NaCl胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长和光合气体交换参数的影响

以早春红玉品种为材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长、叶片光合气体交换参数、质膜透性和脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:25 mmol·L-1NaCl处理9 d后对西瓜幼苗生长有促进作用,>75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理则显著抑制幼苗生长;NaCl处理显著提高了叶片光合色素含量,并在100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随NaCl浓度提高而显著降低;胞间CO2浓度随NaCl浓度提高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下降到最小;气孔限制值随NaCl浓度提高而增加,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大值后趋于稳定;水分利用率随NaCl浓度提高呈先增加后降低的趋势,在75 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下达到最大;叶片质膜透性和脯氨酸含量均随NaCl浓度提高而显著增加.结果说明:NaCl胁迫显著抑制了西瓜叶片光合作用,且低浓度处理下光合速率降低的主要原因是气孔因素限制,高浓度胁迫下则转变为非气孔因素限制.     

半干旱区典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特性

为了研究西北半干旱生态系统中典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特征,于2012年5—10月,使用Li-6400(Li-Cor Inc.,USA)便携式光合测定系统,测定了油蒿气体交换特征的日变化、季节变化以及净光合速率(Pn)对光合有效辐射和胞间CO2浓度的响应。结果表明:Pn、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化在12:00前后均表现出非对称性,上午测量值普遍高于下午;Pn日均值6月最高(8.97±1.73μmol CO2·m-2·s-1),10月最低(2.58±1.32μmol CO2·m-2·s-1);油蒿表观量子效率(α)在0.022~0.048 mol·mol-1变化,羧化效率(φ)在0.125~0.268 mol·m-2·s-1变化;在9月13日饱和光强下的Pn(Pnmax)达到生长季最大值,为24.89μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;在7月31日饱和胞间CO2浓度下的Pn(Anmax),达到生长季最大值,为77.23μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;Pnmax主要受到相对湿度影响,Anmax主要受饱和水汽压亏缺和30 cm深度土壤体积含水率影响;水分相关环境因子是油蒿光合作用的主要限制因子,其光合特征反映出对半干旱气候的适应性。本研究结果可为生态系统过程建模和区域尺度研究提供重要的生理生态参数。     

楸树无性系光合特性研究

以10个楸树无性系为试验材料,利用Li-6400光合测定仪对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:楸树净光合速率(Pn)日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合"午休"的主要调节因素。楸树所有无性系光合作用对光照强度(PAR)单一生态因子水平的响应均可以用二次方程描述。楸树的光补偿点(LCP,11.37~57.4μmol.m-2.s-1)和CO2补偿点(CCP,57.73~77.06μmol.mol-1)在10个无性系间存在显著差异。10个楸树无性系的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率在无性系间存在极显著差异。在光饱和点(LSP)条件下,10个无性系净光合速率处于18.8~24.4μmol.m-2.s-1之间。环境因子与光合指标存在显著的相关关系,PAR和空气湿度(RH)对楸树无性系瞬时Pn影响最大。     

湛江5种红树林树种光合作用特性及光合固碳能力研究

应用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对湛江市特呈岛5种红树林树种的净光合速率日变化和光合作用—光响应曲线进行了测定,探讨了各树种的光合作用特性以及主要影响因子并评估其固碳能力大小。结果表明:在自然光照条件下,秋茄和红海榄叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线呈单峰型,白骨壤、木榄和桐花树为双峰型,光合"午休"现象明显,而且峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00左右。其中,白骨壤和木榄的光合午休主要由气孔限制因素引起,桐花树主要由非气孔限制因素引起。通径分析表明,光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响白骨壤和桐花树叶片Pn的主要决策因子,而叶面大气蒸汽压亏缺(VPD)是主要限制因子;影响秋茄和红海榄叶片Pn的主要决策因子是气孔导度(Gs),主要限制因子是叶温(Tl);影响木榄叶片Pn的主要决策因子是气孔导度(Gs)。基于叶片净光合作用速率的各树种日净固碳量存在显著性差异(P0.01),秋茄的日净固碳量最大(13.83 g·m-2·d-1),其次为白骨壤和桐花树(9.48和8.24 g·m-2·d-1),木榄和红海榄的较小(6.72和6.30 g·m-2·d-1)。5种红树林树种的光补偿点(LCP)介于28.3~137.0μmol·m-2·s-1之间,显示了阳生植物的特性。光饱和点(LSP)介于169.3~1189.3μmol·m-2·s-1之间,桐花树最大,红海榄最小。5种红树林树种的表观量子效率(AQY)存在极显著差异(P0.01),白骨壤最高为0.064 mol·mol-1,木榄最低,仅为0.005 mol·mol-1。5种红树林植物叶片的光响应参数与日净固碳量的关联度大小顺序为最大净光合速率(Pmax)、LSP-LCP、AQY、LSP、LCP。     

