由小震震源机制解得到的鄂尔多斯周边构造应力场

利用格点尝试法首先分区对鄂尔多斯地块周边的 30 0 0多个小震震源机制解进行了处理。结果显示 ,在震源机制解覆盖的时段内 ,地块周边地区的平均构造应力场有以下特征 :地块周边主要以水平构造作用力为主 ,且其主压应力轴走向以地块西南侧为中心 ,从北至东呈扇形展布。在分区基础上 ,对各区的平均主应力轴分布进行了扫描 ,得到了其随时间的变化过程。其中渭河、六盘山和银川区的构造应力场相对稳定 ,临汾和同心区的构造应力场变化复杂 ,临河、包头、呼和、大同和太原区的构造应力场变化与该区的几次中强地震有密切关系。另外 ,地块周边除个别区外大多数区域在 1992年和 1996年前后 ,主压应力轴走向有趋近于N75°E的现象     

龙滩库区水库地震震源机制及应力场特征

文中使用龙滩水库地震监测台网记录的波形数据,采用P波初动、SH波和P渡位移振幅比数据计算震源机制解的FOCMEC方法,获取了龙滩库区2006年9月蓄水至2008年底发生的73次M_L2.0以上地震的震源机制解,并在此基础上反演了库区应力场。龙滩库区2006年10月蓄水以来发生的2级以上地震以逆断层型为主,由震源机制解获得的2个地震丛集区应力场的主压应力都近于水平,取向都为NWW-SEE。反映出蓄水后库区仍为以水平NWW-SEE向压应力为主的应力场结构,且最大主压应力倾角更为水平。而最大主张应力及中等应力轴的分布则不一致,显示出在近水平的主压应力背景下,龙滩库区局部应力场的非一致性。通过对龙滩水库地震机制解特征及应力场的认识和讨论,初步提出了龙滩水库诱发地震的发震机理,认为载荷作用所引起的剪应力增大不是龙滩水库蓄水诱发地震的主要因素,而蓄水所产生的孔隙压力作用和库水渗透的润滑弱化作用的耦合作用可能是主要的成因     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECANISMS IN THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND ADJACENT AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Daliangshan sub-block is a boundary region among the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block. It hosts four major fault systems:The southwest to south trending Xianshuihe-Zemuhe Fault zone in the west, the Longmenshan fault zone is the northern boundary, the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault zone in the south, and the NS-trending Mabian-Yanjin fault zone in the east. This study focused on focal mechanisms and the regional stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block to help understand the earthquake preparation process, tectonic deformation and seismic stress interaction in this area. We collected broadband waveform records from the Sichuan Seismic Network and used multiple 1-D velocity models to determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and large earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.5)in the Daliangshan sub-block by using the CAP method. Results for 276 earthquakes from Jan 2010 to Aug 2016 show that the earthquakes are dominated by strike-slip and trust faulting, very few events have normal faulting and the mixed type. We then derived the regional distribution of the stress field through a damp linear inversion(DRSSI)using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study. Inversion results for the spatial pattern of the stress field in the block suggest that the entire region is predominantly under strike-slip and trust faulting regimes, largely consistent with the focal mechanisms. The direction of maximum compression axes is NW-NWW, and part of the area is slightly rotated, which is consistent with the GPS velocity field. Combining geodynamic background, this work suggests that because the Sichuan-Yunnan block is moving to SE and the Tibetan plateau to SE-E along major strike-slip faults, the stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block and its adjacent regions is controlled jointly by the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCAL MECHANISMS AND STRESS FIELD OF YUNNAN AREA

Using the seismic waveform data recorded by regional seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan and the method of CAP, we calculate and obtain the focal mechanism of 268 earthquakes with the magnitude of M_L≥4.0 occurring in Yunnan during Jan. 1999 to Aug. 2014; then, we analyze the types and the regional feature of the focal mechanism of earthquakes in Yunnan, on the basis of the focal mechanism of 109 earthquakes analyzed by Harvard University. Based on the data of the above focal mechanism solutions, we adopt the method of damped regional-scale stress inversion to calculate the best-fitting tectonic stress tensor of every grid in Yunnan; and adopt the method of maximum principal stress to calculate the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress in Yunnan. The result shows that: (1)the strike-slip type is the most principal type of the earthquake focus in the study area and the second is the normal faulting type; while, the reverse-fault type is relatively small. The spatial distribution of focal mechanism is obvious. This reflects that the dynamic source and acting force are different in different parts of the study area. (2)The direction of the stress field in Yunnan shows a certain spatial continuity. Maximum horizontal principal compressive stress is mainly clockwise from north to south and counterclockwise from the west to the east. The direction of stress field shows inhomogeneity in space. There exist two stress conversion zones respectively in EW and NS direction. The inversion result of stress field shows that the stress field in Yunnan is complex and the principal stress direction changes greatly; and there are obvious differences in different regions.     

