体外瘤胃发酵法评定不同类型饲料的营养价值

本试验旨在利用体外瘤胃发酵法评定不同类型饲料的营养价值。试验1比较了不同粗饲料(麦壳、羊草、稻草、高能饲草、美国苜蓿、国产苜蓿、全株玉米青贮、花生秧青贮、玉米秸青贮和杂交高粱青贮)的体外发酵特性,试验2比较了不同蛋白质饲料(豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、芝麻粕和棕榈粕)的体外发酵特性,试验3比较了不同饲料组合(稻草组合、苜蓿组合、羊草组合和麦壳组合,各组合精料相同)的体外发酵特性。结果表明:玉米青贮(包括全株玉米青贮和玉米秸青贮)和苜蓿(包括美国苜蓿和国产苜蓿)体外发酵48 h的产气量(GP)、干物质降解率(DMD)和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度均显著高于其他粗饲料(P<0.05);麦壳的GP和DMD则显著低于其他粗饲料(P<0.05)。豆粕体外发酵48 h的GP最高,其发酵速度最快。不同蛋白质饲料的有机物降解率(OMD)和DMD差异较大,以豆粕的OMD与DMD最高,显著高于其他蛋白质饲料(P<0.05);微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度也以豆粕最高,显著高于芝麻粕和棕榈粕(P<0.05)。对于不同饲料组合,中性洗涤纤维与粗蛋白质比值(NDF/CP)越小,其发酵速度越快、降解率越高。相关性分析显示,NDF/CP与DMD呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果提示:1)对于粗饲料,玉米青贮和苜蓿类饲料的体外发酵GP较高,发酵速度较快;麦壳的体外发酵GP较低,发酵速度较慢。2)对于蛋白质饲料,豆粕的体外发酵GP、发酵速度和MCP浓度均高于其他蛋白质饲料。3)对于饲料组合,NDF/CP会影响体外发酵特性,NDF/CP越小,其发酵延滞期越短、发酵速度越快、降解率越高。     

酒精清液发酵玉米秸秆、全株玉米青贮和玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的研究

本试验旨在研究3种玉米秸秆的营养成分及瘤胃降解特性。首先测定玉米秸秆、全株玉米青贮及发酵秸秆的常规营养成分,然后采用尼龙袋法其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃消失率与瘤胃降解参数。结果表明:秸秆经酒精清液发酵后,其CP、EE含量显著高于玉米秸秆和玉米青贮(P<0.05),且NDF、ADF含量显著降低(P<0.05)。发酵玉米秸秆各种营养成分72 h瘤胃消失率均显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05),而DM、CP和ADF的72 h瘤胃消失率与全株玉米青贮水平相当,差异不显著(P>0.05)。发酵玉米秸秆DM、CP、NDF和ADF的有效降解率分别为46.93%、58.35%、36.41%和36.01%,显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05)。CP的有效降解率略低于全株玉米青贮;CP、NDF和ADF的潜在可降解部分(a+b)值显著高于玉米秸秆(P<0.05)。因此,经酒精清液发酵后,秸秆的营养价值得到明显改善,部分营养成分及瘤胃利用效率与全株玉米青贮相似。     

利用尼龙袋法比较3个全株玉米品种青贮前后肉牛瘤胃降解特性

本试验旨在利用尼龙袋法比较不同品种全株玉米青贮前后瘤胃降解特性的差异。试验采用2×3双因素试验设计,选择玉米7367号、玉米7377号、玉米7387号3个全株玉米品种为研究对象,采用尼龙袋法比较3种全株玉米青贮前和青贮后的营养成分和瘤胃降解特性,旨在探讨适合河北省种植的全株玉米青贮品种。结果表明:1)青贮前玉米7377的粗蛋白(CP)和非蛋白氮(NPN)含量显著高于玉米7367和玉米7387(P0.05);玉米7677和玉米7377的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著低于玉米7387(P0.05);玉米7677的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著低于玉米7377和玉米7387(P0.05)。与青贮前同品种全株玉米相比,3种全株玉米青贮后的CP、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、NPN含量显著提高(P0.05),NDF含量显著下降。玉米7367青贮的CP和NPN含量显著高于玉米7377青贮和7387青贮(P0.05);玉米7677青贮和7377青贮的NDF和ADF含量显著低于玉米7387青贮(P0.05)。2)不同品种全株玉米青贮前的DM、CP、NDF、ADF瘤胃降解率有显著差异,玉米7367的干物质(DM)和NDF有效降解率显著高于玉米7377和玉米7387(P0.05);玉米7377的CP有效降解率显著高于玉米7367和玉米7387(P0.05)。青贮处理能显著提高3种全株玉米DM、CP、NDF和ADF的快速降解部分(P0.05),降低其慢速降解部分(P0.05),显著提高其有效降解率(P0.05)。玉米7367青贮的DM、CP、NDF、ADF有效降解率显著高于玉米7377和玉米7387(P0.05)。综合表明青贮处理能很好地保存3种全株玉米的营养成分,显著提高DM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解率;玉米7367青贮前和青贮后的营养成分和瘤胃降解率显著高于玉米7377和玉米7387,在本试验中是比较适合河北省种植的全株玉米青贮品种。     

