中国13种鼠科啮齿动物的阴茎形态学及其分类学意义的探讨

本文对我国所产13种鼠科啮齿类进行了阴茎形态学的比较研究(包括阴茎骨和软体结构),探讨了在鼠科的家鼠属(Rattus)、姬鼠属(Apodemus)、小家鼠属(Mus)和巢鼠属(Micromys)4个属间以及同属不同种之间的差异。结果表明,阴茎的形态结构具有属和种的特异性和稳定性,可以为分类学的研究提供重要依据。     

记山西榆社上新世鼩鼱科两新种

本文记述了山西榆社盆地上新世鼩鼱科的两个新种：Peisorexpliocaenicussp.nov.,Soriculuspraecursussp.nov.,并列出了该盆地晚新生代地层中采集到的其它食虫类名单。     

东北亚地区鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究进展

在东北亚地区（中国的东北地区和内蒙古东北部、日本、朝鲜半岛、蒙古国、俄罗斯的远东地区）具有较为丰富的鼩鼱科类群。分子生物学方法的快速发展,使东北亚地区鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究不断深入。对鼩鼱科动物的分子系统发育、遗传多样性和分子系统地理学等分子生态学内容进行了综述。提出鼩鼱科动物分子生态学研究未来的发展：1）东北亚地区第四纪冰期避难所的研究;2）同域分布的鼩鼱科动物比较系统地理学研究;3）中国东北地区鼩鼱科动物在东北亚分布区的系统地理学地位;4）新型分子标记和分析方法的发展。     

小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录

在整理采自辽宁省新宾县鼩鼱属(Sorex)标本时,发现小鼩鼱(S.inutus Linnaeus,1766)为辽宁省新纪录。主要特征为上颌第二单尖齿小于第一、三单尖齿,第五单尖齿小,约为第四单尖齿的2/3高。下颌门齿向前延伸甚长,其上切缘有3个深缺刻,犬齿小,是下前臼齿2/3高。     

鼩鼱科动物携带汉坦病毒科病毒的研究进展

鉴于近年来全球性动物传染源的疫情不断发生,病原溯源研究成为人类关注的焦点之一.鼩鼱科动物具有十分广泛的地理分布范围,且与人类生活存在密切联系,其携带病毒应该得到更多的关注.本文就鼩鼱科动物种类及其分布、鼩鼱科动物携带汉坦病毒研究及其在汉坦病毒传播与进化中作用等进行综述,以期为小型野生动物携带病原调查及溯源研究提供一定借鉴.     

我国东北地区发现姬鼩鼱分布

2014年在黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔约740 m)采集到1只鼩鼱(标本编号为CH5)。2015年在内蒙古自治区达赉湖地区(48°37′20″N,117°53′17″E,海拔约720 m)采集2只鼩鼱(标本编号为DE7和DE12)。这些新获标本经鉴定为姬鼩鼱(Sorex minutissimus)。《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的标本(080910,090920)经重新鉴定也为姬鼩鼱。利用mt DNA的Cyt b基因全序列构建系统进化树,结果揭示,小鼩鼱聚为一支,姬鼩鼱聚为另一支,新获标本(CH5、DE7、DE12)和待厘定标本(080910、090920)都聚在姬鼩鼱一支,进一步支持形态学鉴定结果。2015年采集的姬鼩鼱为内蒙古自治区新纪录,而《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的小鼩鼱(Sorex minutus)(标本号:080910,090920)更正为辽宁省姬鼩鼱新纪录。     

黑龙江省横道河子地区发现细鼩鼱（食虫目：鼩鼱科）

在整理采自黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔740 m)鼩鼱属(Sorex)标本时,1号雌性标本经过形态学和分子生物学鉴定为细鼩鼱(Sorex gracillimus Thomas,1907),其为黑龙江省正式记录。主要特征为颅骨近圆形;吻十分狭长;上颌门齿后尖大于前尖;上颌单尖齿逐一渐小。下颌门齿向前延伸甚长,其上切缘有4个尖齿,3个深缺刻,犬齿小,是前臼齿1/2高。对其头骨指标进行测量,颅基长为13.29 mm,颅高为4.25 mm,眶间距为2.31 mm,脑颅宽为7.84 mm,上齿列长为6.23 mm。标本的1 140 bp的Cyt b全序列与已知细鼩鼱样本的相似度为96%,与中鼩鼱(S.caecutiens)和小鼩鼱(S.minutus)的相似度分别为91%和89%。     