川滇块体及周边区域现今震源机制和应力场特征

利用CAP（Cut and paste）方法获取了川滇块体及周边区域2007年8月至2013年4月75次3.5级以上中等地震的震源机制解,结合哈佛大学历史地震震源机制解,分析了震源机制解和震源深度的空间分布特征,并探讨了其构造动力学背景。结果表明：1）川滇块体各不同断裂带、块体内部各次级块体之间、块体内外表现出不同的震源机制解空间分布特征,揭示出位于青藏高原东南缘的川滇块体及周边地区应力场的非均匀性;2）研究区各主要断裂带所反映的与构造背景作用一致的震源机制分布特征表明,川滇块体及周边近期断层破裂方式主要受到各个断裂带的构造活动以及次级块体之间相互作用的控制;3）丽江-小金河断裂带上特殊的震源机制特征和发震应力轴的分布特征,进一步证实了丽江-小金河断裂带对高原逃逸物质的抵挡和屏蔽的作用;4）震源深度分布特征表明,川滇块体及周边地震震源深度主要分布于15km的上地壳,优势分布在5～15km的范围,揭示出研究区的地壳脆性孕震层位于5～15km的上地壳。     

永善－大关7．1级地震序列震源区应力场分析

由云南永善－大关Ｍｓ７．１级地震序列中的１１个Ｍｓ≥４级地震的震源机制解和９８个小震震源机制解，分析了震源区应力场的基本图象和变化形态。结果表明，震源区应力场的基本图象和构造应力场的方向相符。Ｍｓ７．１级主震未对震源区应力场的方向产生可觉察的改变。大量小震机制解的空间取向的优势方向与主震机制解一致。取向离散的小震机制解多出现在序列的前期，至序列末期则很少发现。小震机制解由较离散向集中过渡，显示了震源区应力场动态调整的过程。因此，小地震在强震序列中也做出不可忽略的贡献。     

华东地区现代地壳应力场及地震断层错动性质

使用143组中、小地震单震震源机制解和17组小区域综合机制解资料,统计分析了华东地区的现代构造应力场特征。华东地区现今处在NEE向(80°左右)主压、NNW向(350°左右)主张应力场的控制下;主应力作用方式以水平和近水平为主。在应力场方向和作用方式基本一致的背景上,不同地震构造分区存在一些差异,这些差异可能与相应区域主要活动断裂的主体分布方向有关,可能表征了现存构造对地震错动特征的影响和控制作用。现代中、小地震震源机制解,历史中、强地震和现代有感地震最内等震线长轴方向等资料显示华东地区地震主要沿NE,NW2个方向破裂错动,兼有NNE,NEE,NWW或近EW方向。以走滑和近走滑方式为主,兼有少量斜向滑动。地震断层的错动方式存在某些分区差异。华东地区历史中、强地震以NE向破裂错动为主,而现代中强地震在陆域以NW-SE为主,海域NE,NW兼有     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCAL MECHANISMS AND STRESS FIELD IN THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF SICHUAN-YUNNAN BLOCK AND ITS ADJACENT AREA

