酵母废水TOC与COD相关性研究

文章通过对酵母废水生化进出水中有机污染物的COD与TOC监测数据的相关性研究,建立了二者之间的线性回归方程COD=3.865TOC+1248.40(进水),COD=2.667TOC+449.66(出水),以及理论值范围方程,为污水中有机污染物的TOC监测代替COD监测提供了实践依据。     

水质自动监测系统中TOC与COD相关性的研究

总有机碳(TOC)相对于化学需氧量(COD)能够更全面地反映水体中有机物的污染程度,而且TOC测定仪操作简单,数据准确,用TOC监测代替COD监测有利于实现监测仪器化、自动化。通过对地表水中有机污染物的COD与TOC监测数据的相关性研究,建立了二者之间的线性回归方程和理论值范围方程,为地表水的TOC监测代替COD监测提供了数据依据。     

不同来源废水中TOC与COD相关性研究

对纺织染整、化工、制药、食品加工各行业生产废水及城镇污水厂处理设施出水中的TOC(自动仪器监测)与COD(实验室手工分析)测定值进行回归分析,并检验一元线性回归方程的显著性和有效性。结果表明,各行业生产废水中TOC与COD值均存在非常显著的相关性,且废水组成成分越单一稳定,其相关性越好,同行业废水中TOC与COD回归方程的斜率b较为接近。利用TOC自动在线监测值换算所得的COD值,准确性和稳定性高,能满足水质实时连续监测的需要。     

冶金钢铁行业废水中CODcr与TOC相关性研究

CODcr和TOC均是表征水体有机污染程度的指标,对于一般有机废水,理论上两者线性相关。采用线性回归法对冶金钢铁行业废水中TOC和CODcr两项指标的监测数据进行统计分析,建立CODcr对TOC的转换方程,并用相关系数法进行显著性检验。结果表明冶金钢铁行业废水中CODcr值和TOC值的线性关系显著,建立的一元线性回归方程的准确度可以满足水质监测的需要,在一定条件下可以使用TOC监测值间接换算CODcr值。     

BOD_5·COD与TOC·TOD(续)

(本文前两部分谈了TOC的适用范围和TOC连续测定时的效果,以下为第三、四部分。)三、BOD_5、COD和TOC之间的关系及其相关性.通过上述两节说明了TOC测定仪测得的TOC值可以做为评价水体中有机物污染程度的综合性指标,并具有氧化率高、数据准确和连续测定的优点.弥补了BOD_5和COD测定方法的不足.下面列举七种不同类型,有代表性水体的TOC测定值,与BOD_5、或COD测定值比较,分析其相关关系,这七种水体是:石油废水、化工废水、河流水系、造纸废水,农药废水、生活污水与工业废水、综合性污水处理厂     

富营养化东湖水中COD与TOC的相关性研究

为了快速综合的监测有机污染物,及时全面地掌握环境水样中有机污染量,探索性地研究了富营养化湖泊中COD与TOC的相关性。根据东湖水样的有机质谱分析结果,重铬酸钾法测定富营养化水体的适用性在文中得到论证。以大量实验数据为依据,推导出了富营养化湖泊水体中TOC和COD的相关方程。该方程的相关系数r=0.9585,|r|>r0.01,38说明线形相关关系高度显著。实验所得线性回归方程的正确性在理论上得到支持,其较好的精确性通过COD实测值与COD计算值最大相对误差为13.72%得到了证实。对于富营养化东湖水,TOC比COD更能直接合理地表征水体受到有机物质污染的程度。     

氯离子浓度对COD测定结果影响及消除研究

传统的国标法分析高氯废水中的COD时,由于氯离子的干扰,COD测定值偏大。本研究配制了不同浓度的标准氯离子溶液,并测定其耗氧量CODCl,建立了CODCl与氯离子浓度关系的拟合直线模型COD=0.2238[Cl-]-2.64,通过硝酸银滴定法测定水样中氯离子浓度,由拟合直线模型得到水样中氯离子产生的耗氧量CODCl,并进一步测得水样的表观COD值,扣除水样中氯离子产生的耗氧量CODCl,并与水样的COD理论值进行比较。研究结果表明,测定结果的均值相对误差在-3.6%~2.4%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在1.1%~6.9%,方法准确度较高,数据重复再现性好,且测量过程不使用硫酸汞,可应用于高氯废水COD的测定。     

COD快速消解法测定高含氯废水的探讨

介绍了运用快速消解法测定含高氯废水中COD的研究,通过HgSO4.络合法,对含高氯水样辅以稀释法,从而消除氯离子的干扰.针对Cl-/COD≤20的水样,具有较好的准确度和精密度.     

关于高氯废水COD分析的多种方法的比对

本实验采用氯气校正法和低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法来分别测定高氯废水的COD值,两种方法主要针对氯离子浓度小于8000mg／l,COD值小于110mg／l的水样进行分析。试验结果表明：采用氯气校正法虽然可行,但是实验装置复杂,可控性差,数据结果精密度差,准确度不高;采用低浓度重铬酸钾氧化法进行高氯废水的coD测定,结果较为准确,且操作同国家标准法（GB11914—89）基本一致,操作过程简单可行,实用价值高。     

上海市化工有机废水的COD和TOC相关性

一、前言化学耗氧量(COD)和总有机碳(TOC)都是评价水体有机污染的重要指标。由于TOC的测试已经仪器化,具有多方面的优越性,所以在用COD和TOC作为评价水质的共同指标的同时,考虑逐步过渡到以简便、快速的TOC测定代替费工耗料的COD分析,具有一定的意义。为此,国内外对各种有机物COD和TOC的转化率以及各种不同水体两者的相关性均作了不少的研究,并对制订各自所研究的水体的TOC排放标准,提出了建议。我们对化工局所属三十家有机污染排放大户的总排口废水,进行了测试分析,并对上海树脂厂、天原化工厂、上海焦化厂和染化二厂等的排放废水的COD和     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.