阑尾输出道盲升结肠可控膀胱术(附9例报告)

目的　改进膀胱癌患者膀胱全切后贮尿囊及排尿情况。方法　根治性全膀胱切除加阑尾输出道盲升结肠带切断或去管简单重建贮尿囊可控膀胱术。结果　术后随访 2～ 19个月 ,两种术式建立的贮尿囊顺应性均良好 ,平均容积为 3 0 2ml ,内压为 8cmH2 O ,阑尾输出道最大压力为 71cmH2 O ,平均 62cmH2 O ,尿控良好 ,自行导尿容易。结论　阑尾输出道盲升结肠可控膀胱术 ,操作相对简单 ,是一种较理想的尿路改道方法 ,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

采用回肠纵行折叠抗反流抗失禁行可控性回肠膀胱术（附24例报告)

目的：简化及改良可控性回肠膀胱术。方法：自1995年8月至1999年8月采用回肠纵行折叠抗反流及抗失禁代替肠套叠乳头瓣抗反流及抗失禁共完成可控性回肠膀胱术24例。结果：24例随访4-48个月,23例效果满意,白天平均4小时导尿1次,夜间导尿0-2次,插管顺利,无漏尿现象。贮尿囊容量320-560ml,贮尿囊最大充盈压10-22cmH2O。1例因贮尿囊粘连,储尿量小。全部病例无输尿管返流及电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱,肾功能正常。结论：该手术方法相对简化,并发症少,可适用于临床。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2010年2月至2015年11月于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术的32例浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,对手术方法(腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术)、围手术期资料、新膀胱功能、术后并发症以及肿瘤控制情况等进行分析.结果:成功随访32例,随访时间12 ～ 53个月,平均随访27个月,均为男性;所有患者手术均由同一术者顺利完成,手术时间310 ～530 min,平均370 min;术中出血300～ 850 ml,平均485 ml;术后3～5天肠道开始恢复功能;淋巴结清扫数目8～31个,平均16个;手术切缘均无阳性结果;术后12个月与6个月相比较,最大尿流率(15.2±1.3vs11.4±1.2 ml,P＜0.01)、最大膀胱容量(372.8±52.2 vs 247.9±60.3 ml,P＜0.01)、残余尿量(23.8 ±9.6 vs 39.6±11.7 ml,P＜0.01)、最大膀胱充盈压(33.7 ±5.7 vs 25.1±6.8 cmH2O,P＜O.01)、最大膀胱排尿压(63.7±15.9 vs62.9±17.6 cmH2O,P＞0.05)、膀胱顺应性(26.2±12.6 vs 25.7±13.3 cmH2O,P＞0.05)以及昼/夜控尿率(91％/81％ vs 84％/72％).术后近期并发症发生率为18.8％(6/32),远期并发症发生率为25.0％(8/32);随访期间,肿瘤局部复发率和远处转移率分别为6.3％ (2/32)和12.5％(4/32).结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位回肠新膀胱术是安全可行的,具有术后控尿效果好、满意的新膀胱功能和肿瘤控制效果等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的优先选择.     

乙状结肠直肠膀胱术18例

 【摘要】　目的　评价乙状结肠直肠膀胱术可控性尿流改道的临床效果。方法　对18例膀胱肿瘤患者行全膀胱切除后乙状结肠直肠膀胱术。以乙状结肠直肠交界为中点,将肠管纵行剖开20～24 cm,做乙状结肠直肠侧侧吻合,形成低压贮尿囊,顶端固定于骶骨岬处,两输尿管由贮尿囊上方引入,采用改良黏膜沟法做抗反流吻合,利用肛门括约肌控制排尿。结果　全膀胱切除后的乙状结肠直肠膀胱术平均手术时间为80 min。拔除肛管及输尿管支架管1周～2个月后可获得满意的尿便分流,2个月后排尿次数稳定,白天4～5次,夜间1～3次。术后并发夜间遗尿2例,2个月后自行消失;并发粘连性肠梗阻1例,高氯性酸中毒、低钾血症2例,尿道残端癌1例。无吻合口梗阻、肾功能损害及严重上尿路感染等并发症。结论　该术式操作简便,术后尿控满意,接近正常人的生活,易于被患者接受,是一种比较好的可控性尿流改道方式。     

