樱桃番茄对根际外源碘的吸收及生理反应特性

在深液流水培的营养液中添加浓度为1.0—6.0mg.L-1的碘离子栽培樱桃番茄.根系、叶片和果实的碘含量均表现随着I-浓度提高而增加的趋势.根系的碘含量在I-处理后1周迅速增加;第2周降低,此后呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而且中高浓度处理(3.0～6.0 mg·L-1)的变化趋势比低浓度处理（1.0～2.0mg·L-1）明显....     

水曲柳幼苗根系吸收不同形态氮的动力学特征

采用常规耗竭法研究水曲柳幼苗根系吸收不同形态氮素特征的结果表明:二年生水曲柳幼苗根系对NO3-和NH4 离子的亲和力比一年生幼苗要小许多,二年生幼苗对氮素的吸收优势比较明显;苗木根系吸收NH4 离子的最大吸收速率(Imax)均大于对N03一的吸收,而米氏常数(Km)则相反;在低浓度范围内随着NO3-浓度的增加,根系吸收NO3-的速率增大并趋稳定:NH4 的存在明显抑制根系对NO3-吸收,其对一年生幼苗的影响大于二年生幼苗.     

多花黑麦草对不同形态氮的吸收动力学特征研究

采用改进常规耗竭法,比较研究了多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-吸收动力学特征。结果表明多花黑麦草对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-吸收符合Miehaelis-Menten方程,它对NH₄⁺的亲和力显著大于对NO₃^-的亲和力,但对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的最大吸收速率差异不显著,说明多花黑麦草偏爱吸收NH₄⁺,在实际污水净化过程中,多花黑麦草具有优先吸收NH₄⁺的趋势,若有足够的停留时间,其对NH₄⁺净化程度会更高些;当吸收系统微生物受抑制时,多花黑麦草对NO₃^-的吸收速率明显降低,亲和力明显提高,可见微生物对吸收体系中氮素的去除有一定促进作用。     

几种蔬菜对外源碘的吸收与积累特性

在盆栽条件下研究了小白菜、芹菜、辣椒和萝卜4种蔬菜对2种外源碘(海藻固体碘肥和KI)的吸收与积累特性.结果表明:蔬菜体内的碘含量均随外源碘浓度的提高而逐渐增加;不同蔬菜种类对碘的吸收与积累能力存在较大差异,叶菜类的小白菜对碘的积累能力最强,其次为茎菜类的芹菜,而根菜类的萝卜和果菜类的辣椒吸收与积累碘的能力较弱;碘在蔬菜体内的分布一般为根>叶>茎>果实,但萝卜地下块根的碘含量低于地上部分.低浓度碘处理(0～25mg.kg-1)对蔬菜生长没有明显的影响,但高浓度的外源碘(≥50mg.kg-1)对蔬菜生长有抑制作用,导致蔬菜生物量减少.不同蔬菜对碘的敏感反应表现为辣椒>小白菜>芹菜>萝卜.与海藻固体碘肥相比,KI处理的第1茬蔬菜生物量下降明显(P<0.05),而2种外源碘对第2茬蔬菜的生长均无显著影响.蔬菜对2种外源碘的吸收和积累效果同样存在很大差异(P<0.05),第1茬蔬菜对KI的吸收能力强于海藻碘肥(P<0.05),第2茬蔬菜对KI的吸收量迅速下降,而对海藻固体碘肥的吸收下降不明显,说明海藻固体碘肥比KI具有更长的持效性.     

增温与氮添加对不同季节杉木幼苗细根不同形态氮吸收动力学的影响

为了揭示不同季节下杉木人工林不同形态氮吸收速率对全球变暖与氮沉降的地下响应,在福建三明森林生态系统与全球变化研究站陈大观测点开展增温和氮添加双因子试验,包括对照、增温、施氮、增温+施氮4个处理。结果表明:(1)在三个季节中,4个处理的杉木细根对不同浓度下硝态氮的吸收速率基本呈现出春季较高,夏秋季较低的态势,而对不同浓度下铵态氮的吸收速率则相反,为夏秋季较高,春季较低。(2)不同季节四个处理的离体根对不同浓度下铵态氮的吸收均遵循米氏-曼氏动力学方程,而对硝态氮的吸收并不完全遵循米氏方程,表现为双相动力学。(3)春季,与无氮添加相比,氮添加提高了NH⁺₄的最大吸收速率(V_max-NH⁺₄)。夏季,与无增温相比,增温提高了V_max-NH⁺₄。秋季,与无增温相比,增温降低了NH⁺₄的半饱和常数(K_m-NH⁺₄);...     