野生与栽培黄花蒿净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应

比较了相同种源的野生和栽培黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,野生和栽培黄花蒿的光饱和点(LSP)分别为1 183和1 564μmol m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)为17和18μmol m-2s-1,最大净光合速率(Pmax)为18.78和22.38μmol m-2s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.08和0.075μmol m-2s-1,表明黄花蒿的光合能力强,能够利用很高的光强,且对弱光的适应性也较强。栽培黄花蒿的Pmax、LSP和最大羧化速率(Vcmax)显著高于野生黄花蒿,两者的LCP、不包括光下呼吸的CO2补偿点、AQY、光下呼吸速率和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)差异不显著。强光下栽培黄花蒿主要通过提高Vcmax和Jmax等来增强光合能力,强的光合能力有利于黄花蒿的生长,因此在人工栽培黄花蒿的过程中应选择阳光充足的开阔生境。     

外源亚精胺对NaCl胁迫下毕氏海蓬子光合参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在0、100、300、500和700 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下比较了喷施0.1mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对毕氏海蓬子(Salicomia bigelovii Torr.)幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:毕氏海蓬子的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度均呈低浓度条件下(0、100和300 mmol·L-1NaCl)升高、高浓度条件下(500和700 mmol·L-1NaCl)降低的趋势,在300 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下达到最高值:胞间CO2浓度则呈低浓度NaCl胁迫条件下降低、500 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下升高、700 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下略降低的趋势;在0～500 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下叶绿素a/b值变化不明显,但在700 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下急剧降低.在低浓度NaCl胁迫条件下,叶绿体整体膨胀,类囊体片层结构松散,但叶绿体和类囊体结构仍保持完整;而经500和700mmol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶绿体超微结构被严重破坏,叶绿体膜结构破裂、类囊体结构松散呈放射状、有些叶绿体完全解体.而在相应的NaCl胁迫条件下喷施0.1 mmol·L-1Spd,毕氏海蓬子的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度虽然也呈现出相同的变化趋势,但其数值均显著高于对照(未喷施Spd);且叶绿体超微结构的损伤程度也轻于对照.研究结果说明:喷施外源Spd能够减缓NaCl胁迫对毕氏海蓬子的伤害作用.     

秦岭佛坪国家级自然保护区亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合生理特征

秦岭是我国陆地生物多样性保护关键区域之一,其亚高山草甸植被对环境变化具有良好的指示作用。为了探索草甸植物对高山环境的适应策略,对陕西佛坪秦岭亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度特征进行分析。结果表明:30种草木植物的光合生理特征表现各异。净光合速率最大者为细茎橐吾(18.75μmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为轮叶马先蒿(0.73μmol.m-2.s-1);气孔导度最大者为卵叶银莲花(2.99 mol.m-2.s-1),最小者为湖北大戟(0.04 mol.m-2.s-1);蒸腾速率最大者为东方草莓(6.14 mmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为紫苞鸢尾(0.44 mmol.m-2.s-1)。Pearson相关分析表明净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率之间表现出极显著的正相关(p<0.01)。对各物种的光合特征进行聚类分析,结果将30个物种划分为4个组群,各物种间光合特征的差异反映了不同物种在生态系统中的相对重要性。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部8种沙生灌木生长季末期的光合生理特性