原位回盲肠新膀胱术的初步研究

目的:探讨逆行全膀胱切除术后原位回盲肠新膀胱术的手术方式、近期疗效和尿流动力学特点。方法:回顾性分析2018年11月至2019年8月我科收治并行原位回盲肠新膀胱术膀胱癌患者4例,所有患者先行腹膜外逆行根治性全膀胱切除,截取回盲肠构建新膀胱,再将新膀胱与尿道吻合重建尿流通道。术后定期复查尿动力、肾功能、彩超等检查。结果:本组患者随访6~16个月,术后初期患者均有不同程度溢尿现象,3个月后逐步恢复并能良好控尿。1例术后出现尿道吻合口轻度狭窄并输尿管返流。新膀胱最大储尿容量(401.7±53.0)ml,储尿期膀胱内压(19.0±5.7)cmH2O,尿道闭合压(53.6±9.4)cmH2O,储尿期膀胱内压明显小于尿道闭合压,最大尿流率(18.7±1.5)ml/s,平均残余尿量(21.3±4.4)ml。结论:全膀胱切除术后原位回盲肠新膀胱术具有储尿囊容量大、压力低、可控性好、操作简单的优点,是一种较理想的尿流改道方式。     

腹腔镜全膀胱切除术加回肠原位膀胱术的临床疗效观察(附15例报告)

目的:总结腹腔镜下膀胱肿瘤根治术加回肠原位膀胱术的经验.方法:15例患者中男11例,女4例,年龄46～72岁,平均61.8岁,采用5点穿刺法,腹腔镜由脐部下缘导管进入,手术者经左侧2个套管操作,助手经右侧2个套管操作.从右到左分别游离输尿管中下段并进行盆腔淋巴结清扫,输尿管暂不离断.男性患者先游离并离断输精管、精囊,前列腺后壁及前壁,紧贴前列腺尖部离断尿道,再行膀胱前列腺全切;女性患者在行膀胱全切除的同时作子宫及附件切除.在下腹正中线上作长4～5 cm切口,取出标本,回肠拉出切口外,取回盲部交界15 cm近侧隔离50 cm回肠段纵行剖开该肠后M形折叠形成贮尿囊,将输尿管末段1 cm插入贮尿囊后顶部作吻合.贮尿囊最低位开口与尿道断端行6针吻合.结果:手术耗时5～8 h,平均6.3 h,出血量400～800 mL,平均447 mL,术后所有患者3～4 d肠道功能开始恢复,1个月行B超、IVU及新膀胱造影检查示:双肾显影良好,无输尿管返流及梗阻,新膀胱充盈良好,容量约300 mL,15例患者均于术后4～6周内均恢复控尿能力,无排尿困难及尿失禁症状.结论:腹腔镜下行膀胱全切除视野清楚,有助于精确地处理盆底深部的重要结构,术中出血少,尿道括约肌损伤概率较小,有助于减少术后肠粘连,保护身体的免疫机制,减少术后感染,小切口取出标本,体外构建贮尿囊,吻合输尿管,可缩减手术时间,减少腹腔内污染.     

去管化回肠S型缝合制作正位新膀胱三例报告

 【摘要】　目的　评价去管化回肠S型缝合制作正位新膀胱的临床应用价值。方法　膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切后，采用带蒂末段回肠片经S形折叠后缝合形成的原位类球形新膀胱，输尿管以乳头法包埋术种植于新膀胱，新膀胱远端与尿道残端吻合。结果　3例患者平均手术时间为5 h，术中平均出血量366 ml，术后随访1～18个月，3例白天均能控尿，夜尿1～3 次，膀胱容量大，压力低，血电解质基本正常。超声检查无上尿路扩张积液，MRI或膀胱镜检查无肿瘤复发，术后随访1～18个月，患者控尿、排尿满意，贮尿囊容量分别为250、320和450 ml，平均340 ml，剩余尿0～40 ml。结论　去管化回肠S型缝合制作正位新膀胱术操作简便，新膀胱容量大、术后并发症发生率低，是治疗浸润性、多发性膀胱癌的好方法。     

膀胱全切后改良Indiana膀胱转流术

目的 探讨—种新式改良Indiana新膀胱术的适应证、手术方法并对疗效进行评估。方法 对5例膀胱癌患者施行全膀胱切除术加改良Indiana新膀胱术。结果 5例患者均获得满意的疗效，自行导尿顺利。随访6-30个月，均尿控满意，排尿次数5-6次/昼，1-3次/夜。其中4例行造影，新膀胱呈球形，容量400-500毫升，无输尿管尿液返流。结论 改良Indiana膀胀术具有操作容易，贮尿囊低压容量大，抗返流机制可靠，尿控满意，并发症少的优点，值得在临床推广。     

可控性回结肠膀胱

为探讨一种既尿可控，又少并发症的尿流改道术。１９９２年５月－１９９７年５月对１２例病人施行可控性回结肠膀胱术。随访１个月－５年。全组病人均尿可控，不挂尿袋，除１例外，１１例血生化，肾功均正常，１１例健在，均恢复正常社交活动或劳动。经贮尿囊造影，测压和ＩＶＰ检查，证实本术式具有可靠的抗尿失禁，抗输尿管返流，贮尿囊容量大且压力低，插管导尿容量，及并发症少等优点。     

