轻度认知功能障碍患者的神经心理学测试

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者是否有神经心理方面的损害及损害的特点,以期为早期筛查出MCI患者提供参考指标。方法采用数字颜色连线测验(CTT)、数字广度测试(DS)、词汇流畅性测试(VFT)、中文听觉词汇(CALT)、线段方向判断(JLOT)和Stroop测验对30名MCI患者和30名性别、年龄和教育程度相匹配的正常对照组进行评定。结果MCI患者的CTT、VFT、数字广度倒背和CALT与正常对照组相比差异均有显著性。JLOT、Stroop测验和数字广度顺背成绩虽有所下降,但差异均无显著性。结论MCI患者的神经心理方面有损害。对MCI危险人群进行神经心理学测试能早期筛选出MCI患者。     

轻度认知功能障碍的神经心理学和脑血流灌注研究

目的　用神经心理学和脑血流灌注检查探讨轻度认知功能障碍 (MCI)特点 ,分析其与阿尔茨海默病 (AD)和健康衰老的差异。方法　对 2 1例MCI ,18例AD和 19例健康老人进行简易智力状态检查 (MMSE) ,日常生活能力量表(ADL)和总体衰退量表 (GDS)评定 ,韦克斯勒记忆测验 (WMS)及SPECT检查。SPECT结果作半定量分析 (以放射性计数比值 -RAR表示 )。结果　认知功能评定结果 :与健康老人相比 ,MCI除ADL成绩外 ,其余均显著降低 ;与AD相比 ,MMSE、ADL、GDS以及WMS中的短时记忆和语言记忆成绩均显著优于AD(P <0 0 5 )。脑血流灌注比较结果 :MCI组与健康老人各部位的RAR无差异 ;与AD组相比 ,扣带回、左基底节、左枕叶、右颞上回、双侧额叶、双侧颞下回和双侧顶叶RAR均显著增高 (P <0 0 5 )。以顶叶RAR为变量作聚类分析产生两类MCI(MCI 4和MCI 16) ,MCI 16在左丘脑的血流灌注低于健康老人(P <0 0 1) ,在双侧颞下回和右颞上回高于AD(P <0 0 1)。结论　MCI为一组异质性疾病 ,认知功能缺损和脑血流灌注的改变均存在多种类型。顶叶能对MCI进行有效分类。     

轻度认知功能障碍的遗传学研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)在老年人群非常普遍。遗传学研究作为研究MCI诊断和预测的方法能提供很有价值的线索。虽然我们对MCI进展为AD现有的相关遗传学知识了解有限,但仍有足够的机会去研究和发现。本文就目前MCI的相关热点致病基因进行综述,并探讨了基因研究中存在的一些问题以及今后发展的方向。     

轻度认知功能障碍筛查量表研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者是老年性痴呆(SD)的高危人群。痴呆的发病率随着世界人口老龄化的加剧而迅速攀升,中晚期痴呆的治疗效果欠佳,而对MCI的早期筛查和干预可延缓痴呆病程的进展。文中对国内外MCI筛查量表的研究分析得出,记忆与执行筛查(MES)量表、Dem Tect、中文修订版轻度认知功能障碍测试(CAMCI)和阿尔茨海默病调查问卷(AQ)4种筛查量表可作为MCI筛查的首选筛查量表。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者的神经心理学研究

目的 探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者神经心理学的特点. 方法 对42例MCI患者和55例健康对照者进行多项神经心理学检查,包括简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)、语言流畅性测验(RVR)、韦氏智力测验(WAIS-RC)[包括数字广度测验(DS)、积木测验(BD)、相似性测验]、韦氏记忆测验(WMS-R)(包括逻辑记忆、联想学习、视觉再认、图片回忆)、日常生活能力量表(ADL),比较2组患者上述量表评分和MMSE、MoCA量表各亚项评分的差异.结果 与对照者比较,MCI患者MMSE、MoCA总分和RVR、WAIS-RC、WMS-R分测验,MoCA量表各亚项(地点定向力除外),MMSE量表中计算与注意、延迟回忆两亚项评分较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 MCI患者不仅记忆受损,其计算与注意力、命名、视空间结构能力、执行功能也可受损,尤以延迟回忆、计算与注意力受损明显.MoCA涵盖了重要的认知领域,能较全面评估MCI患者的认知功能,值的临床推广应用.     

