Effects of metallic monomer powders on the mechanical properties of hardened polyester and acrylic polymer concrete

To investigate the effects of three metallic monomer powders on polyester‐ and acrylic‐hardened polymer concretes, polymer concretes incorporating different levels of these materials were investigated for the properties of hardened polymer concrete. The mix design was made and optimized for workability and strength, depending on the resin viscosity, the intended use, and the additional quantities of these polymeric materials. The investigated properties included the compressive strength, flexural strength, and bond strength of hardened polymer concrete. It was concluded that these polymeric materials offer the possibility of improving the properties of polyester‐ and acrylic‐hardened polymer concretes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3106–3113, 2006     

Moisture sensitivity of polyester and acrylic polymer concretes with metallic monomer powders

To evaluate the moisture sensitivity of polyester and acrylic polymer concretes with commercial metallic monomer powders, polymer concretes containing different levels of these powders were investigated with respect to the properties of hardened polymer concrete. The mix design was made and optimized for workability, strength, and economy, which depended on the resin viscosity, the intended use, and the additional quantities of the polymeric materials. The investigated properties included the compressive and flexural strengths of hardened polymer concrete. These polymeric materials offer the possibility of using wet aggregates in polyester and acrylic polymer concrete construction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Structural test of precast polymer concrete

This study was performed to check the feasibility of concrete polymer manhole through a development test of high strength polymer concrete and prepare fundamental data for design to solve the problems of the existing cement concrete manhole. The lower absorption capacity (0.39%) of polymer concrete will be more advantageous in installing manhole in an area with subsurface water. Also long working‐life (63 minutes) will be enough to establish manholes. Conclusively, the high strength polymer concrete that is the most important issue in development of polymer concrete manhole could be made. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effects of diacrylate monomers on the bond strength of polymer concrete to wet substrates

The bond strengths of polymer concretes containing up to 15% (based on polymer resin) of diacrylate (DA) monomers were examined and compared with those without DA. A change occurring with the addition of DA monomers was an increase in the bond strength of polymer concrete to wet substrates. Zinc diacrylate (ZDA) and calcium diacrylate (CDA) were each used as an additive to monomers and resins [methyl methacrylate (MMA), polyester, and two kinds of epoxies]. The variables were amount of the DA monomers and surface conditions (wet or dry and smooth or rough). Bond strengths were measured by tension bond. ZDA was found to improve the bond strength of MMA and polyester, whereas CDA improved the bond strength of epoxies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 991–1000, 2003     

Toughened interpenetrating polymer network materials based on unsaturated polyester and epoxy

Simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on epoxy (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) and unsaturated polyester (UP) were prepared by using m‐xylenediamine and benzoyl peroxide as curing agents. A single glass transition temperature for each IPN was observed with differential scanning calorimetry, which suggests good compatibility of epoxy and UP. This compatibility was further confirmed by the single damping peak of the rheometric dynamic spectroscopy. Curing behaviors were studied with dynamic differential scanning calorimetry, and the curing rates were measured with a Brookfield RTV viscometer. It was noted that an interlock between the two growing networks did exist and led to a retarded viscosity increase. However, the hydroxyl end groups in UP catalyzed the curing reaction of epoxy; in some IPNs where the hydroxyl concentration was high enough, such catalytic effect predominated the network interlock effect, leading to fast viscosity increases. In addition, the entanglement of the two interlocked networks played an important role in cracking energy absorption and reflected in a toughness improvement. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 585–592, 1999     

基于纳米二氧化硅改性下SAP内养护混凝土的基本性能研究*

研究纳米二氧化硅(NS)改性SAP内养护混凝土的物理力学性能以及抗氯离子渗透性能，提出该混凝土的配合比设计。复掺0.08%SAP和1.5%NS能提高混凝土抗折强度；复掺0.08%SAP和1.0%NS能提高其抗压强度；复掺0.24%SAP和1.5%NS氯离子抗渗透性能最佳；复掺0.24%SAP和0.5%NS能显著减小干燥收缩率。     

Optimization of mechanical properties of polymer concrete and mix design recommendation based on design of experiments

