本溪老母岭野生北细辛群落的稳定性及草本层优势种种间关系分析

目的：分析老母岭北细辛群落的特征和稳定性及草本优势种种间关系，为北细辛中药资源保护和利用提供理论依据。方法：采用样地调查法和数量生态学方法研究北细辛的群落组成、结构和生态位特征。采用方差比率、Fisher确切检验、Spearman秩相关分析草本层种间关系；采用种间联结系数、Ochiai指数、Dice指数、Jaccard指数确定关联程度。结果：物种多样性：草本层>灌木层>乔木层；北细辛与25个种有生态位重叠；草本层种间总体呈不显著负关联；种对间Fisher确切检验和Spearman秩相关正负比为0.498 0和0.491 7；多数种对呈负联结或弱联结；草本层植物频率不符合Raunkiaer频度定律，群落未达到稳定状态。结论：群落草本层种间联结松散关联性较弱，处于不稳定演替状态，北细辛种群有被取代的风险，应加强对北细辛群落保护，避免过多人为干扰；与北细辛呈较强正关联的植物如荨麻叶龙头草、红花变豆菜、北野豌豆等可作为北细辛适生环境的参考。     

四川攀西珍贵野生药用植物──灯盏细辛

介绍野生药用植物灯盏细辛的主要特征、特性、化学成分、药效及功能和栽培技术等,为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供参考。     

四川攀西珍贵野生药用植物——灯盏细辛

介绍野生药用植物灯盏细辛的主要特征、特性、化学成分、药效及功能和栽培技术等,为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供参考。     

利用ISSR和SRAP标记分析细辛资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系

采用ISSR、SRAP分子标记对61份细辛资源进行遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析,结果表明:(1)ISSR标记平均每条引物可获得8.35个DNA片段,多态性比率为86.3%,SRAP标记平均每对引物可获得7.85个DNA片段,多态性比率为86.0%。(2)利用相同数量的引物,ISSR标记揭示的多态性略高于SRAP标记。(3)按照种质间相似系数得出聚类图,可将所有细辛资源分开,在依据ISSR标记聚类分析中,生物学上北细辛和汉城细辛的划分,其作用不如地域来源的效应。SRAP分子标记中,大部分资源的聚类与地域性有关,但有4份汉城细辛优先聚类,SRAP分子标记在揭示基因组差异方面有一定的优势。(4)2种分子标记的聚类图中,来自同一产地的北细辛和汉城细辛优先聚类,其亲缘关系更近。聚类图中未出现北细辛与汉城细辛分别聚类。分子标记分类与传统植物学分类不一致。     

北京山区野生花卉资源及开发利用

本文论述了北京山区的野生花卉资源及其利用现状 ,分析了北京山区开发野生花卉的前景 ,指出北京山区在野生花卉的开发利用中应重点加强五个方面 (野生花卉的引种驯化、确定野生花卉的发展方向、保护性的开发利用野生花卉、加强野生花卉的生化毒性研究、加强野生花卉的育种 )工作 ,使之成为北京地区的主要产业之一。     

北细辛挥发油对二斑叶螨的毒性及其酶的影响

采用气相/质谱分析了北细辛挥发油的化学成分,并研究了北细辛挥发油对二斑叶螨的薰蒸毒性,以及对谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GSTs)与Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:有9种含量大于1%的化学成分占北细辛挥发油总量的86.1%,其中甲基丁香酚含量最高(22.9%),其次为黄樟醚(19.8%);北细辛挥发油在8μg/mL时对二斑叶螨的熏蒸毒性最强,其24和48 h的螨死亡率分别为72.6%和100%;以4μg/mL北细辛挥发油薰蒸,在24 h内螨Na+,K+-ATP酶活性下降、GSTs活性升高。本研究结果提示北细辛挥发油有开发为农业用杀螨剂的潜在价值。     

灯盏细辛的家化栽培

报道了灯盏细辛（Erigeron breviscapus(Vant.)Hand.-Mazz.)家化栽培的方法和应用前景,提出为保护野生资源和实施药材生产的可持续发展,采用有性繁殖方法来解决人工栽培中的种苗繁育问题,利用种子育苗,种苗繁育速度快,同时育苗的成本大大低于组培苗,这是野生资源保护和可持续利用最快捷和有效的途径,通过栽培试验,在了解它的生态习性和生物学特性的基础上,制订相应的栽培措施,为灯盏细辛的人工栽培和推动生产基地的建设,积累了基本资料和数据。     

湖北细辛属植物的引种栽培研究

湖北是我国细辛属折分布中心之一。历年来由于大量采挖作为药用,野生资源日渐枯竭。细辛属植物亦具有较高的观赏价值。在日本已广为应用,但在我国却栽培很少,中国科学院武汉植物研究所药园自１９５９年以来,先后引种栽培成功１１种细辛属植物,对它们的物候期和生物发育作了观察,并根据各植物的生长习性,提出了相庆的栽培技术措施,为该属植物的引种栽培提供了科学依据。     