轻度认知功能障碍转化预测指标研究进展

利用各种临床信息如认知障碍主诉、神经心理测验、脑脊液、遗传学、神经影像、心脑血管疾病、社会人口学因素等指标来预测哪些轻度认知功能障碍个体可能会进展为痴呆已经成为近年来认知障碍领域研究的其中一个热点。但目前各研究间结果差异较大。     

阿尔茨海默病及轻度认知功能障碍的生物学标志物

随着年龄的增加,MCI进展为AD的几率愈来愈大,而早期AD与其它痴呆有时又难以鉴别,所以寻找对MCI、AD早期诊断及鉴别诊断特异性高的生物学标志物成为临床研究的重点。本文就MCI、AD患者脑脊液及血液方面的生物学标志物进行综述。     

轻度认知功能障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病患者的选择注意功能的研究

目的 了解轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者和轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)患者的选择注意功能。方法 采用斯特鲁普(Stroop)测验对15例符合国际精神疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)及美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中/老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会(NINCDs/ADRDA)标准的轻度AD患者、15例MCI患者和15例正常老年人进行对照研究。结果 冲突条件下轻度AD患者表现出更大的干扰效应,犯错误更多,反应时间也趋向于更长,MCI组和正常对照组干扰量无明显差别,但MCI组总错误率明显高于正常对照组。结论 轻度AD患者存在选择注意功能障碍,MCI患者选择注意功能下降,介于健康老人和轻度AD患者之间。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者的步态障碍研究进展

对轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的步态研究已有多年。认清MCI时期的步态异常对于诊断、鉴别诊断MCI是治疗干预的关键时期,但需要进一步阐明MCI步态障碍的临床表现,诊断思路。根据目前已有的国内外研究,提出了一个对于此概念性的框架和用于操作的研究标准。这些建议仅用于研究,目前不涉及临床应用。希望这些建议能够提供一个新的对于MCI诊断思路,最终推动更早期识别一些疾病,推进治疗干预MCI的进展。     

血管性认知功能障碍的影像学研究进展

血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)是阿尔茨海默病以外的最为常见的认知功能障碍类型,神经影像学检查对探索认知功能障碍的发病机制和临床诊断起到越来越重要的作用,对于鉴别不同类型的痴呆很有帮助,甚至能发现症状前期痴呆患者。本文综述了近年来影像学在血管性认知功能障碍研究中的应用现状。     

脑显像对轻度认知障碍预后预测价值的Meta分析

目的 利用Meta分析评价和比较氟脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射断层显像(fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography,FDG-PET)、单光子发射计算机断层显像(single-photon emission tomography,SPECT)及结构性磁共振成像(magneti...     

Parietal cortex matters in Alzheimer's disease: an overview of structural, functional and metabolic findings

Atrophy of the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus, is considered to be the most predictive structural brain biomarker for Alzheimer's Dementia (AD). However, recent neuroimaging studies reported a possible mismatch between structural and metabolic findings, showing medial temporal lobe atrophy and medial parietal hypoperfusion as biomarkers for AD. The role of the parietal lobe in the development of AD is only recently beginning to attract attention. The current review discusses parietal lobe involvement in the early stages of AD, viz. mild cognitive impairment, as reported from structural, functional, perfusion and metabolic neuroimaging studies. The medial and posterior parts of the parietal lobe seem to be preferentially affected, compared to the other parietal lobe parts. On the basis of the reviewed literature we propose a model showing the relationship between the various pathological events, as measured by different neuroimaging techniques, in the development of AD. In this model myelin breakdown is a beginning of the chain of pathological events leading to AD pathology and an AD diagnosis.     

扩瞳试验对阿尔茨海默病的预测效应

目的利用扩瞳试验对轻度认知功能损害(Mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者进行研究,了解MCI、阿尔茨海默病(AD)与正常老年人在扩瞳试验结果之间的差异,分析MCI与AD之间的关系,并探讨扩瞳试验是否能作为MCI发展成AD的预测指标。方法收集AD患者30例、MCI患者28例以及健康对照34例。分别进行神经心理学测验和扩瞳试验。比较三组的神经心理学测验和扩瞳试验结果之间的差异。计算扩瞳试验在诊断AD和MCI时的敏感性和特异性。结果MCI组的神经心理学测验都显著好于AD组(P<0.001),但都明显不如正常对照组(P<0.001)。AD患者和MCI患者在滴入扩瞳剂后,瞳孔直径明显扩大,与NC组有显著差异(P值分别为P<0.05,P<0.001),而AD组与MCI组之间则无统计学上的差异(P>0.05)。扩瞳试验诊断AD的敏感性和特异性分别为60.0%和67.65%,诊断MCI的敏感性和特异性分别为71.43%和67.65%。结论扩瞳试验可以将MCI患者和AD患者、与正常老年人区别开来,可以作为MCI和AD的一个筛选诊断标志。MCI是AD与正常衰老之间的过渡状态;MCI患者是AD的高危人群...     

White matter hyperintensities and prepulse inhibition in a mixed elderly population

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, a measure for sensorimotor gating, exhibits a relatively high inter-individual variability in elderly subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether white matter hyperintensities (WMH), frequently identified on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in elderly subjects with and without cognitive impairment, may contribute to variations in PPI. A passive acoustic PPI paradigm was applied in 92 human subjects (53 healthy and 39 patients with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment) between 60 and 85 years of age. WMH were rated visually on craniel MRI FLAIR images using the Fazekas scale. WMH were identified in 70% of all subjects. The latency to peak of the startle response increased significantly with increasing WMH load, whereas the inhibition of the startle response (PPI) was neither significantly related to the degree of WMH nor to cognitive performance. We conclude that the presence of WMH in the fronto-striatal brain circuit may affect the latency of the startle response, but not information processing in elderly subjects.     