A series of polymer concretes using furan resin, silica aggregates, and microfiller were prepared for statistically designed combinations. The combinations were designed based on the mixture‐design concept of design of experiments. The fillers chosen for the present investigation were high‐purity naturally occurring silica of different particle sizes, their mix proportion optimized to have minimum void. For each polymer concrete combination, the mechanical properties were studied. Each response (mechanical property) was individually optimized for maximum values and compared with the experimental data. To obtain a single‐input combination, having maximum values in all the responses, a combined optimization was done and a mix design was recommended. The coefficient of correlation between the experimental values and predicted values was found to be high, proving the fitness of the selected model. The effect of individual variables on the response was discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1107–1116, 2004     

Prediction of creep of polymer concrete

Polymer concrete possesses viscoelastic properties conditioned by relaxation processes in the polymer binder. Their acceleration with an increase of temperature (principle of time–temperature equivalence) is used in predicting the long‐term creep of polymer concrete. Physical aging of the polymer binder influences the creep of polymer concrete. To predict the long‐term creep accounting for the aging process, an attempt to improve the time–temperature equivalence principle was undertaken. As a result of the experimental study of polyester resin‐based concrete and its structural components (a resin unfilled and filled with diabase flour), it has been established that the changes in the creep compliance of the material follow according to the principle of the time–aging time equivalence with the reduction function depending on aging temperature. To predict the long‐term creep of polymer concrete, a function of the time–temperature–aging time reduction was applied. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1949–1952, 1999     

Effects of diacrylate monomers on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete made with wet aggregates

Because normal polymer concrete does not work well with wet aggregates, diacrylate (DA) monomers were evaluated for improving the mechanical properties of polymer concrete made with wet aggregates. Zinc diacrylate (ZDA) and calcium diacrylate (CDA) were each used as an additive to resins (two epoxies). The variables were the amount of diacrylate monomers and the aggregate conditions (wet or dry). Compressive strength, flexural strength, workability, working time, and curing time were measured. ZDA was found to improve the workability and the working time, and CDA was found to improve the compressive and the flexural strength. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1077–1085, 2004     

Influence of fullerenes on the thermal and flame-retardant properties of polymeric materials

At present, the application of fullerene in polymer materials has become an attractive issue. Fullerene can enhance the thermal and flame-retardant properties of polymers due to its high capacity to trap free radicals. Fullerene also has good synergistic effect with inorganic metal flame retardant, intumescent flame retardant, brominated flame retardant (BFR), clay, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and so on. In this review, the impact and mechanism of fullerene and its derivatives on the thermal and flame-retardant properties of polymeric materials are discussed. And the prospect of fullerene in flame-retardant polymer composites is also briefly introduced by analyzing the research progress in the recent years. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 47538.     

石粉-矿渣粉复掺混凝土性能的研究

研究了石粉与矿渣粉复掺对混凝土拌合物工作性能和抗压强度的影响,并对其孔结构和水化产物进行了分析。结果表明,石粉的掺入,改变了混凝土水化产物,提高了其致密性;适当的复掺比例可以在有效保持混凝土抗压强度的基础上,明显改善其工作性能和孔结构;复掺料等量替代40%的水泥时,石粉和矿渣复掺的最佳比例约为2/3。     

海上平台聚合物熟化过程搅拌器的优化

疏水缔合聚合物用于石油开采具有优异的性能,但是由于其溶解性差,从而限制了聚合物驱油技术在海上油田的推广应用。聚合物驱油系统中熟化设备占很大的比例,其随着熟化时间的缩短而减小。对现有的配注系统中的搅拌器进行优化,改进搅拌器性能,从而加速疏水缔合聚合物的溶解和熟化是一种缩短熟化时间行之有效的方法。文中对熟化罐中聚合物的熟化过程进行了系统研究,研究了搅拌器型式、转速对熟化过程的影响,并且尝试了在搅拌器叶片上开孔进行结构优化的实验。结果表明:大直径新型轴流翼型搅拌器LKCX能够在较短的时间内有效地溶解聚合物,得到黏度较大的聚合物溶液,是一种适合于聚合物溶解和熟化的搅拌器型式。     

Influence of metallic substrate surface engineering on peel resistance of adhesively bonded polymer film

