运用贝叶斯方法估计中国美利奴羊(新疆型)毛用性状及繁殖性状的遗传参数

为了解中国美利奴羊(新疆型)近年来遗传结构的变化趋势以及探讨毛用性状与繁殖性状的遗传关系,需要进一步研究这些性状的遗传力以及它们之间的关系。本研究收集额敏县聚鑫细毛羊养殖专业合作社1985-2018年中国美利奴羊(新疆型)共计9 428只羊毛生产记录和1987-2018共计5 887只年繁殖记录,运用BLUPF90软件结合Gibbs抽样方法,利用单性状模型对中国美利奴(新疆型)毛用性状(细度支数、等级、总评分、毛长、污毛重和鉴定时体重)和繁殖性状(配种次数、妊娠天数、胎产羔数和总产羔数)进行方差组分和遗传力估计,利用双性状模型分析毛用性状与繁殖性状之间的遗传相关与表型相关。结果显示,中国美利奴羊(新疆型)毛用性状细度支数、等级、总评分、毛长、污毛重、鉴定时体重的遗传力估计值分别为0.471±0.020、0.088±0.030、0.114±0.018、0.426±0.025、0.328±0.041、0.317±0.046;繁殖性状配种次数、妊娠天数、胎产羔数及总产羔数的遗传力估计值分别为0.056±0.009、0.022±0.010、0.120±0.018、0.163±0.016;毛用性状与胎产羔数、总产羔数之间的遗传相关范围为-0.031～0.286,鉴定时体重与胎产羔数(0.286)、总产羔数(0.204)遗传相关最高,细度支数与胎产羔数(-0.143)、总产羔数(-0.048)呈负的遗传相关;毛用性状与胎产羔数、总产羔数之间的表型相关范围为-0.210～0.216,毛长与总产羔数(0.216)表型相关最高,细度支数与胎产羔数(-0.137)、总产羔数(-0.210)呈显著负表型相关。本研究结果发现,毛用性状与繁殖性状之间存在一定的关系,这一结果可为今后制定中国美利奴羊育种规划提供数据基础,为选育优质高产、繁殖性能好的细毛羊提供理论依据,从而进一步提高细毛羊产业经济效益。     

辽宁绒山羊繁殖性状遗传参数的研究

本文应用EXCEL2004软件和SAS6.12软件对辽宁绒山羊繁殖性状进行统计和分析,结果为：辽宁绒山羊的产羔数、产活羔数、断奶只数、断奶窝重、初生窝重、初生个体重、断奶个体重等主要繁殖性状的遗传力分别为0．147、0．126、0．182、0．250、0．318、0．384、0．369,说明除产羔数、产活羔数、断奶只数外,其他性状均属中等遗传力;繁殖性状中,产羔数、产活羔数、断奶只数、初生窝重、断奶窝重等性状的表型相关和遗传相关均为强正相关,窝性状与个体性状呈负遗传相关;初生个体重、断奶个体重与其他5个性状间呈弱正相关或弱负相关。     

高山美利奴羊重要经济性状遗传参数估计

本研究旨在估计高山美利奴羊重要经济性状的遗传参数,为优化高山美利奴羊选育方案、建设品种完整结构、进行遗传评估及实施育种值选种提供理论技术支撑。采用甘肃省绵羊繁育技术推广站2003—2018年高山美利奴羊核心群数据资料,基于ASReml运用单性状个体动物模型和多性状个体动物模型估计高山美利奴羊体重、产羔数、产毛量、净毛量、净毛率、羊毛纤维直径、羊毛纤维直径变异系数、毛丛长度等重要经济性状的遗传参数。结果表明:高山美利奴羊产羔数为低等遗传力,其他所有性状均为中高等遗传力;大部分经济性状间呈正遗传相关,体重、产毛量、羊毛纤维直径与净毛率间呈负遗传相关,羊毛纤维直径变异系数与体重、产毛量、纤维直径呈负遗传相关。     