膀胱全切后改良肠道原位新膀胱下尿路功能性重建(附15例疗效分析)

背景与目的：膀胱全切后患者的生活质量受尿流改道方式影响,可控性或非可控性尿流改道后患者不能自主排尿、生活质量差;而肠道原位新膀胱术后患者可自主排尿,生活质量改善,但有排空不良和控尿不全等问题。本文报告改良肠道原位新膀胱术在膀胱全切后下尿路功能性重建中的经验。方法：对15例局部浸润性膀胱癌患者在根治性膀胱切除后利用改良肠道原位新膀胱术（回肠新膀胱3例,乙状结肠新膀胱12例）做下尿路功能性重建。术后随访3-30个月（其中9例随访超过16个月）,对这些患者术后新膀胱功能、控尿和排尿功能、性功能、上尿路形态和功能、血电解质和生活质量进行评价。结果：全部患者自主排尿,无需导尿。13例患者昼夜完全控尿;1例患者白天控尿良好,夜间有少量漏尿;另1例女性患者有中度张力性尿失禁。膀胱容量240-640ml,残余尿量0-250ml。全部患者总肾功能正常,14例血电解质正常;慢性代谢性酸中毒和输尿管扩张各1例。9例男性患者保留性功能。13例患者恢复工作。全部患者对新膀胱功能满意。结论：改良肠道原位新膀胱术后下尿路的控尿和排尿功能良好,是目前根治性膀胱切除后理想的下尿路重建方法。     

New variants of intestinal plastic repair of the urinary bladder in experiment

Two operative techniques of urinary reservoir creation are described. The techniques preserves urethral urination and urinary reservoir for supravesical urine passage with establishment of "dry" enterostoma. Ureteral implantation is made with establishment of invagination-valvular ureterocystoanastomosis. The above operations were tried on 13 mongrel dogs. The experiments have shown that urinary reservoir, serous-muscular constrictor, invagination valve of the urinary reservoir and invagination-valvular ureterocystoanastomosis retain their shape, structure and functional capacity in different postoperative terms and can be practiced in inpatients after radical cystectomy for muscular-invasive cancer of the bladder or in urinary bladder diseases urging greater capacity of the bladder.     

Intestinal replacement of the urinary bladder with creation of continent cutaneostomy

Continent urine derivation with creation of cutaneous urine-retaining catheter mechanism was conducted in 28 patients. Indications for surgery were the following: contracted urinary bladder in combination with long obliteration of the urethra, urinary bladder extrophy (the condition after ureterosygmostomy), urinary bladder cancer, arteriosclerotic urinary bladder. Creation of cutaneous urine-retaining cather mechanism was performed according to the following methods: urine derivation by Minez pouch I (with creation of appendistoma) was made in 14 patients; extending intestinoplasty by Minez pouch (creation of intestinal reservoir from ileocecal angle with catheter appendicostoma) was made in 8 patients; extending ileoplasty with catheter ileostoma by Huder--2 patients; creation of a reservoir of the ileum with catheter ileocutaneostoma by extramural technique of Ald-Enein--2 patients; extending intestinoplasty with catheter ileostoma--2 patients. Implantation of the ureters was made using principles of antireflux defense.     

Urological complications in children with myelodysplasia

A great deal of methods were used to evaluate the urinary tract in patients with myelodysplasia; however, the authors failed to find an informative and easy-to-use diagnostic approach. In the authors' opinion, a simple, available, non-invasive, and safe screening that includes ultrasonography of the bladder and kidneys before and after attempted urination, visualization of urination, squeezing-out test, and general urinalysis should form a basis for diagnosis. The pattern of urination, enuresis, urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathies, the volume of residual urine, the thickness of the detrusor urinae are the basic parameters identified at primary diagnosis. The presence of residual urine serves as a basis for further examination, involving cystography and urodynamic study occasionally supplemented by excretory urography and other techniques.     

Sexual dysfunction in women with overactive bladder and their correction with m-cholinolytic spasmex

A 4-month course of spasmex (15 mg three times a day) was conducted in 57 females (age 18-69 years, mean age 48 years) suffering from imperative urination manifesting as pollakiuria, imperative urges and urgent urinary incontinence in combination with sexual disorders. After the treatment the score of urination disorders went down from 21.4 to 12.7. Quality of life score decreased from 4.3 to 1.7. Sexual dysfunction diminished from 3.6 to 0.8 points. Clinical data showed that spasmex has a marked effect on m-cholinoreceptors, is well tolerated, has a moderate spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscles of the lower urinary tract. Moreover, spasmex can be used for correction of female sexual dysfunction caused by overactive bladder.     