The peel resistance of adhesively bonded polymer films to a stainless steel sheet substrate (SSSS) with different engineered surface characteristics was examined in two different loading directions and for two different peel speeds. The SSSS was laminated with two thin polymeric adherends using two different pressure-sensitive adhesives. The SSSS surface was altered by grinding and knurling techniques before lamination and the effects of surface alterations on peel resistance were compared with peel resistance of the adherend from as-received SSSS with a bright annealed surface condition. For ground surface, an increase in adherend peel resistance was observed and the increase was attributed to increase in contact area between the adhesive and SSSS surface. For knurled surfaces which involved deeper and less frequent grooves, however, a decrease in peel resistance was observed. This was attributed to a more complex stress state at the peel front in the SSSS groove region during peeling. An increase in peel speed enhanced the peel resistance from both ground and knurled surfaces.     

Effect of metallic flask closure and investment materials on the stability of the denture base resin

This study evaluated the dimensional stability of the poly‐methylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture bases under the effect of different metallic flask closure techniques (FCT) and investment materials (IM). Sixty stone cast maxillary‐wax base plate sets were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10) for the following treatments: 1 and 4—stone or silicone investments and flask closure with clamp; 2 and 5—stone or silicone investments and flask closure with RS system; 3 and 6—stone or silicone investments and flask closure with screws. PMMA denture bases were polymerized in a water bath at 74°C for 9 h. PMMA base‐stone cast sets were sectioned at regions (R) of the canines, first molars, and posterior palatal zone. Gap discrepancies were measured at five points: right and left ridge crests, palatal midline, and right and left marginal limits of the flanges. An optical micrometer with accuracy of 0.0005 mm was used for measurement purposes. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Silicone showed an adaptation mean (0.177 mm) significantly different when compared with stone (0.207 mm). The RS system presented a statistically different adaptation mean (0.166 mm) in relation to the traditional clamp (0.200 mm) and flask with screws (0.211 mm). Adaptation values for the regions of the canines (0.141 mm), first molars (0.185 mm), and posterior palatal (0.250 mm) were statistically different. For all flask closure techniques, better adaptation was shown with the RS system and silicone investment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Study on esterification of acrylic phenolic resin by maleic anhydride and photocrosslinking properties of the alkali‐soluble product

An alkali‐soluble, photocrosslinkable polymer was synthesized by esterification of OH groups of acrylic phenolic resin with maleic anhydride. The OH groups were formed by the ring‐opening reaction of epoxy groups of epoxy phenolic resin with acrylic acid. The esterification conditions were studied. The results showed that it is better to use tetramethyl ammonium bromide as catalyst than N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine. The conversion of maleic anhydride in acetone can reach about 80% at 56°C for 4 h. The purified product was characterized by IR, DSC, and TGA. The product containing acrylate and maleic acid monoester groups, above a certain content, can be dissolved in 1% Na₂CO₃ solution. The photocrosslinkable properties of the product were investigated through selection of photoinitiator, accelarator, crosslinkable diluent monomer, etc. The acrylate and maleic acid monoester group‐containing phenolic resin exhibited very good photocrosslinking behavior, since it contains double bonds from both acrylate groups and maleic acid monoester groups. The activity of photoinitiator decreases in the order: isopropylthioanthraquinone > benzoin ethyl ether (BE) > anthraquinone (AQ) > benzophenone > Michel ketone (MK) > 2,2‐diethoxyacetophenone. The combination of some photoinitiators showed synergistic effects. The order of increasing activity for the accelerator is as follows: MK > ethyl p‐(dimethylamino)benzoate > N,N‐dimethylaniline > triethanolamine. The optimum diluent monomer is trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. The gel content of the mixture of the resin and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate could reach 85% using the combined photoinitiators of BE and AQ under UV exposure for 120 s. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1607–1614, 2005     

Influence of precursor materials on the fresh state and thermo-chemo-mechanical properties of sodium-based geopolymers

