. turanicus, and H. marginatum. This scenario would result in a northward expansion of suitable habitat areas for these three species. The highest impact (highest species turnover) would be recorded at the margin of the current distribution range of the three species. A sensitivity analysis of the ecological response of the ticks to the climate change scenarios showed that the response is statistically different in different regions of the PCA-derived niche. These results outline the need to further investigate the potential of bioclimate models to obtain accurate estimations of tick species turnover under conditions of climate change over wide areas.     

体表不同温度区下深部温度的测定

目的 了解体表高低温区下深部组织温度，探讨体表温度形成的机理。方法 应用红外热像技术和插入式测温方法，本文对家兔自然状态下体表不同温度区下（皮下、表皮下8、15、25mm）的组织温度进行测定。结果 （1）自然状态下体表温度是不均匀的，体表与皮下温度无显著性差异；（2）随测温深度的增加，温度有逐渐增高的趋势；（3）体表温度较高的部位，其深部温度亦较高。结论 自然状态下体表温度的高低由深部温度所决定。     

Physical stimulation reduces the brain temperature of infant rats

Previous work indicated that physical stimulation, such as that which mimics the stimulation pups receive from the dam, reduces pup body temperature. The present paper reports that the body and brain temperature of 5-day-old pups covaried under steady-state thermal conditions, cold exposure, and warmth exposure (Expt. 1) suggesting that body thermoregulatory mechanisms may also regulate brain temperature. Indeed, physically stimulating pups decreased brain temperature in the neocortex (Expt. 2) and the olfactory bulb (Expt. 3). The mechanism for this brain temperature decrease appears to be an increase in ventilatory heat exchange, the same mechanism responsible for the decrease in body temperature. Pups increased respiration during stimulation, thereby increasing air flow to the lungs where convective and evaporative heat exchange occurred. Indeed, stimulating pups in a high-humidity environment blocked the decrease in brain temperature (Expt. 4). The ability of physical stimulation to decrease brain temperature appears to be limited to neonatal pups, as 10-, 15-, and 20-day-old pups did not exhibit a brain temperature decrease in response to stimulation (Expt. 5).     

Sustained Axial Loading Lengthens Arteries in Organ Culture

Although it has been recognized for many years that arteries in vivo exist under significant axial strain, studies of the adaptation of arteries to elevated axial strain have only recently been conducted. To determine the effects of sustained elevation of axial loading on arterial structure and function, axial stresses of 250 kPa or greater were applied to porcine common carotid arteries maintained in a perfusion organ culture system for 7 days at physiologic pressure and flow conditions. Our results demonstrated that axial stretch could lead to an increase in unloaded length that was proportional to the axial stretch ratio (stretched length divided by unloaded length) when the axial stretch ratio was above a threshold value of 2.14. Below this threshold, no significant length change occurred. Above this threshold, a significant increase in unloaded length (13 ± %,) and the number of smooth muscle cell nuclei (20 ± 7%) was observed. Permanent length change was associated with a significant decrease in axial stiffness, and the maximum elongation achieved was limited by rupture of the arterial wall. All tested arteries demonstrated good viability and strong vasomotor responses. These results show that arteries in organ culture can elongate under sustained axial loading.     

Comparison of amplitude of human soleus H-reflex during sitting and standing.

The modulation of the H-reflex in the human soleus muscle under conditions of different length or of background EMG activity was compared in 7 healthy subjects under three conditions: sitting, standing with support, and standing without support. The amplitude of the H-reflex increased when the muscle was shortened in both the sitting and standing conditions. The degree of increase in H-reflex was smaller during standing than sitting for the same change in muscle length. The H-reflex was augmented according to the increase of the background EMG. The "reflex gain", the ratio of the increase in amplitude of the H-reflex to soleus muscle EMG activity, decreased on sitting, standing with support and standing without support, ranked in that order. From these observations, it is concluded that the H-reflex is modulated by both muscle length and the degree of postural stability. The modulation of the reflex could be interpreted in terms of gain compensation and would serve to stabilize posture. A decrease in reflex gain may be appropriate in stabilizing the spinal reflex feedback loop during standing, especially without support.