粉绿狐尾藻和凤眼莲对不同形态氮吸收动力学研究

采用改进常规耗竭法,研究了粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在抑菌和非抑菌两种处理中对NO3-、NH4+吸收的动力学特征。结果表明:两种植物对NO3-和NH4+的最大吸收速率(Imax)和亲和力(1/Km)有显著差异,凤眼莲对NO3-、N H4+的吸收速率显著高于狐尾藻,说明凤眼莲更适宜用于污染水体养分的去除;不同植物对NO3-、NH4+表现出吸收偏好性,凤眼莲对NO3-有较高的Imax值和亲和力,而狐尾藻对NH4+有较高的Imax值和亲和力;抑菌处理能显著增加凤眼莲对NH4+的吸收速率,NO3-浓度高于1.00 mmol/L时,抑菌处理能显著减小凤眼莲对NO3-的吸收速率,狐尾藻对NO3-、N H4+的吸收未受到抑菌处理的显著影响。       

长柔毛委陵菜对锌的吸收动力学特性

采用水培方法研究了不同Zn处理水平和处理时间下长柔毛委陵菜对锌的吸收动力学特性. 结果表明,在10 mg·L^-1 Zn处理下,植株地上部和根系的Zn含量均在第8天达到最高值,分别为2.49×10³ mg·kg^-1和2.21×10³ mg·kg^-1;在100 mg·L^-1 Zn处理下,植株地上部的Zn含量在第16天达最高值1.23×10³ mg·kg^-1,而根系Zn含量不存在饱和现象. 在0～160 mg·L^-1 Zn处理下,植株叶片和叶柄Zn含量随Zn处理水平的提高显著增加,Zn浓度大于160 mg·L^-1后, 植株叶片和叶柄Zn含量不再随介质中Zn浓度的提高而增加（甚至减少）, 根系含Zn含量与介质中的Zn浓度和培养时间呈正相关,且根系Zn吸收动力学曲线具有二型性,即开始为快速的线性吸收,随后是较缓慢的饱和吸收,两者分界点约在1～2 h,这可能分别与根细胞壁吸附Zn和Zn跨根细胞膜运输有关.     

植物吸收离子动力学综合型模型探讨

本文在前人工作基础上提出了一个离子吸收动力学新模型（综合型抑制作用模型）,并推导出其速率方程．该模型能将现有的离子吸收相互作用模型（竞争性抑制作用模型,反竞争性抑制模型和非竞争性抑制作用模型）统一在该模型之中．笔者用该模型很好地解释了七例有关离子吸收相互作用试验结果．     

具有两个吸收部位的药物动力学

本文提出较为简单的双部位吸收模型,不仅导出了单剂量药动学方程,而且导出了多次给药下的稳态药动学方程。     

海藻的营养代谢及其对主要营养盐的吸收动力学1

简要介绍了海藻(尤其是大型海藻)的营养需求、利用和主要营养盐(氮、磷、铁)的吸收动力学及其研究方法.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the effect of different forms and concentrations of iodine on uptake and yeast growth

The essentiality of iodine for humans, especially in the early stages of life, is well recognized. The chemical forms of iodine in food supplements, infant formulae and iodated salt are either iodide (KI) or iodate (KIO₃). Because there are no or rare data about iodine uptake by yeasts, we investigated the influence of different sources of iodine, as KI, KIO₃ and periodate (KIO₄), on its uptake in and growth of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . KIO₃ inhibited the growth of the yeast the most and already at a 400 μM initial concentration in the growth medium; the OD was reduced by 23% in comparison with the control, where no KIO₃ was added. The uptake of different iodine sources by the yeast S. cerevisiae was minimal, in total <1%. Tracer experiments with radioactive ¹³¹I added as KI showed that the yeast S. cerevisiae does not have the ability to transform KI into volatile species. We investigated the specificity of iodine uptake added as KIO₃ in the presence of Na₂SeO₄ or ZnCl₂ or K₂CrO₄ in the growth medium, and it was found that chromate had the most influence on reduction of KIO₃ uptake.     

Variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds and iodine accumulation kinetics of Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae,Ochrophyta)

The biogeochemistry of iodine in temperate coastal ecosystems is largely mediated by macroalgae, which act as a major biological sink and source of iodine. Their capacity to accumulate, retain and release iodine has been associated with abiotic and biotic stressors, but quantitative information is limited. We evaluated the seasonal iodine retention capacity of eleven macroalgal species belonging to different systematic groups, collected from two sites in Ireland. Iodine accumulation and retention were then further quantified in Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata in relation to I^? concentrations in seawater and temperature. In general, iodine contents were ~10¹–10² μmol · (g dw)^?1 for Laminariales, 10⁰–10¹ μmol · (g dw)^?1 for Fucales, 10^?1–10⁰ μmol · (g dw)^?1 for Rhodophyta, and 10^?1 μmol · (g dw)^?1 for Chlorophyta. Typically, algal iodine contents were above average in winter and below average in summer. Iodine accumulation in F. vesiculosus and L. digitata depended on I^? availability and followed the Michaelis‐Menten kinetic. The ratio of maximum accumulation rate to half accumulation coefficient (ρ_max: K _t) was 2.4 times higher for F. vesiculosus than for L. digitata , suggesting that F. vesiculosus was more efficient in iodine accumulation. Both species exhibited a temperature‐dependent net loss of iodine, and only an exposure to sufficient external I^? concentrations compensated for this loss. This study revealed that both environmental (e.g., I^? in seawater, temperature) and organismal (e.g., the status of the iodine storage pool) variables determine retention and variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds.     

Biomass accumulations and nutrient uptake of plants cultivated on artificial floating beds in China's rural area

Focused on water pollution in China's rural area, taking Oenanthe javanica (Oj), Gypsophila sp. (Gy), Rohdea japonica (Rj), Dracaena sanderiana (Ds), Gardenia jasminoides Var. grandiflora (Gg), Gardenia jasminoides Var. prostrata (Gp), and Salix babylonica (Sb) as research objects, this paper investigated the growth characteristics and nutrient uptake of these seven species cultivated on artificial floating beds. The results indicated that after about 130 days’ acclimation, these seven species had different growth characteristics. The survival rates of each species were close to 100%. Dry matter biomass ranged from 33.7 to 307.1 g m⁻² in the following order: Sb > Gy > Oj > Ds > Gg > Gp > Rj. There were significant linear relationships between above-water and under-water biomass (R > 0.875); thus, the above-water biomass could best reflect the under-water biomass. N and P concentrations and distribution in the root, stem and leaf were quite different both within and between the species. N and P concentrations in plant body ranged from 15.31 to 23.15 g kg⁻¹ in the relationship Oj > Ds > Gy > Gp > Sb > Rj > Gg, and from 1.07 to 1.89 g kg⁻¹ in the relationship Rj > Gp > Oj > Gg > Gy > Sb > Ds, respectively. N and P accumulations ranged from 0.51 to 4.48 g m⁻² and from 0.062 to 0.331 g m⁻², respectively, in which plant nutrient uptake ability could be placed as follows: Sb > Gy > Oj > Ds > Gp/Gg > Rj. The outcomes also indicated that there were positive and significant linear relationships between N and P accumulations and plant biomass (R > 0.964), respectively; thus, plant harvest could be a means of taking N and P out of wastewater. Seven species, especially Sb, Gy, and Oj, had an ideal effect on TN and TP removal and could be widely utilized for the treatment of wastewater in rural areas.     

蔬菜作物积累硝酸盐的基因型差异及环境意义

城郊土壤富营养化已成为目前城郊农业生态系统可持续发展不可回避的环境问题之一,氮、磷养分富集是城郊土壤富营养化的重要表现形式,因土壤氮素积累而引起的蔬菜可食部位硝酸盐超标是一个亟待解决的技术难题.本文综述了不同蔬菜种及品种间吸收积累硝酸盐的基因型差异及其差异形成的生理生化机制,指出充分利用我国丰富的蔬菜种质资源,以植物吸收积累硝酸盐的基因型差异为理论基础,筛选弱吸收低积累蔬菜作物品种,是削减、控制蔬菜可食部位硝酸盐含量的关键性技术,有可能缓解城郊区脆弱生态环境条件下集约化生产对硝酸盐农艺阻控措施的依赖.     