发酵湿玉米纤维饲料同常用粗饲料在瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率上的比较研究

试验旨在研究发酵湿玉米纤维饲料同常用粗饲料在瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率的异同点。选用2头体重550 kg左右,安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用常规方法测定发酵湿玉米纤维饲料(FWCGF)、湿玉米纤维饲料(WCGF)、苜蓿和全株玉米青贮的营养价值,采用尼龙袋法和三步体外法测定4种饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃降解率以及瘤胃非降解蛋白(RUP)的小肠消化率。试验结果表明:(1)FWCGF的CP含量显著高于WCGF、苜蓿和全株玉米青贮(P0.05);苜蓿的SP、NPN、NDICP和ADF含量最高,FWCGF的ADF含量显著低于WCGF(P0.05);FWCGF的EE含量显著高于WCGF的EE含量(P0.05)。(2)4种饲料的DM瘤胃降解率和有效降解率由高到低的顺序是FWCGFWCGF苜蓿全株玉米青贮;4种饲料的CP有效降解率由高到低的顺序是FWCGFWCGF全株玉米青贮苜蓿;4种饲料的NDF有效降解率由高到低的顺序是全株玉米青贮苜蓿FWCGFWCGF。(3)WCGF和FWCGF的RUP小肠消化率和小肠可消化蛋白质差异不显著(P0.05),苜蓿最高。综上可以得出,FWCGF和WCGF均含有高含量的可利用蛋白质和可利用纤维,并且FWCGF可以提高可利用蛋白的含量,有较高的DM和CP的瘤胃降解率,通过酿酒酵母发酵处理可有效保持WCGF的营养成分。     

禾王草与奶牛常用粗饲料瘤胃降解特性的对比研究

本试验旨在研究2种刈割高度的禾王草干草和青贮、羊草干草、苜蓿干草以及全株玉米青贮共7种粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性。选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)禾王草干草CP含量显著高于羊草干草(P0.05),NDF含量显著低于羊草干草(P0.05);禾王草青贮CP和NDF含量显著高于全株玉米青贮(P0.05)。2)苜蓿干草DM有效降解率最高,与依次降低的全株玉米青贮、2.0 m禾王草青贮、2.5 m禾王草青贮、2.0 m禾王草干草、2.5 m禾王草干草和羊草干草差异显著(P0.05),羊草干草的DM有效降解率显著低于其他粗饲料(P0.05);CP有效降解率以苜蓿干草最高,与2.0 m禾王草青贮差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的2.5 m禾王草青贮、2.0 m禾王草干草、全株玉米青贮、2.5 m禾王草干草和羊草干草(P0.05);全株玉米青贮与禾王草青贮的NDF有效降解率差异不显著(P0.05),而显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05);禾王草青贮72 h时ADF有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05)。由此可知,禾王草有作为奶牛粗饲料的潜力,禾王草经青贮后可以保存营养成分,并可以提高营养成分的瘤胃利用效率。     

几种主要粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性比较研究

选用体重(550±25)kg的4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期黑白花奶牛作为试验动物,研究比较了苜蓿与其他几种常用粗饲料的DM、CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解特性。结果表明:DM、CP的奶牛瘤胃有效降解率以苜蓿最高,玉米秸秆最低,全株玉米青贮、羊草和玉米黄贮居中。不同粗饲料NDF的瘤胃有效降解率差异较小,最高的为全株玉米青贮。玉米黄贮、羊草和全株玉米青贮的ADF瘤胃有效降解率较高,玉米秸秆和苜蓿较低。     

