ILAR中醇及电解质对非牛顿流体中气-液传质的影响

在-气升式内环流反应器中试验考察了非牛顿流体羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)中的气泡聚并现象以及表面活性物质对液相体积传质系数的影响。结果表明,非牛顿流体中气-液传质效率随黏度的增加而降低,其原因是黏度增加使Taylor泡的尾流趋于稳定,降低了液相扰动,气泡间易聚并,从而气-液传质效率低。向非牛顿流体中添加醇类物质会影响气-液传质行为,对于聚合物含量低的流体,添加微量醇可以促进气-液传质,聚合物含量高的非牛顿流体,微量醇的加入反而不利于气-液间传质过程。非牛顿流体在ILAR上升管中的气含率随着黏度的增加变化不大,而下降管中的气含率有所提高。     

三相循环流化床中的气液相界面积和传质系数

采用溶氧法测量了三相循环流化床中液相溶氧浓度的轴向分布,并按轴向扩散模型处理实验数据,优化得到气液体积传质系数kLa,同时用光纤探头测量了体系中的气含率和气泡大小分布,计算得到了气液相界面积a和气液传质系数kL,并研究了主要操作条件(表观气速、表观液速和固含率)对气液传质系数的影响规律.     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。     

一种新型气液反应器流体力学与传质性能研究

为强化气液两相传质,研制出一种新型的气液反应器,即转鼓反应器。对其流体力学特性和传质性能分别进行了研究。采用体积法和脉冲法测定了不同条件下的气含率和停留时间分布;采用空气-水脱氧体系,研究了该反应器在不同条件下的体积传质系数。结果表明,该反应器液相接近于活塞流;气含率随转速N、气量QG的增大而增大;体积传质系数KLa随转速N和气量QG增大而增大,而液量QL变化对其影响不大。     

气液液三相体系中的气液传质特征

选取CO2-K2CO3/KHCO3为吸收体系,次氯酸钠为催化剂,甲苯、异戊醇为第2液相,应用Danckwerts图来同时确定液侧传质系数KL和界面面积a,通过实验研究了分散第2液相的加入对气液传质的影响。实验结果表明,随着分散相体积分数φ(1%—10%)的增大,或分散相形成的液滴直径的减小,以及传质组分在分散相和连续相中溶解度的比值m(即传质组分在实验体系的分配系数)增加,或在二相间的相对扩散系数增加时,可显著增强气液传质,为气液液三相体系的系统化研究提供了实验依据。     

气液固微型流化床的气液传质系数

气液固微型流化床兼具微流控系统和宏观流化床的优点,具有潜在的工业应用价值,但是,其应用基础研究十分缺乏。采用床径为1.6、2.0、2.4 mm的微型流化床,平均粒径为160、190、220 μm的玻璃珠,以NaOH水溶液吸收CO₂气体为气液传质研究物系,在三相流动研究的基础上,考察了表观气速、表观液速、床径、粒径等对三相微型流化床气液体积传质系数的影响。结果表明：给定其他条件,增加表观气速和表观液速,均使气液体积传质系数增大;表观气速主要改变气含率和气液相界面积,而表观液速主要改变液相传质系数;床径减小,气液相界面积和气液体积传质系数都有所增加;在气液两相微型鼓泡塔中加入固体颗粒,形成三相分散鼓泡流型,当其固含率在0.15~0.30范围内,可显著增强气液传质,其气液体积传质系数是气液微鼓泡塔的1.1~1.5倍;与宏观流化床相比,相同条件下微型床的相界面积为它的5~10倍,是微型流化床具有更大体积传质系数的主要影响因素。     

气液固微型流化床的气液传质系数

气液固微型流化床兼具微流控系统和宏观流化床的优点,具有潜在的工业应用价值,但是,其应用基础研究十分缺乏。采用床径为1.6、2.0、2.4 mm的微型流化床,平均粒径为160、190、220 μm的玻璃珠,以NaOH水溶液吸收CO₂气体为气液传质研究物系,在三相流动研究的基础上,考察了表观气速、表观液速、床径、粒径等对三相微型流化床气液体积传质系数的影响。结果表明：给定其他条件,增加表观气速和表观液速,均使气液体积传质系数增大;表观气速主要改变气含率和气液相界面积,而表观液速主要改变液相传质系数;床径减小,气液相界面积和气液体积传质系数都有所增加;在气液两相微型鼓泡塔中加入固体颗粒,形成三相分散鼓泡流型,当其固含率在0.15~0.30范围内,可显著增强气液传质,其气液体积传质系数是气液微鼓泡塔的1.1~1.5倍;与宏观流化床相比,相同条件下微型床的相界面积为它的5~10倍,是微型流化床具有更大体积传质系数的主要影响因素。     

微通道内气-液传质研究

以CO₂-H₂O为模型体系，实验考察了当量直径为667 μm的单通道和16个并行通道内的气-液传质行为.实验发现，液体表观速度增加，单通道内液侧体积传质系数明显提高;同一液体表观速度下，液侧体积传质系数随气体表观速度增加而增加;在实验数据基础上关联了液侧体积传质系数与气-液两相流参数间的关系.微通道内的液侧体积传质系数较常规尺度气-液接触设备至少高1～2个数量级.并讨论了并行微通道内气-液两相流分配特性对整体传质性能的影响，表明合理设计气、液流动分布结构，可保证微通道内优异的传质特性.     