This study is devoted to a systematic analysis of the stress state of the eastern boundary area of Sichuan-Yunnan block based on focal mechanisms of 319 earthquakes with magnitudes between M3.0 and M6.9, occurring from January 2009 to May 2018. We firstly determined the mechanism solutions of 234 earthquakes by the CAP method, using the broadband waveforms recorded by Chinese regional permanent networks, and collected 85 centroid moment tensor solutions from the GCMT. Then we investigated the regional stress regime through a damp linear inversion. Our results show that:1)the focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes are regionally specific with three principal types of focal mechanisms:the strike-slip faulting type, the thrust faulting type and the normal faulting type. The strike-slip faulting type is significant in the eastern boundary area of Sichuan-Yunnan block along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault, the Daliangshan Fault, and the Zhaotong-Lianfeng Fault. The thrust faulting type and the combined thrust/strike-slip faulting type are significant along the Mabian-Yanjin Fault, Ebian-Yanfeng Fault and the eastern section of Lianfeng Fault; 2)The most robust feature of the regional stress regime is that, the azimuth of principal compressive stress axis rotates clockwise from NWW to NW along the eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan Block, and the clockwise rotation angle is about 50 degrees. Meanwhile, the angels between the principal compressive axis and the trend of eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan Block remain unchanged, which implies a stable coefficient of fault friction in the eastern boundary fault zone of Sichuan-Yunnan Block. The movement of the upper crust in the southeastern Tibetan plateau is a relatively rigid clockwise rotation. On the whole, the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault is a small arc on the earth, and its Euler pole axis is at(21°N, 88°E). The Daliangshan Fault is surrounded by the Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault, which formed a closed diamond shape. When the Sichuan-Yunnan block rotates clockwise, the Daliangshan Fault locates in the outer of the arc, while the Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault is in the inward of the arc, and from the mechanical point of view, left-lateral sliding movement is more likely to occur on the Daliangshan Fault. Our results can be the evidence for the study on the "cut-off" function of the Daliangshan Fault based on the stress field background; 3)The regional stress regime of the eastern boundary faults zone of the Sichuan-Yunnan Block is the same as the south section of the Dalianshan Fault, and the focal mechanism results also reveal that the Dalianshan Fault is keeping left-lateral strike-slip. There may be the same tectonic stress field that controls the earthquake activities in the southern section of Daliangshan Fault and Zhaotong-Lianfeng Fault. The regional stress regime of Zhaodong-Lianfeng Fault is also the same with the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, which implies that the control effect of the SE movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan block may extend to Weining.     

A PANORAMA OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE 8 AUGUST 2017 JIUZHAIGOU,SICHUAN MS7.0 EARTHQUAKE

The M_S7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan Province of 8 August 2017 triggered a large number of landslides. A comprehensive and objective panorama of these landslides is of great significance for understanding the mechanism, intensity, spatial pattern and law of these coseismic landslides, recovery and reconstruction of earthquake affected area, as well as prevention and mitigation of landslide hazard. In this paper, we use the trinity method of space, sky and earth to create a panorama of the landslides triggered by this event. There are 4 roads in the distribution area of the coseismic landslides. The Jinglinghai-Xiamo and Jiudaoguai-Jiuzhaitiantang road sections register the most serious coseismic landslides. The landslides are mainly of moderate-and small-scales, and also with a few large landslides and avalanches. A detailed visual interpretation of the coseismic landslides is performed in two areas of Wuhuahai(11.84km²) and Zharusi-Shangsizhai village(47.07km²), respectively. The results show the overall intensity of landsliding(1088 landslides, a total area 1.514km²) in the Wuhuahai area is much higher than those in the Zharusi-Shangsizhai village area(528 landslides, a total area 0.415km²). On the basis of a scene of post-earthquake Geoeye -1 satellite images, we delineate more than 4 800 coseismic landslides with a total occupation area 9.6km². The spatial pattern of these landslides is well related with the locations of the inferred seismogenic fault and aftershocks. Widely distributed earthquake-affected weakened slopes, residual loose materials staying at high-position slopes and in valleys have greater possibilities to fail again and generate new landslides or debris flows under the conditions of strong aftershocks or heavy rainfalls in the future. Geological hazard from these events will become one of the most serious problems in the recovery and reconstruction of the earthquake-affected area which should receive much attention.     

新疆伽师及周围构造应力场区域特征探讨

在利用伽师及周围58次中强地震震源机制解对这一地区的构造应力场进行分析的基础上,结合系统聚类和应力场反演计算结果,对不同时期、不同区域应力场的变化特征进行了分析。该区域地震以走滑错动为主,柯坪块体逆冲作用更为明显。区域最大主压应力方向近SN,但不同构造背景下的主压应力方向存在着较明显的差异。乌恰-喀什地区P轴基本近SN向,但存在着由NW—SN—NE的随时间变化的过程;柯坪块体内部长期以来受较为一致的NW-SE向压应力作用;伽师震区P轴方向为NE-SW。1996年区域应力场方向开始发生明显的变化,P轴方位向NE偏转,倾角增大。结果表现出不同构造环境下应力场分布格局的特征或变化     