三种常用粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性研究

选取3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋法评定苜蓿、无芒雀麦和玉米青贮的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性和有效降解率。结果表明:(1)苜蓿DM和CP有效降解率均在50%以上,显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05),3种粗饲料的DM有效降解率由高到低依次为苜蓿无芒雀麦玉米青贮,CP有效降解率由高到低依次为苜蓿玉米青贮无芒雀麦,且不同粗饲料间均差异显著(P0.05)。(2)NDF和ADF有效降解率均以玉米青贮最高,苜蓿最低,3种粗饲料中NDF和ADF有效降解率由高到低均为玉米青贮无芒雀麦苜蓿(P0.05)。     

常规与非常规粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性

本试验旨在研究苜蓿青贮、全株小麦青贮、全株玉米青贮、苜蓿干草、燕麦草(2种)、稻草、花生秧、谷子秸秆和小麦秸秆共10种粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性,为科学配制奶牛饲粮提供数据参考。采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,苜蓿青贮的DM有效降解率最高,达到58.24%,小麦秸秆的最低,为34.20%;CP有效降解率最高的是苜蓿干草,与依次降低的全株小麦青贮、苜蓿青贮、全株玉米青贮、燕麦草、稻草、小麦秸秆、谷子秸秆和花生秧差异显著(P0.05);全株小麦青贮的NDF有效降解率与全株玉米青贮、苜蓿干草、燕麦草差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05);全株小麦青贮的ADF有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05)。综上所述,苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮的瘤胃降解率较高,营养价值较高,小麦秸秆和谷子秸秆品质相对较差,花生秧与上述秸秆饲料比具有一定的优势。     

秸秆黄贮优化方案及其对小麦、玉米、油菜秸秆处理的影响

采用3×3正交试验设计对黄贮发酵参数（黄贮菌种,黄贮周期,辅料）进行优化,发酵底物为小麦秸秆,发酵完成后对各组贮料进行优化指标pH值的评定,从而确定小麦秸秆黄贮的最优水平组合.之后应用最优组合方案对玉米、油菜秸秆进行发酵,测定小麦、玉米、油菜3种秸秆在发酵前后营养价值（DM、CP、NDF、ADF、Ash、OMD）的变化.结果显示：小麦秸秆发酵完成后各处理组的pH值较处理前均有所降低;确定了以EM百益宝菌液为黄贮菌种,以35 d为黄贮周期,以玉米、麦麸、食盐、纤维素酶为辅料的最优组合方案;小麦秸秆发酵后DM、NDF含量较处理前极显著下降（P＜0.01）,ADF含量较处理前显著下降（P＜0.05）,Ash含量有所下降（P＞0.05）,CP含量和OMD有所升高（P＞0.05）;玉米秸秆发酵后NDF、ADF含量较处理前极显著下降（P＜0.01）,DM和Ash含量有所下降（P＞0.05）,CP含量极显著升高（P＜0.01）,OMD有所升高（P＞0.05）.     

体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜常用粗饲料组合效应

采用体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜的3种常用粗饲料青贮玉米（Zea mays）秸秆、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青干草和燕麦（Arrhenatherum elatius）青干草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明,理论最大产气量、48 h产气量分别与中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白（NDS/CP）（P＜0.001）、有机物（OM）（P＜0.01）,中性洗涤可溶物（NDS）（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）（P＜0.001）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）（P＜0.05）和粗蛋白（CP）（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系;产气速率常数分别与OM（P＜0.001）、NDS（P＜0.001）和NDS/CP（P＜0.01）呈正相关关系,分别与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.001）;产气延滞时间与ADF（P＜0.01）和NDF（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与OM（P＜0.01）、NDS（P＜0.05）和NDS/CP（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系,说明了组合牧草体外发酵产气程度主要受非结构性碳水化合物与粗蛋白比例的影响。3种粗饲料两两组合搭配时,青贮玉米秸秆与苜蓿青干草以25∶75比例、青贮玉米秸秆与燕麦青干草以50∶50比例、苜蓿青干草与燕麦青干草以25∶75或50∶50比例组合时较为合适,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈现组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.