中国东北地区鼩鼱科动物分类与分布

在大兴安岭山脉呼中地区、塔河地区和呼伦湖地区,小兴安岭山脉萝北地区,长白山山脉横道河子地区、三道关地区、牡丹峰地区、凤凰山地区和新宾地区,对我国东北地区鼩鼱科动物进行调查。共获得686号标本,首先利用形态特征描述和形态测量进行形态学物种鉴定,然后利用mt DNA Cyt b基因全序列构建系统发生树,使用ABGD软件进行分子生物学物种鉴定,形态学和分子生物学物种鉴定结果一致。证实东北地区鼩鼱科动物包括麝鼩属2种:大麝鼩(Crocidura lasiura)和山东小麝鼩(C. shantungensis);鼩鼱属9种:大鼩鼱(Sorex mirabilis)、中鼩鼱(S. caecutiens)、远东鼩鼱(S. isodon)、苔原鼩鼱(S. tundrensis)、长爪鼩鼱(S. unguiculatus)、栗齿鼩鼱(S. daphaenodon)、细鼩鼱(S. gracillimus)、扁颅鼩鼱(S. roboratus)和姬鼩鼱(S. minutissimus)。调查发现大麝鼩和山东小麝鼩同域分布,且更临近人类生活区。在我国东北地区,中鼩鼱、细鼩鼱和远东鼩鼱种群数量与分布范围较大,其它物种种群数量明显小于这3个物种;大鼩鼱和扁颅鼩鼱分布数量较小,苔原鼩鼱仅在呼伦湖地区被采集到,在此地与姬鼩鼱同域分布。栗齿鼩鼱仅在大兴安岭地区捕获到。文中测量各物种标本的外形(体重、头体长、尾长、尾长/头体长、后足长、耳长),及头骨(颅全长、颅基长、基长、脑颅宽、脑颅高、眶间宽、上齿列长、下齿列长、腭前部宽、腭后部宽),通过照片展示了鼩鼱属9个物种的颅骨形态特征,并给出每一物种的鉴别特征,作为东北地区鼩鼱科物种形态分类依据。     

鼩鼱科六个物种背部针毛的微观结构及其分类学意义

鼩鼱类动物多样性丰富,但因体型小、外形相似使其物种鉴定比较难。本文利用数码互动显微系统,对鼩形目鼩鼱科6 个物种背部针毛的鳞片和髓质微观结构进行比较。结果表明,6 种鼩鼱鳞片结构类型分为花瓣型、椭圆型、斜长方型、长戟型、竹节型、草芽型、波浪型、平滑型、锯齿型9 种类型,具有种的特异性,能够用来鉴定这6 个鼩鼱物种;而髓质结构类型多数表现为条纹型,不能单独用来鉴定物种。鼩鼱针毛的鳞片微观结构作为鼩鼱科动物的分类指标,具有可行性。     

四川及重庆产五种姬鼠的阴茎形态学Ⅰ. 软体结构的分类学意义探讨

对四川及生态产５种习雄性个体的阴茎形态进行了比较研究,结果发现５种姬鼠雄性个体阴茎头的软体结构在不同种间,不同亚种间,其至同一种和同一亚种由于产地不同都有其牧民性及稳定性,在某些地域还存在不同型的同域分显示：１）黑线姬鼠长江亚种和华北亚种应合为长江亚种。高山姬鼠作为独立种的地位值得不怀疑;２）四川产姬鼠齿动物可能存在亲上;３）新亚种和新种形成的可能途径之一是由于交配器变化而导致生殖隔离。     

Der Zusammenhang zwischen Lokomotionsweise,Begattungsstellung und Penislänge bei Säugetieren1