北细辛丁香酚合成酶基因克隆及其表达分析

丁香酚合成酶(eugenol synthase, EGS)是北细辛(Asarum heterotropoides)主要活性成分甲基丁香酚体内合成途径中的关键酶之一。该研究根据北细辛转录组数据库中筛选到的序列设计特异引物,以RT-PCR法扩增获得北细辛丁香酚合成酶基因(AhEGS)的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,进行了相应的生物信息学分析。同时运用实时定量PCR法分析AhEGS在不同发育时期(幼叶期、花期、果期)和不同组织部位(叶、根茎、根)中的表达谱,并进行原核表达分析。结果显示:(1)AhEGS基因ORF序列长为951 bp,编码316个氨基酸,理论分子量为34.93 kD,等电点为6.19,AhEGS蛋白为亲水性蛋白,无跨膜结构,无信号肽序列;同源序列比对发现,北细辛AhEGS与月季RcEGS(AFQ98278.1)同源性最高。(2)实时定量PCR分析表明,AhEGS基因在北细辛幼叶期的根中表达量最高。(3)成功构建了原核表达载体pET28a-AhEGS-BL21,经pET28a-AhEGS重组子转化E.coli BL21(DE3),SDS-PAGE检测显示在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)中诱导产生了35 kD左右的特异性蛋白,与理论分子量一致;最佳诱导条件为16℃、14 h, IPTG浓度为0.2 mmol/L。该研究首次克隆了北细辛的EGS基因,构建了原核表达载体,筛选出该蛋白最佳诱导条件,研究结果为北细辛甲基丁香酚代谢工程的应用奠定基础。     

北细辛超临界萃取物挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用超临界流体萃取法(SFE)和水蒸气蒸馏法分别对北细辛根及根茎进行提取分离,分别得5.5%SFE萃取物和2.8%挥发油。应用GC-MS分析,从北细辛SFE萃取物中鉴定出7种化学成分,占萃取物总量的72.70%,其中甲基丁香酚为44.62%;从细辛挥发油中鉴定出19种化学成分,占挥发油总量的88.53%,其中甲基丁香酚为43.02%。两种方法有6种成分完全相同,其中致癌物质黄樟油素SFE法比蒸馏法低2.8倍。北细辛根及根茎超临界萃取物与水蒸汽蒸馏挥发油主要成分相同,但其化学组成存在较大差异,提示药效亦不相同。超临界流体萃取法是剂型改革的有效方法之一。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Analysis of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes

The availability of multiple, complete eukaryotic genome sequences allows one to address many fundamental evolutionary questions on genome scale. One such important, long-standing problem is evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes. Analysis of orthologous genes from completely sequenced genomes revealed numerous shared intron positions in orthologous genes from animals and plants and even between animals, plants and protists. The data on shared and lineage-specific intron positions were used as the starting point for evolutionary reconstruction with parsimony and maximum-likelihood approaches. Parsimony methods produce reconstructions with intron-rich ancestors but also infer lineage-specific, in many cases, high levels of intron loss and gain. Different probabilistic models gave opposite results, apparently depending on model parameters and assumptions, from domination of intron loss, with extremely intron-rich ancestors, to dramatic excess of gains, to the point of denying any true conservation of intron positions among deep eukaryotic lineages. Development of models with adequate, realistic parameters and assumptions seems to be crucial for obtaining more definitive estimates of intron gain and loss in different eukaryotic lineages. Many shared intron positions were detected in ancestral eukaryotic paralogues which evolved by duplication prior to the divergence of extant eukaryotic lineages. These findings indicate that numerous introns were present in eukaryotic genes already at the earliest stages of evolution of eukaryotes and are compatible with the hypothesis that the original, catastrophic intron invasion accompanied the emergence of the eukaryotic cells. Comparison of various features of old and younger introns starts shedding light on probable mechanisms of intron insertion, indicating that propagation of old introns is unlikely to be a major mechanism for origin of new ones. The existence and structure of ancestral protosplice sites were addressed by examining the context of introns inserted within codons that encode amino acids conserved in all eukaryotes and, accordingly, are not subject to selection for splicing efficiency. It was shown that introns indeed predominantly insert into or are fixed in specific protosplice sites which have the consensus sequence (A/C)AG|Gt.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效分析