敖汉细毛羊主要数量性状遗传参数的估计

采用父系半同胞相关法和单元内半同胞相关法分别估算了敖汉细毛羊的初生重、断乳重、断乳毛细度、周岁毛细度、周岁毛长、周岁剪毛量、周岁剪毛后体重、2周岁毛细度、2周岁毛长、2周岁剪毛量、2周岁剪毛后体重的遗传力。结果表明,均在0.1～0.7之间,为中高等遗传力。计算了性状间的遗传相关和表型相关,大部分呈正相关,有些性状间具有较高的遗传相关,分别是断乳重和周岁体重、断乳细度和周岁细度、2周岁毛长和2周岁剪毛量、周岁细度和2周岁细度,相关系数分别为0.5037、0.7319、0.6348和0.76970。周岁毛长和周岁细度、2周岁毛长和2周岁细度、周岁细度和2周岁长度的遗传相关为负值,相关系数分别为-0.2012、-0.1011和-0.0854。表型相关和遗传相关基本相符。计算了毛长、毛细度、剪毛量、剪毛后体重的重复力,分别为0.63、0.45、0.46和0.58,说明毛长、毛细度、剪毛量、剪毛后体重具有较高的重复力。     

中国美利奴羊（新疆型）繁殖性状的遗传参数估计

本研究旨在估计中国美利奴羊(新疆型)繁殖性状的遗传参数,为优化中国美利奴羊(新疆型)选育方案提供理论支撑。本研究收集了新疆巩乃斯种羊场2003—2017年的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)系谱信息及配种产羔记录8 033条。利用SAS 9.2的GLM过程分析群别、出生年份对4个繁殖性状(头胎妊娠天数、平均妊娠天数、头胎羔羊平均初生重、羔羊平均初生重)的影响,结果表明群别和出生年份对4个繁殖性状均有极显著影响;通过DMU软件对4个繁殖性状进行遗传参数估计,结果表明本研究中头胎妊娠天数(0.05±0.05)与平均妊娠天数(0.04±0.02)均属于低遗传力,羔羊平均初生重(0.11±0.02)属于中等遗传力,头胎羔羊平均初生重(0.38±0.05)属于高遗传力;平均妊娠天数和头胎妊娠天数之间的遗传相关为0.89,羔羊平均初生重与头胎羔羊平均初生重之间的遗传相关为0.53。研究结果发现,在中国美利奴羊(新疆型)育种、选育过程中不应忽视出生年份和群别的影响,在培育繁殖性能优良的细毛羊过程中应提高牧场管理水平及牧工操作技术。     

乾华肉用美利奴羊主要经济性状遗传参数的估计

利用吉林省乾安志华种羊繁育有限公司2011—2015年出生的15只乾华肉用美利奴羊公羊的1 230只女儿的测定数据,采用父系同胞相关法和单元内半同胞相关法分别估计了乾华肉用美利奴羊的初生重、断奶重、周岁羊毛纤维直径、周岁毛长、周岁剪毛量、周岁剪毛后体重、2周岁羊毛纤维直径、2周岁毛长、2周岁剪毛量、2周岁剪毛后体重等经济性状的遗传参数。结果表明:所有性状均在0.1~0.7的中高等遗传力;乾华肉用美利奴羊的大部分经济性状间呈正相关,周岁、2周岁时的羊毛纤维直径与羊毛长度间均呈中等负遗传相关;周岁羊毛纤维直径与2周岁羊毛纤维直径、2周岁毛长与2周岁剪毛量之间均呈强的正遗传相关;2周岁羊毛纤维直径与2周岁剪毛量间呈强的负遗传相关,而周岁羊毛纤维直径与剪毛量间则呈中等负遗传相关;初生重与断奶重、周岁体重、2周岁体重间,断奶重与周岁体重、2周岁体重间,周岁体重与2周岁体重间均呈中等正遗传相关。本研究表明乾华肉用美利奴羊主要经济性状均为中、高水平的遗传力,且大多数经济性状之间呈中等以上的遗传相关和表型相关。     

波尔山羊繁殖性状遗传参数的估计

对 2 4 8窝波尔山羊的胎产羔数、羔羊初生重和 2月龄体重的资料进行了遗传分析。结果表明 :公羊和胎次均对母羊产羔数具有显著的影响(P <0 0 5)。不同产羔季节对羔羊初生重和 2月龄体重也具有显著影响。产羔数的遗传力为 0 1 52 ,属低遗传力 ,而羔羊初生重和 2月龄体重 2个性状 (0 433 ,0 347)有中等或较高的遗传力。波尔母羊胎产羔数与羔羊初生重、 2月龄体重之间存在显著或极显著的表型相关 ,但是它们之间却存在显著或极显著的负遗传相关 (P <0 0 5或 P<0 0 1 )。羔羊的初生重和 2月龄体重间 ,无论是表型相关还是遗传相关 ,都呈极显著的正相关(P <0 0 1 )。     