预测轻度认知障碍向阿尔茨海默病转化的生物标志物的研究进展

轻度认知障碍(MCI)被认为是痴呆的前期阶段,每年有10%~15%的MCI最终发展为痴呆。阿尔茨海默病(AD)是痴呆的首要病因,也是多数MCI的转归结局。早期识别出具有转化为AD高风险的MCI并进行干预,对控制认知障碍进展具有重要意义。笔者现从体液、影像学、遗传学这3个层面,对预测MCI向AD转化的核心和新型生物标志物的研究进展进行归纳,以期为MCI的转归预测或AD的早期诊断研究提供帮助。     

记忆测试预测遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者海马形态改变的研究

目的 明确何种类型的记忆测试能更好地预测1年后遗忘型轻度认知障碍向阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）转变相关的海马形态学改变。方法 用海马冠状位磁共振扫描T1像0～4分的视觉等级评分法,比较3组遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者的海马萎缩程度,分组为听觉记忆受损组（n =30）、视觉记忆受损组（n =28）、视觉与听觉记忆均受损组（n =44）。患者均接受了多奈哌齐、艾斯能或加兰他敏中的任一药物治疗。结果 基线资料显示听觉记忆受损组存在较高比例（80%）的海马萎缩,高于视觉记忆受损组海马萎缩的比例（43%）,视觉与听觉记忆均受损组海马萎缩的比例达91%,且萎缩的皮层更广泛。1年后,听觉记忆受损组、视觉记忆受损组和视觉听觉记忆均受损组向临床痴呆的转化率分别为20.0%、10.7%和31.8%。有极高比例的听觉记忆受损患者（50%）和视觉听觉记忆均受损者（68.2%）出现双侧海马萎缩或萎缩程度较前加重,而仅有较少比例（28.6%）的视觉记忆受损患者出现双侧海马的轻度萎缩。结论 听觉记忆受损和视觉听觉记忆均受损的遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者更可能是AD的前期状态,听觉记忆测试较视觉记忆测试更能敏感预测1年后遗忘型轻度认知障碍患者海马萎缩程度     

Functional MRI in the early detection of dementias

Functional MRI is a non-invasive imaging technology that can illuminate regional brain activity during the performance of a task, such as a memory paradigm, or at rest. fMRI data can be acquired during a session in which MRI data is also acquired to measure grey and white matter regional brain structure, and these measures can be analyzed together to investigate the relationships between altered regional brain function, structure, and cognitive task performance in neurologic illness. Data will be reviewed on the application of fMRI to the early detection of physiologic abnormalities associated with neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia, and to differential diagnosis of dementias. Recent fMRI work will also be reviewed on the identification of abnormalities in regional brain function prior to dementia, the use of these measures to predict cognitive decline, and their application in investigations of alterations in regional brain networks that subserve cognitive function. Finally, the use of fMRI as a biomarker in clinical trials of putative neurotherapeutics for dementias will be discussed.     

轻度认知障碍相关脑区影像学异常改变的研究进展

轻度认知障碍（MCI）是健康老龄化与痴呆之间的过渡阶段,并且存在进展为阿尔茨海默病（AD）的高风险性,因此MCI阶段成为AD早期识别、诊断和防治最为重要的节点。目前MCI的临床诊断尚缺乏一种具有非侵入性、及时性和经济优势的神经影像标志物。近期研究发现,MCI阶段时海马、杏仁核、扣带回、丘脑、壳核、尾状核和胼胝体等脑区可能发生微观结构和（或）功能的改变,而这些异常改变的影像学表现或可成为MCI早期诊断的神经影像标志物。本文现围绕上述MCI相关脑区在影像学检测中的异常改变的研究进展进行综述。     

Addition of EEG improves accuracy of a logistic model that uses neuropsychological and cardiovascular factors to identify dementia and MCI

To investigate whether addition of EEG would improve accuracy of a logistic model that uses neuropsychological assessment and cardiovascular history to identify dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as a single group, we collected data and constructed logistic models from a sample of 78 normal adults and 33 patients (aged 50-85 years). To determine accuracy, we compared logistic regression results to a geriatrician's diagnosis of MCI or dementia that included Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia or mixed dementia. We found that the addition of EEG (non-linear complexity) to a logistic model that included both neuropsychological assessment (ADAS-Cog) and cardiovascular history increased overall accuracy from 80% to 92%. The logistic model identified dementia and MCI as a single group comprised of the following subgroups (with accuracies): Alzheimer's disease (92%; 12/13), vascular dementia (73%; 8/11), mixed dementia (100%; 4/4), and mild cognitive impairment (80%; 4/5). Whereas the analysis is limited by small sample sizes and mixing of diverse pathologies, the findings do provide support that the subgroups may share changes in neuropsychological, cardiovascular, and electroencephalographic factors (specifically ADAS-Cog total score, cardiovascular history, and EEG complexity). Taken together, the study results provide support that EEG might complement the clinician's evaluation of dementia and MCI.