以乌兰布和沙漠东北部的甘蒙柽柳、沙木蓼、霸王、沙冬青、花棒、白刺、梭梭和柠条8种沙生灌木为材料,对沙生灌木生长季末期的光合生理特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)8种沙生灌木秋季的气孔导度日变化有明显的峰谷;气孔导度日均值最大的为梭梭(0.71 mol.m-2.s-1),最小的为柠条(0.08 mol.m-2.s-1);(2)8种沙生灌木秋季的光合速率日变化均呈现单峰曲线,影响光合速率变化的因素以非气孔限制因素为主;光合速率峰值出现时间以柠条最早(11:30),甘蒙柽柳和沙木蓼最晚(15:30);光合速率日均值最大的为沙木蓼(7.99μmol.m-2.s-1),最小的为柠条(3.40μmol.m-2.s-1);(3)蒸腾速率的日变化除梭梭和柠条呈现单峰曲线外,其余6种灌木呈现出准双峰曲线或双峰曲线;蒸腾速率日均值最大的为梭梭(4.42 mmol.m-2.s-1),最小的为柠条(0.47mmol.m-2.s-1);气孔运动因素对蒸腾作用的影响占据优势;(4)8种沙生灌木的光合水分利用效率在白昼普遍高于早晚,且以柠条的光合水分利用效率日均值最大(7.18μmol.mmol-1),梭梭最小(1.23μmol.mmol-1);蒸腾速率日均值高的沙生灌木光合水分利用效率日均值低,反之亦然。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

以1年生“青龙桑”幼苗为试验材料,研究了中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫下桑树幼苗的生长和叶片光合特性.结果表明:盐胁迫明显降低了桑树幼苗的株高、叶片数、生物量和叶片的光合能力.随着Na+浓度的增加,桑树叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、实际光化学效率、电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数明显降低,过剩光能以非光化学猝灭形式耗散的比例增加,桑树叶片的光能转化效率和光合能力下降.在Na+浓度＜150 mmol·L-1时,桑树幼苗的光合能力和生长受到的抑制较小,通过增加根冠比进一步适应盐胁迫,但这种保护机制随着盐浓度的增加逐渐降低.在Na2CO3胁迫下,＞50 mmol·L-1 Na+浓度对桑树的生长和光合能力表现出较强的抑制作用,并随Na+浓度的增加,抑制程度加大.在NaCl＜ 150mmol·L-1时,桑树的光合能力主要依赖植株形态和光合代谢双重途径适应中性盐逆境,而在NaC1浓度＞150 mmol·L-1和碱性盐胁迫下,其主要依赖光合代谢来适应逆境.     

岩黄连光合与蒸腾特性及其对光照强度和CO2浓度的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对岩黄连叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)岩黄连叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为329.18μmol.m-2.s-1左右,光补偿点(LCP)为12.76μmol.m-2.s-1,最大净光合速率为2.96μmol.m-2.s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.17μmol.m-2.s-1。光饱和点和光补偿点都比效低,表明岩黄连对光照的要求不高,属于阴生植物。(2)4月份,岩黄连Pn随CO2浓度升高而逐渐增大。当CO2浓度由50μmol.mol-1增加到600μmol.mol-1,Pn几乎呈直线上升,600~1000μmol.mol-1范围内逐渐缓和,到1000μmol.mol-1以后Pn变化平稳。由曲线估算CO2饱和点(CSP)大约在1000μmol.mol-1左右。CO2的补偿点为68.80μmol.mol-1。羧化效率为0.0308μmol.m-2.s-1。(3)岩黄连叶片水分利用率(WUE)随有效光辐射强度(PAR)的增强呈抛物线状变化,PAR在200μmol.m-2.s-1内呈直线上升,到200μmol.m-2.s-1时WUE达最大值,大于200μmol.m-2.s-1后WUE呈逐渐下降趋势。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.