靖字——抚松Ms4．6级地震序列特征

2008年8月5日靖宇-抚松发生Ms4．6级地震。本文对这次地震的区域地质构造、震源机制、地震序列特征等进行了分析。结果表明,此次地震的发震构造是浑江断裂带;震前地震活动呈现“稀疏-密集-平静”特征,余震衰减正常;序列空间位置变化不大,相对集中在北东向条状分布,走向与浑江断裂带一致。     

基于新浪微博的2017年四川九寨沟7.0级地震舆情情感分析

地震等重大自然灾害发生后,越来越多的民众通过网络来获取和发布灾情信息、表达个人观点和情感等,产生了海量的地震灾害网络数据。首先简要综述了针对地震灾害网络数据的相关研究;然后以2017年四川九寨沟7.0级地震为例,基于新浪微博数据,分析了社会民众对于此次地震事件表现出的情感倾向特征,结果显示:75.30%的博文表现了积极情感倾向;最后通过对不同情感倾向博文的内容分析,总结了影响网民情感波动的主要因素。     

伽师强震群序列的破列特征

分析了伽师强震群序列中13次5级以上地震的震源机制解资料,其中有8个走滑型地震、5个倾滑型地震。走滑型地震的北北西向节面与Ms≥5．0级地震震中分布的斜列线一致,伽师强震群序列可能是北北西向右旋走滑断层及与其斜交的张性正断层共同作用的结果。     

丽江7.0级地震丽江县城房屋震害分析

本简述丽江７．０级地震造成的丽江县城钢筋砼框架、砖混结构和单层空旷房屋的震害，研究了房屋的特征，对震害的原因作了初步分析。     

中国及邻区震源机制解的分区特征

利用《中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库》收录的中国及邻区2660个地震震源机制解资料(数据截止到2003年底),在分析中国及邻区震源机制解及其分布特征的基础上,重点分析探讨了中国境内6级以上地震的震源机制解的分区特征:东北-华北应力区震源机制解水平最大主应力的优势分布方位为近EW向和NEE向,震源机制解类型相对较为单一,以走滑型为主。华南应力区水平最大主应力的优势分布方位为NW-SE向,震源机制解类型主要是逆断型和走滑型。新疆应力区水平最大主应力的优势分布方位为近SN向,类型也主要是逆断型和走滑型。在青藏高原南部应力区,震源机制解水平最大主应力方位的分布相对比较集中,优势方位为近SN向,类型基本上只有走滑型和正断型2类。而在青藏高原北部及北东边缘应力区,水平最大主应力方位变化较大,震源机制解类型以走滑型为主,同时还有一定数量的正断型和逆断型震源机制解     

溪洛渡库首区蓄水后震源机制分析

目前世界第三大水库溪洛渡的库首区遍布碳酸盐岩、灰岩,存在溶洞,蓄水后水位升高140m左右,随之发生6 000多次地震,但绝大多数是1级以下微震,最大震级仅仅ML3;集中在库岸两侧10km、深度5km、从大坝向上游沿库盆40km长度的范围内。微小地震对于水库、大坝的安全没有产生影响。使用较为密集的水库数字地震台网资料反演得到蓄水前后700多次地震的震源机制,并进一步反演了全区和分区的应力场,发现:震源机制空间取向复杂、破裂类型多样,应力状态不均匀、不稳定。与他人使用大量天然地震资料反演的区域应力场不一致,表明水库诱发地震没有受到区域应力场的严格控制。分析认为库水涌入溶洞、渗透到裂隙、节理,原来存在的小断层面或者间断面的孔隙压力增加,摩擦强度、岩石破裂强度降低以及库水载荷加大造成弹性变形等共同作用是地震的成因。并且首先主要释放的是已经积累的区域应力、局部应力,然后才表现出以库水载荷产生的附加应力为主。库首区没有较大的活动断层,2014年库水位将再度升高数十m,伴随裂隙的贯通,应力场的调整,回流的库水淹没库盆上游,还会发生中小地震乃至中等强度地震。溪洛渡水库大坝抗震设防水准较高,不会造成安全问题。建议在诱发地震继续活动期间,尽早实施详细的水文地质、地球物理探测,提供精细的科学资料,为确定诱发地震的成因、寻找控制诱发地震的技术条件,以减轻突发事件的影响,为其他类似水库发挥示范作用。     