目的：分析激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。方法：将120例处于增殖期血管瘤患儿分成观察组和对照组各60例,观察组给予激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗,对照组采用激光治疗,比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果：观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．7％和66．7％,两组比较具有显著差异,P〈0．05;对于表浅病灶,观察组治疗的有效率为96．8％,对照组为84．8％,两组之间无差异,P〉0．05;对于深部病灶,观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．6％和44．4％,具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤具有较好的疗效,尤其对深部增殖期的血管瘤具有较好的效果,适合在临床推广应用。     

东南沿海部队皮肤浅部真菌病的调查研究

目的了解东南沿海部队官兵近年真菌菌种构成情况及调查浅部真菌病非高发季节的患病率。方法于11月对浙江地区和福建地区某部队官兵共324人进行浅部真菌病患病情况调查,通过临床检查确定皮肤病种类和感染人(次),对于临床诊断为浅部真菌病的官兵进行真菌镜检证实后明确诊断,并留菌种进行真菌培养。结果真菌感染性疾病患病率为55.2%(324人中179人发病),其中手足癣158人次(48.8%),体股癣35人次(10.8%),花斑癣24人次(7.4%),马拉色菌毛囊炎18人次(5.6%),甲癣5人次(1.5%)。真菌镜检阳性率为76.36%,首位致病菌为红色毛癣菌71株,占84.5%。结论部队尤其是亚热带地区部队,浅部真菌病的患病率较高,不同驻地官兵患皮肤浅部真菌病有差异,而服役年限及兵源与患皮肤浅部真菌病之间无显著差异。     

Mechanisms of action of disinfectants

Disinfectants and biocides are a chemically diverse group of agents which are generally considered to exhibit poor selective toxicity. This should not be mistaken for poor target specificity, however, and much is now known concerning the damaging interactions which may arise between bacterial cell and disinfectant agent. Critical governing features of these interactions are the physicochemical characteristics of the chemical agent, cell morphology, and the physiological status of the microorganism. Antibacterial events include membrane disruption, macromolecule dysfunction, and metabolic inhibition; the consequential effect is determined by the relative contribution(s) of the target(s) to microbial cell survival and the possible initiation of self-destructive processes. Disinfection kinetics offer a measure to differentiate between physiochemical and chemical interactions.Increasingly demanding disinfectant applications require more sophisticated use of biocidal systems. Approaches include: agents in combination, whereby a knowledge of mechanism of action assists in designing optimal mixtures; intracellular biocide delivery, using cellular transport processes to overcome cellular barriers; and targeted donation of biocide from delivery systems, requiring an understanding of target reactivity.A knowledge of disinfection mechanisms provides a basis from which novel chemistries and synergistic combinations may be developed.     

Evaluation of new biomarkers of stress in saliva of sheep

Some routine handling procedures can produce stress in farm animals, and an adequate control of these stressors is important to avoid the negative effects on animal health and production. The measurement of biomarkers in saliva can be a suitable tool for the evaluation and control of stress. In this report, lipase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total esterase (TEA) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in the saliva of sheep were evaluated as biomarkers of stress. For this purpose, they were measured after inducing stress by facing a dog (experiment 1) and shearing (experiment 2), and comparing them to other stress salivary biomarkers such as α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol, as well as heart rate (HR). Each analyte was measured at the basal time, and during and just after the end of the stressful stimulus, and at various times for the first hour after the period of stress induction. Values were compared with those obtained from a control group. Lipase was the only analyte that showed significant changes between the stress and the control group in both experiments. Although TEA and ADA increased after stress, no significant differences were seen compared with the control group. Lipase was correlated highly with sAA and HR, in experiment 1; and correlated moderately with cortisol and HR in experiment 2. Lipase showed the greatest percentage increase after the stressful stimuli and less overlap with the control group in the two experiments. From the results of this study it can be concluded that lipase, TEA, BChE and ADA are enzymes present in the saliva of sheep and that they can be measured by using simple and fast colorimetric methods. Further studies should be undertaken with regard to the possible application of lipase as a biomarker of stress in sheep.     

三种鲟科鱼类和两种鲑科鱼类卵黄免疫球蛋白性质的比较

从施氏鲟(Acipenser schrencki)、小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus)、西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri)、哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)和金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)五种鱼类卵黄中分离、纯化Ig,并对其分子结构进行了初步研究。结果表明:五种鱼类卵中Ig的分子量分别为施氏鲟524kD、小体鲟468kD、西伯利亚鲟475kD、哲罗鲑为490kD,金鳟498kD,其Ig重链的相对分子量相同,约为97kD。轻链的相对分子量各不相同,施氏鲟为27kD,小体鲟28.5kD,西伯利亚鲟30kD,哲罗鲑28.5kD和金鳟16kD。其中西伯利亚鲟、施氏鲟和小体鲟Ig等电点约为5.85,哲罗鲑和金鳟的Ig等电点约为6.55,其蛋白质结构上具有一定的相似性,且均为糖蛋白