Biodegradable prostatic stents in treating patients with prostatic enlargement

A total of 39 patients with prostatic hyperplasia (PH) admitted to the urological clinic of I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy from 1999 have been inserted a biodegradable catheter stent (BCS). Such stents degrade spontaneously to microfragments and come away with urine 4-12 months after catheterization. BCS were used in PH patients with marked urination disorders due to urethral compression by hyperplastic prostate in whom adenomectomy was contraindicated. BCS was used for elimination of a suprapubic fistula in the urinary bladder of 19 PH patients with contraindications to adenomectomy. 5-7 days before catheterization the urinary bladder was drained 2 times a day to reduce pyoinflammatory process. The cystostomic fistula closed within 24 h in all the patients. Adequate urination recovered. Urethral inflammation persisted for 4-6 weeks. It was treated with antibiotics with effectiveness 89.5% (in 17 of 19 patients). Pyoinflammation persisted in two patients who developed uroliths destructed later at endoscopic pneumatic cystolithotripsy. Control examination 6 months after the stent insertion found that the stent had destructed with evacuation of the fragments. In two patients two large fragments were locked in the urethra provoking acute ischuria. The fragments were removed by the forceps and urination became normal. None of the patients needed recystostomy. 32 stented patients 6 and 12 months after stenting had adequate urination (mean Qmax--12.3 and 10.8 ml/s, respectively). Mean residual urine--32 and 37 ml. BCS improves treatment outcomes and quality of life of PH patients with contraindications to adenomectomy.     

Use of isolated intestinal segments in surgical treatment of radiation-induced lesions of the urinary tract

Fifteen females with various radiation-induced lesions of the urinary tract (urinary fistulas alone or in combination with uni- or bilateral ureteral strictures) received surgical treatment using isolated intestinal segments. The above surgical intervention reestablished natural urination in 9 patients. They were relieved from continuous urine leakage into the vagina and/or from nephrostomas. Heterotopic urine derivation was performed in 6 patients. Thus, restoration of natural urination in most patients with postradiation lesions can be performed only in usage of isolated intestinal segments. In some cases heterotopic urine derivation is indicated.     

广泛性子宫切除术联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术对宫颈癌患者盆底功能的影响

目的 探究广泛性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术对宫颈癌患者盆底功能的影响.方法 选取行广泛性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术的32例宫颈癌患者为宫颈癌组,选取同期行子宫全切术的32例子宫良性病变患者为对照组,对两组患者的术前和术后相关指标进行比较.结果 手术前,两组患者尿失禁、尿潴留、排便困难、便失禁的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);手术后,宫颈癌组患者尿失禁、便失禁的发生率均高于对照组(P﹤0.05);手术后,两组患者尿潴留、排便困难的发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);两组患者术后最大尿流率、平均尿流率、排尿时间、达峰时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);手术后,宫颈癌组患者的Ⅰ类肌纤维肌力、Ⅰ类肌纤维疲劳度、Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力、Ⅱ类肌纤维疲劳度、肌电位均低于对照组(P﹤0.05).结论 宫颈癌患者经广泛性子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术后较易发生盆底功能障碍性疾病,长时间和大面积的手术可对患者的组织及神经造成严重损伤,影响患者的排尿、排便等盆底功能.     

Modification of the test pressure-flow for evaluation of detrusor contractility in absence of urination

The aim of the study was design and validation of the test for examination of detrusor contractility in the absence of urination. The method consists in registration of detrusor pressure in maximal speed of urinary flow in the course of artificial urination using Foley's catheter. Urethral resistance was modeled by raising drainage up to 40 cm above the level of the symphysis which was adjusted and found optimal in 48 of 179 examinees. The method allowed to select patients with infravesical obstruction (IVO) and normal detrusor contractility (n = 36) as well as patients with hypocontractility without IVO (n = 12). The test "pressure-flow" in artificial urination evaluates detrusor contractility in patients unable to urinate. The test distinquishes patients with normal detrusor contractility and those with different degree of its impairment. This is important in assessment and prognosis of deficient urination.     

Urethrovesical reflux in patients with chronic cystitis

We studied the role of urethrovesical reflux in the onset and maintenance of chronic inflammation in the urinary bladder in patients suffering from chronic cystitis combined with pseudopolyposis of the neck of the bladder and proximal part of the urethra. We modelled a simplified version of an urination fragment of a special computer graphic station. The original computer model theoretically proves the existance of urethrovesical reflux caused by pseudopolyposis in the zone of the urinary bladder cervix and/or proximal urethra. The data were confirmed by radionuclide investigation. Our studies proved the presence of urethrovesical reflux in patients with pseudopolyposis of the bladder cervix provoking retrograde infection of the lower urinary tract. We think it necessary to combine conventional conservative treatment of cystitis with endourethral surgical interventions aimed at reestablishment of normal urination.