利用小震震源机制解研究宁夏北部及邻区构造应力场

利用垂直向和波振幅比方法计算了2003年1月至2009年10月间宁夏北部及邻区的31个中小地震震源机制解,然后对计算所得的31个地震震源机制解进行系统聚类及应力场分析,并利用格点尝试法研究阿拉善区域（I区）和银川盆地及以北地区（II区）的平均震源机制解。结果表明：31个中小地震中走滑型地震占了近77％,显示出宁夏北部及邻近地区地震错动方式以近走滑为主;I区域地震产生的震源区构造变形是近南北向发生压缩,近东西向发生相对扩张;II区域构造应力场主压应力方向以水平作用为主,地震产生的震源区构造变形是北东向发生压缩,北西向发生相对扩张。     

ANALYSIS ON THE 2013 BADONG M5.1 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE AND THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

On 16^th September 2013, an M5.1 earthquake occurred in Badong County, Hubei Province, which is the biggest one since the first water impounding in 2003 in the head region of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The crustal velocity information is needed to determine the earthquake location and focal mechanism. By comparison, the 1-D velocity structure model from Zhao was adopted in this study. Double difference location method was applied to determine the precise locations of the M5.1 earthquake sequence. Relocation results show that the dominant distribution of this sequence is along NEE direction. In order to understand its seismogenic structure, focal depth profiles were made. Profile AA' was along the sequence distribution, and the earthquake sequence extended about 12km. Focal depth of mainshock is deeper than that of aftershocks, and earthquake rupture propagated laterally southwestward. The seismic profile BB' and CC' were perpendicular to profile AA', which represent the dip direction. Both profiles show that the focal depth becomes deeper toward southeast, and dip angle is about 50°. It means that the possible seismogenic fault strikes NEE and dips southeast. Focal mechanism could provide more information for judging the seismogenic structures. Many methods could obtain the focal mechanism, such as P-wave first motion method, CAP method, and some other moment tensor methods. In this paper, moment tensor inversion program made by Yagi Y is adopted. 12 regional seismic stations ranging from 100~400km are picked up, and before the inversion, we removed the mean and trend. The seismic waveforms were band pass filtered between 0.05 and 0.2Hz, and then integrated into displacement. Green's functions were calculated using the discrete wavenumber method developed by Kohketsu. The focal mechanism of the M5.1 mainshock manifests that the NEE-striking fault plane probably is the possible seismogenic fault, which is consistent with the analysis of focal depth profiles. The focal mechanisms of the M_L≥2.0 aftershocks are retrieved by P-wave first motion method, and the nodal plane I is in accordance with the earthquake sequence distribution and the fault plane of the mainshock. FMSI program was adopted to inverse the stress field in the earthquake area, and the results show that the earthquake sequence is under the control of the regional stress field. The earthquake sequence occurred on the stage of slow water unloading, and ETAS model was introduced to testify the influences of water level fluctuations on earthquakes. The results denote that the reservoir played a triggering role in the earthquake, however, the NEE-striking seismogenic fault is the controlling factor.     

腾冲火山区及周围地区震源机制与构造应力场分布特征

对腾冲火山区及周围地区强震震源深度和震源机制空间分布及区域现代构造应力场特征进行了研究。由我国西南地区直到缅甸中深源地震带的区域构造应力场空间分布格局,充分显示出我国西南地区在现代构造运动过程中,受到以印度板块对亚欧板块碰撞挤压作用为主要动力源,在东部同时受到太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块远距离作用影响的总体特征。腾冲火山区主要受到印度板块在缅甸中深源地震带产生的侧面挤压剪切的直接作用。腾冲火山区所属的腾冲龙陵地震带是西南地区区域构造应力场分区的一条重要边界。腾冲火山区主要受到北东———北东东向的区域压应力场作用,同时也可能受到东侧毗邻应力场分区南南东———南东向压应力场的影响。     

九寨沟7.0级地震前四川地区地磁异常分析

利用地磁垂直分量日变幅逐日比方法分析了2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前的地磁异常时空变化特征,结果表明:震前6个月成都、松潘、江油和崇州4个台站出现了同步的逐日比超阈值异常,异常台站集中于四川北部地区,震中位于异常阈值线上。外空场活动调查排除了空间环境对计算结果的影响,显示此次多台同步逐日比异常很可能是浅层地下介质电性结构改变的一种表现。