Penis length, copulation and locomotion: Their relationship to each other in Mammals A relationship between the mode of locomotion, copulatory position and length of the male copulative organ has been found in all groups of Mammalia. In this paper particular emphasis is given to the orders of the Testiconda, while the Testiphaena receive only brief account (for explanation of terms see Frey 1991 a). Results from my previous antomical study are utilized that are essential for assessing the respective modes of locomotion (Frey 1991b). Information on penis length and copulatory position are taken from the literature and evaluated. Small and middle-sized Testiphaena, which represent the majority of mammals, are capable of a dynamic sagittal bending in the trunk, which is evidenced both in the galloping mode of locomotion and in the usual mammalian copulatory position (mounting). A sagittal bending of the trunk enables the male to bring his genital region into close proximity of the female's genital opening. In this case, a short penis is sufficient to ensure sperm transfer. The construction of the trunk in the Testiconda (excepting the Hyracoidea) entirely or nearly entirely prevents the sagittal bending. This is largely due to rigidity of the lumbar region or insufficient (dynamic) muscular control. The immobilization and/or the functional weakness of the lumbar region are derived from different anatomical conditions. 1. Shortening of the lumbar region, e.g., Tachyglossidae, Elephantidae, Sirenia; 2. Tightening of the lumbar region by tendons and muscles, e. g., Macroscelididae, Cetacea; 3. Xenarthry of the lumbar vertebrae and a double connection of the pelvis on the vertebral column, e. e., Bradypodidae, Myrmeco-phagidae; 4. The lumbar region may be flexible but the hypaxial muscles too short and weak, e. g., Tenrecinae, Soricidae, Erinaceidae. Lumbar rigidity or insufficient muscular control in the lumbar region, resulting from any of these conditions, makes copulation difficult by restricting close approximation of the male and female genitals. Most Testiconda compensate for this by having a long penis. The same also applies for large-sized Testiphaena. Although these animals have retained the ability to gallop, the flexibility of their trunk is restricted and mostly localized in a single joint due to the great body mass and the constructive constraints necessary for increased stability. A long penis is not the only way to compensate for the absence of sagittal flexion. A phylogenetic change in the copulatory posture also solves the problem as seen in the Myr-mecophagidae and Bradypodidae (both Testiconda) which are equipped with a secondarily short-enedpenis. The permanently aquatic testicondid mammals (Sirenia and Cetacea) cannot copulate in the usual mammalian mount position. This is largely due to the phylogenetic reduction and reconstruction of the extremities as well as the secondary evolution of a powerful tail. Sagittal movements of the heavily musculated tail act upon the more or less rigid trunk to provide for a “rear drive” locomotion. Both a change in the copulatory position and a long penis were necessary for these aquatic mammals. The only Testiconda in which a marked dynamic sagittal flexibility of the trunk is developed -the Hyracoidea - are characterized by a short penis. On the whole, the relationship between the mode of locomotion, copulatory position and penis length within the mammalia is confirmed. A rigid lumbar region as opposed to a sagittally flexible, presumably represents the primitive condition among mammals. All Testiconda have     

瓶鼻海豚的精液采集训练

作者从1990年10月开始,对四头瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops aduncas)用诱导和奖励的方法进行采精训练,经过2年时间,所有海豚已先后成功地、稳定地获得高质量的精液。     

Heterosorex and Soricidae (Eulipotyphla,Mammalia) of the fissure Petersbuch 28; micro-evolution as indicator of temporal mixing?

The Bavarian fissure filling Petersbuch 28 (Germany, Lower Miocene, MN 3/4) yielded a diverse assemblage of shrews. Soricella discrepans Doben-Florin, 1964 and Paenelimnoecus micromorphus (Doben-Florin, 1964) show bimodal size distributions in some dental elements, which is interpreted as the result of a small time averaging. Two upper incisor types of Miosorex desnoyersianus (Lartet, 1851) were found, also indicating two populations of slightly different times. Apart from these, the fissure yielded Heterosorex neumayrianus (Schlosser, 1887), the only heterosoricid present, Lartetium petersbuchense Ziegler, 1989, L. cf. prevostianum (Lartet, 1851) and Florinia stehlini (Doben-Florin, 1964). The shrews confirm that Petersbuch 28 represents a time period near the MN 3/MN 4 transition. Thus, it fills the gap between the classical localities of Wintershof-West and Petersbuch 2. The two species of Lartetium Ziegler, 1989 are possible immigrants.