青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊经济性状遗传力估测

对青海省柴达木地区青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊9个主要经济性状进行了遗传力估测。结果表明,初生重、断奶重、周岁剪毛量、羊毛细度、毛长、剪毛前体重、剪毛量都是高遗传力性状,也是青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊育种过程中的主要选择依据;断奶重、周岁剪毛量、剪毛前体重与剪毛量之间呈强正遗传相关,断奶重可作为对剪毛量进行早期选择的参数;断奶重与羊毛细度之间呈负遗传相关。     

青海细毛羊主要经济性状遗传参数估计

估测了三角城种羊场青海细毛羊１３个性状的遗传力，表型相关和遗传相关估测结果表明，初生重，断奶重，周岁剪毛量，羊毛细度，毛长，剪毛前体型，剪毛量都是高遗传力性状，通过个体选择可取得良好效果。断奶重，周岁剪毛量，剪毛前体重与剪毛量之间呈强正遗传相关，断奶重可作为早期性状对剪毛量进行早期选择；因断奶重与羊毛细度之间呈负遗传相关，因此要注意细度的变化。     

中卫山羊早期体型及羊毛性状的遗传参数估计

本研究通过对国家级保护品种中卫山羊15个初生时期和35日龄的体型和羊毛性状的遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关进行估计,分析了性别和出生年份固定效应对这些性状的影响,旨在为中卫山羊的保种工作提供参考。运用DMU软件的DMUAI模块,用单性状动物模型估计遗传力,用多性状动物模型估计遗传相关与表型相关。结果发现,除了35日龄的肩部和臀部毛弯曲数的遗传力小于0.1外其他各性状遗传力的范围为0.10～0.62,均属于中等或偏高遗传力,各性状遗传相关的范围为-0.799～0.991,表型相关的范围为-0.407～0.904。出生年份对除35日龄管围外的其余性状均有极显著影响,性别效应对所有体型性状均有显著影响,但对于初生时期2个毛长性状和35日龄的2个羊毛弯曲数性状影响不显著。中卫山羊早期体型和羊毛性状具有选育提高潜力,可将初生体长和毛股长作为中卫山羊早期选择性状。     

非遗传因素对中国美利奴羊(新疆型)主要经济性状的影响

为探索非遗传因素对中国美利奴羊（新疆型）主要经济性状的影响,试验对拜城种羊场1992-2010年共19年周岁母羊鉴定记录进行统计分析,利用最小二乘方差分析法研究出生年份、群别及出生月份3个非遗传因素对周岁母羊鉴定记录的6个主观鉴定性状（头毛评分、毛密度评分、毛弯曲评分、毛细度评分、体型外貌评分、品种等级评分）和4个客观测定性状（毛长度、鉴定时体重、剪毛后体重、剪毛量）共10个经济性状的影响。结果表明,出生年份和群别对10个性状均有极显著影响（P<0.01）;出生月份对除毛密度评分、毛细度评分、品种等级评分外的其他7个性状均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。从毛细度、毛长度和剪毛量3个最主要的性状来看,2008年毛细度评分最高,显著高于2006、2007和2010年（P<0.05）;1996年毛长度最长,显著高于1994、2002、2004、2006、2007、2008和2010年（P<0.05）,与1995、2003和2009年差异不显著（P>0.05）;1995年剪毛量最多,显著高于1994和2009年（P<0.05）,与1992年差异不显著（P>0.05）;除此之外,其他年份的毛细度评分、毛长度和剪毛量均极显著低于最高值（P<0.01）。除2号群外,不同群别各有优势。1、2月份出生的羊较3、4月份好。由此可见,出生年份、群别和出生月份非遗传因素对中国美利奴羊（新疆型）的主要经济性状存在显著影响,因此,在遗传参数估计和遗传评定时应该综合考虑这些因素,从而为获得更为全面、准确的育种值及制定育种方案提供参考依据。     

Genetic parameters among weight, prolificacy, and wool traits of Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep.     

Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic change for reproduction,weight, and wool characteristics of Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters from both single-trait and bivariate analyses for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits were estimated using REML with animal models for Targhee sheep from data collected from 1950 to 1998 at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID. Breeding values from both single-trait and seven-trait analyses calculated with the parameters estimated from the single-trait and bivariate analyses were compared across years of birth with respect to genetic trends. The numbers of observations were 38,625 for litter size at birth and litter size at weaning, 33,994 for birth weight, 32,715 for weaning weight, 36,807 for fleece weight and fleece grade, and 3,341 for staple length. Direct heritability estimates from single-trait analyses were 0.10 for litter size at birth, 0.07 for litter size at weaning, 0.25 for birth weight, 0.22 for weaning weight, 0.54 for fleece weight, 0.41 for fleece grade, and 0.65 for staple length. Estimate of direct genetic correlation between litter size at birth and weaning was 0.77 and between birth and weaning weights was 0.52. The estimate of genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length was positive (0.54), but was negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-0.47) and between staple length and fleece grade (-0.69). Estimates of genetic correlations were near zero between birth weight and litter size traits and small and positive between weaning weight and litter size traits. Fleece weight was slightly and negatively correlated with both litter size traits. Fleece grade was slightly and positively correlated with both litter size traits. Estimates of correlations between staple length and litter size at birth (-0.14) and litter size at weaning (0.05) were small. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece weight were positive and low to moderate. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece grade were negative and small, whereas estimates between weight traits and staple length were positive and small. Estimated breeding values averaged by year of birth from both the single- and seven-trait analyses for the prolificacy and weight traits increased over time, whereas those for fleece weight decreased slightly and those for the other wool traits were unchanged. Estimated changes in breeding values over time did not differ substantially for the single-trait and seven-trait analyses, except for traits highly correlated with another trait that was responding to selection.     

Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic change for reproduction,weight, and wool characteristics of Columbia sheep

Genetic parameters from both single-trait and bivariate analyses for prolificacy, weight and wool traits were estimated using REML with animal models for Columbia sheep from data collected from 1950 to 1998 at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (USSES), Dubois, ID. Breeding values from both single-trait and seven-trait analyses calculated using the parameters estimated from the single-trait and bivariate analyses were compared with respect to genetic trends. Number of observations were 31,401 for litter size at birth and litter size at weaning, 24,741 for birth weight, 23,903 for weaning weight, 29,572 for fleece weight and fleece grade, and 2,449 for staple length. Direct heritability estimates from single-trait analyses were 0.09 for litter size at birth, 0.06 for litter size at weaning, 0.27 for birth weight, 0.16 for weaning weight, 0.53 for fleece weight, 0.41 for fleece grade, and 0.55 for staple length. Estimate of direct genetic correlation between littersize at birth and weaning was 0.84 and between birth and weaning weights was 0.56. Estimate of genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length was positive (0.55) but negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-0.47) and between staple length and fleece grade (-0.70). Estimates of genetic correlations were positive but small between birth weight and litter size traits and moderate and positive between weaning weight and litter size traits. Fleece weight was lowly and negatively correlated with both litter size traits. Fleece grade was lowly and positively correlated with both litter size traits, while staple length was lowly and negatively correlated with the litter size traits. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece weight were positive and low to moderate. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece grade were negative and small. Estimates of correlations between staple length and birth weight (0.05) and weaning weight were small (-0.04). Estimated breeding values averaged by year of birth from both the single-trait and multiple-trait analyses for the prolificacy and weight traits increased over time, but were unchanged for the wool traits. Estimated changes in breeding values over time did not differ substantially for single-trait and multiple-trait analyses, except for traits highly correlated with another trait that was responding to selection.     

Genetic correlations among and between wool, growth and reproduction traits in Merino sheep

Summary Data from seven research resource flocks across Australia were combined to provide accurate estimates of genetic correlations among production traits in Merino sheep. The flocks represented contemporary Australian Merino fine, medium and broad wool strains over the past 30 years. Over 110 000 records were available for analysis for each of the major wool traits, and 50 000 records for reproduction and growth traits with over 2700 sires and 25 000 dams. Individual models developed from the single trait analyses were extended to the various combinations of two-trait models to obtain genetic correlations among six wool traits [clean fleece weight (CFW), greasy fleece weight, fibre diameter (FD), yield, coefficient of variation of fibre diameter and standard deviation of fibre diameter], four growth traits [birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight (YWT), and hogget weight] and four reproduction traits [fertility, litter size, lambs born per ewe joined, lambs weaned per ewe joined (LW/EJ)]. This study has provided for the first time a comprehensive matrix of genetic correlations among these 14 wool, growth and reproduction traits. The large size of the data set has also provided estimates with very low standard errors. A moderate positive genetic correlation was observed between CFW and FD (0.29 ± 0.02). YWT was positively correlated with CFW (0.23 ± 0.04), FD (0.17 ± 0.04) and LWEJ (0.58 ± 0.06), while LW/EJ was negatively correlated with CFW (−0.26 ± 0.05) and positively correlated with FD (0.06 ± 0.04) and LS (0.68 ± 0.04). These genetic correlations, together with the estimates of heritability and other parameters provide the basis for more accurate prediction of outcomes in complex sheep-breeding programmes designed to improve several traits.     