生物土壤结皮对准噶尔盆地5种荒漠植物幼苗生长与元素吸收的影响

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于许多干旱和半干旱地区, 它影响土壤物理过程、水文、侵蚀和养分循环过程, 从而影响植物种子萌发与生长发育。该文以新疆准噶尔盆地腹地的古尔班通古特沙漠的生物土壤结皮为研究对象, 分析了生物土壤结皮对准噶尔盆地5种荒漠植物(白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)、蛇麻黄(Ephedra distachya)、角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenaarius)、涩芥(Malcolmia africana)和狭果鹤虱(Lappula semiglabra))的生长及其对元素吸收的影响。结果表明: 1)相对于裸沙而言, 生物土壤结皮显著促进了荒漠植物的生长速率, 并增加了草本植物地上和地下的生物量, 但对灌木的生物量无显著影响; 2)生物土壤结皮使部分一年生草本植物的开花和结实期提前, 这可能有利于荒漠植物在有限的环境资源下快速完成生活史, 并繁衍后代; 3)生物土壤结皮能够影响荒漠植物对土壤中营养元素的吸收, 具体表现在生物土壤结皮显著促进了5种植物对N的吸收, 增加了荒漠植物在N贫乏的荒漠生态系统的适应能力, 而对P和K的吸收均没有影响。生物土壤结皮对荒漠植物对元素吸收的影响因种而异, 对不同的植物有不同的影响。荒漠植物对Mg、Mn和Cu的吸收受生物土壤结皮的影响最小。     

Endocytotic uptake of nutrients in carnivorous plants

Carnivorous plants trap, digest and absorb animals in order to supplement their mineral nutrition. Nutrients absorbed by the plant include different nitrogen species, phosphate, potassium, trace elements and small organic compounds. Uptake is usually thought to be performed via specific channels, but this study provides evidence that endocytosis is involved as well. Traps of the carnivorous plants Nepenthes coccinea, Nepenthes ventrata, Cephalotus follicularis, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Drosera capensis, Dionaea muscipula, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Genlisea violacea × lobata, Sarracenia psittacina and Sarracenia purpurea were stained with methylene blue in order to identify possible sites of uptake. The permeable parts of the traps were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and other fluorescent endocytosis markers, combined with the soluble protein BSA or respiratory inhibitors. Uptake was studied by confocal microscopy. In Nepenthes, small fluorescent vesicles became visible 1 h after incubation with FITC-BSA. These vesicles fused to larger compartments within 30 h. A similar behaviour was found in the related genera Drosera, Dionaea, Aldrovanda and Drosophyllum but also in Cephalotus with glands of different evolutionary origin. In Genlisea and Sarracenia, no evidence for endocytosis was found. We propose that in many carnivorous plants, nutrient uptake by carriers is supplemented by endocytosis, which enables absorption and intracellular digestion of whole proteins. The advantage for the plant of reducing secretion of enzymes for extracellular digestion is evident.     

Cultivar differences in the rate of nitrate uptake by intact wheat plants as related to growth rate

Six Argentinian wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in nutrient solutions in controlled environment were compared for their nitrate uptake rates on a root dry weight basis. Up to 3-fold differences were observed among the cultivars at 16, 20 and 24 days from germination, either when measured by depletion from the nutrient solution in short-term experiments, or by total N accumulation in the tissue during 8 days.
No differences in total N concentration in root or shoots were found among cultivars. Although the different cultivars showed significant differences in shoot/root ratio and nitrate reductase activity (EC 1.6.6.1) in the roots, none of these parameters was correlated with the nitrate uptake rate. However, nitrate uptake was found to be positively correlated (r = 0.99) with the shoot relative growth rate of the cultivars. The three cultivars with the highest nitrate uptake rates and relative growth rates showed a positive correlation between root nitrate concentration and uptake. However, this correlation was not found in the cultivars with the lowest growth and uptake rates.
Our results indicate that the difference in nitrate uptake rate among these cultivars may only be a consequence of their differences in growth rate, and it is suggested that at least two mechanisms regulate nitrate uptake, one working when plant demand is low and another when plant demand is high.     

外源碘在森林土壤中的残留及对山野菜植物的施用效果

以培育富碘山野菜为目标,在东北森林暗棕壤上进行了5种山野菜施碘试验。碘肥种类为碘化钾(KI),施碘剂量为1．00、3．33、10．00、16．67和50．00mg·kg^-1。结果表明,土壤施碘是培育富碘山野菜的有效途径,从低施用量到高施用量,不同山野菜植物的含碘量可达对照的2～40倍,但外源碘在土壤中的当年残留率并不高,仅有40％～5％残留,并且随着施入量增加而迅速降低;植物对碘的积累也并非总是随着施入量的增加而增加,施碘量达到10．00mg·kg^-1时,大部分植物的碘积累量趋于稳定。从施碘条件下外源碘的土壤残留率、植物碘积累特征及施用成本等方面综合考虑,适宜的施碘量上限大约为10mg·kg^-1．土壤因素显著影响施碘效果,栽培地应选择土质细腻、肥沃的中上坡地段,砂砾质土壤和易形成水分潜流的下坡土壤都不利于肥料碘的保持和植物吸收。