Aluminosilicates are the base precursors that combined with alkali solutions manufacture geopolymers. A wide variability of aluminosilicate precursors can be found in the market worldwide, which may be an issue when proposing single designs. The goal of this study is to compare the use of different precursors in the hardening mechanisms of geopolymers. For this, two types of metakaolin (a low (MK_LR) and a high-reactive (MK_HR) one), and partial replacements made with fly-ash (FA) and blast furnace slag (BFS) are used in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 4.00, Na₂O/SiO₂ = 0.25, and H₂O/Na₂O = 11.00 fixed design ratios. Fresh state (viscosity and squeeze flow), transient state (Vicat needle and sonic strength), and hardening measurements (compression tests under room and high temperature conditions), were used, supported by chemical analysis (calorimetry and SAM/HCl extraction) and materials characterization (particle analysis, density, BET and XRD). In general, the reactivity, chemical composition, and morphology of each precursor, as well as solid/liquid portions of each mix were major factors influencing the hardening process. The use of MK_LR achieved shorter setting times and enhanced viscosities due to its particles larger surface area, solid/liquid ratios, and unreactive portions, reaching the highest values of strength and diminished thermomechanical performance. Partial substitutions made with FA and BFS increased the amorphous part of the binder, increasing also its flowability, setting time, and its stability to thermal exposure. The geopolymer made with MK_HR presented the lowest viscosity and longer setting time due to its almost constant dissolution rate, attributed to its enhanced reactivity from highly amorphous parts and diminished solid-to-liquid ratio mixture. Therefore, the use of varied aluminosilicates significantly modifies the materials properties, leading to different potential applications that should be considered when designing geopolymers.     

Parameter-study on the influence of steel fibers and coarse aggregate content on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) offers several economic and technical benefits; the use of steel fibers extends its possibilities. Steel fibers bridge cracks, retard their propagation, and improve several characteristics and properties of the concrete. Fibers are known to significantly affect the workability of concrete. Therefore, an investigation was performed to compare the properties of plain SCC and SCC reinforced with steel fibers. Two mixtures of SCC with different aggregate contents were used as reference. Each of the concretes was tested with four types of steel fibers at different contents in order to answer the question to what extent the workability of SCC is influenced. The slump flow, a fiber funnel and the J-ring test were used to evaluate the material characteristics of the fresh concrete. This paper discusses the suitability of the applied test methods and the effect of the coarse aggregate content, the content and type of steel fibers on the workability of SCC.     

超高性能混凝土制备及性能研究

为了探索超高性能混凝土的配合比及制备工艺,本次试验通过最紧密堆积理论确定各个粒级骨料的相对比例,在初始配合比的基础上,分别研究水胶比、砂胶比、钢纤维掺量及养护方式对混凝土性能的影响。结果表明：本次试验UHPC的最佳水胶比为0.19,砂胶比为1.56,钢纤维最佳掺量为2%,养护方式宜采用先标准养护后高温养护。     

Effects of supplementary cementing materials on the properties of cement and concrete

The effect of bentonite, colemanite ore waste (CW), coal fly ash (FA) and coal bottom ash (BA) on the properties of cement and concrete has been investigated through a number of tests. The properties examined include setting time, bending strength, volume expansion, compressive strength and water consistency of the mortar. The result showed that setting time of the cements was generally accelerated when bentonite replaced a part of the cement. Bentonite exhibited a significant retarding effect when used in combination with CW in Portland cement at lower replacement level and showed an accelerating effect at higher replacement level. Although the inclusion of bentonite at replacement levels of 5-10% resulted in an increase in compressive strength at early ages, it decreased the compressive strength when used in combination with other materials. The results obtained were compared with Turkish standards and, in general, were found to be acceptable.     

温度对玻璃纤维增强聚合物筋与混凝土黏结性能影响试验研究

为研究不同温度及不同升温（单调升温和循环升温）、降温方式（单调升温⁃自然冷却和单调升温⁃快速冷却）对玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）筋与混凝土之间黏结性能的影响,选取2种黏结长度共90个GFRP筋⁃混凝土立方体试件在温度为20~220 ℃范围进行拉拔试验,并在同样温度条件下对54个混凝土立方体试件（单调升温、单调升温⁃自然冷却）进行抗压、抗拉强度测试。结果表明,2种升温方式下,GFRP筋与混凝土随温度升高黏结性能退化严重,温度低于120 ℃时,单调升温对黏结强度退化影响超过循环升温;温度超过120 ℃时,升温方式对黏结性能衰减程度影响减小;2种降温方式下,单调升温⁃快速冷却随温度升高黏结性能退化明显,单调升温⁃自然冷却影响轻微。