影响多胎细毛羊主要经济性状的非遗传因素分析

为探索非遗传因素对细毛羊主要经济性状的影响,本文对新疆科创畜牧繁育中心2009—2017年的鉴定记录进行统计分析,利用最小二乘方差分析鉴定年份、年龄及性别3个非遗传因素对多胎细毛羊头部评分、体型评分、密度评分、细度评分、匀度评分、弯曲度评分、油汗评分、总评分8个主观鉴定性状和羊毛长度、剪毛后体重、剪毛量3个客观测定性状的影响。结果表明:鉴定年份对各性状均有极显著影响;性别对密度评分、毛长度、匀度评分、油汗评分、总评分、剪毛后体重、剪毛量均有极显著影响,对头部评分、体型评分、细度评分、弯曲评分的影响均不显著。年龄对细度评分有极显著影响,对头部评分、剪毛量有显著影响,对其他性状的影响均不显著。     

Genetic correlations for litter weight weaned with growth, prolificacy, and wool traits in Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep

Total litter weight weaned at 120 d postpartum per ewe lambing is often believed to be a measure of range ewe productivity. Genetic correlations for litter weight weaned at 120 d with prolificacy, growth, and wool traits for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models. Observations per breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,083 for litter weight weaned, from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for growth traits, and from 4,603 to 18,443 for wool traits. Heritability estimates for litter weight weaned were low and ranged from 0.02 to 0.11. Fraction of variance due to permanent environmental effects averaged 0.05 and, due to effects of mates, averaged 0.01. Estimates of genetic correlations with litter weight weaned varied from breed to breed. The ranges were as follows: 0.42 to 0.65 with litter size born, 0.80 to 0.99 with litter size weaned, -0.22 to 0.28 with birth weight, -0.07 to 0.23 with average daily gain to weaning, -0.56 to 0.19 with fleece weight, -0.15 to 0.02 with fleece grade, and -0.11 to 0.08 with staple length. Results suggest that, if selection were practiced on litter weight weaned, the average correlated responses would be expected to be favorable or neutral for prolificacy, growth, and wool traits although responses might vary from breed to breed.     

Results of a crossbreeding experiment with sheep for different systems of fat lamb production. I. Reproductive traits

A crossbreeding experiment with sheep was carried out at two of the University's experimental stations between 1969 and 1973. On farm I ewes of five groups of different first crosses were tested against the indigenous purebred Merinoland sheep for five lambing periods. The ewes were kept under an accelerated lambing programme, the lambs were reared artificially. On farm II the same domestic breed was tested against three first cross lines with spring lambing and ewes suckling their lambs for 5 to 8 weeks. Each test group consisted of at least 50 ewes made up of 10 halfsib groups. 10 rams of each of four exotic fat lamb sire lines were hand-mated to the ewes. In addition, purebred and special control matings were carried out. All ewes in the experiment were of the same age.The data were analyzed by least squares procedures for different reproductive traits (gestation length, litter size for lambs born and reared, litter weight, score for lambing difficulties) and by simple one-way classifications for various others (lambs born and reared per ewe and year, lambing frequency, body weight, fleece weight, wool income).Since no significant interactions among main effects were detected for any trait, the presentation of the results emphasizes the general combining ability of the sire and dam lines. No significant differences were found between sire lines on both farms in all traits except gestation length. For the most important reproductive traits the differences between the dam lines were highly significant, the Finnish Landrace crosses being the best in both lambing frequency and number of lambs per litter. The superiority of these crosses cannot be maintained for the number of lambs reared and slaughtered, if, like in farm II, facilities are not available to rear lambs of large litters without high losses.