气升式外环流反应器的体积传质系数

以Higbie的渗透理论和Kolmogoroff的湍流理论为基础,提出了计算液体旋涡在气液相界面暴露时间的方法,并建立了预测体积传质系数的模型方程。在不同管径比下的外环流反应器中,对空气 水体系测定了操作气速对体积传质系数、循环液速和气含率的影响。将体积传质系数与表观气速和下降管与上升管的面积比按幂函数进行关联,其预测值和试验值符合较好。     

气液两相逆流-错流撞击洗涤器内两相流动与传质特性

针对一种能实现气液两相逆流-错流撞击的洗涤喷嘴,采用溶氧法、摄像法和电导探针法等考察了操作参数对洗涤器内两相流型、传质性能、局部气含率的影响,并分析了洗涤器内流型、气含率与传质特性的关系. 结果表明,由于气液两相沿洗涤器径向分布不均,文献中通过直观观察描述流型的方法明显欠准确. 在直观观察的基础上,依据局部气含率分布将两相流型分为液柱型、环流型和泡沫型三类,其中泡沫型分为环状泡沫型和碗状泡沫型两种. 为了定量分析不同流型的传质效果,定义了有效传质区(气液接触、传质过程中形成的两相流中气含率75%≤eg≤85%的区域),得出了有效传质体积的计算表达式. 气液逆流撞击的洗涤器内有效传质体积越大,传质效果越好.     

上流式反应器气液相间传质特性的实验研究

上流式反应器设置在固定床渣油加氢反应器前有利于提高渣油原料适用性,延长装置运行时间。实验研究了上流式反应器气液相间传质,采用五齿柱形氧化铝催化剂模拟工业催化剂颗粒,水溶液模拟渣油,空气模拟氢气,采用无氧水物理吸收和亚硫酸钠化学吸收的方法,测定了在高气液比的条件下上流式反应器床层气液相间传质特性实验。考察了表观气速、表观液速、填料粒径、内构件、催化剂级配和床层高径比对液相体积传质系数和气液相界比表面积的影响规律。实验数据表明,液相体积传质系数随着气、液速的增大而增大;随填料颗粒增大而减小;在床层内安装合适的内构件或增大反应器高径比,能够促进气液相间传质。基于实验数据拟合了适合上流式反应器液相体积传质系数和气液相界比表面积的经验关联式,拟合误差最大分别为12%和24%;表明所建气液相间传质的经验关联式能更好地预测上流式反应器中的气液相间传质特性。     

Experimental determination of gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a jet bubbling reactor

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a lab-scale jet bubbling reactor(JBR) including the gas holdup, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and specific interfacial area were assessed experimentally investigating the influence of temperature, p H and superficial gas velocity. The reactor diameter and height were 11 and 30 cm,respectively. It was equipped with a single sparger, operating at atmospheric pressure, 20 and 40℃, and two p H values of 3 and 6. The height of the liquid was 23 cm, while the superficial gas velocity changed within 0.010–0.040 m·s~(-1) range. Experiments were conducted with pure oxygen as the gas phase and saturated lime solution as the liquid phase. The liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient was determined under unsteady-state oxygen absorption in a saturated lime solution. The gas holdup was calculated based on the liquid height change, while the specific interfacial area was obtained by a physical method based on the bubble size distribution(BSD) in different superficial gas velocities. The results indicated that at the same temperature but different p H, the gas holdup variation was negligible, while the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient at the p H value of 6 was higher than that at the p H = 3. At a constant p H but different temperatures, the gas holdup and the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficients at 40℃ were higher than that of the same at 20℃. A reasonable and appropriate estimation of the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kla) in a pilot-scale JBR was provided which can be applied to the design and scale-up of JBRs.     

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN-FREE WATER USING RAMOND SUPERMIXER®

The process of continuous production of dissolved oxygen free water was investigated by means of desorption of dissolved oxygen into fine nitrogen bubbles generated in a novel motionless mixer named Ramond Supermixer® (RSM). The pressure drop across the mixer (ΔP_SM) and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k_La) during the desorption of oxygen from water were measured for various combinations of process variables; liquid and gas velocities and number of mixing units. The k_La during absorption was smaller by less than approximately 6% than that during desorption. Specific gas-liquid interfacial areas (a) were measured by the chemical absorption method for a CO₂-aqueous sodium hydroxide solution system. Such process characteristics as ΔP_SM, k_La, and a were correlated with the process variables and compared with those available in the literature. To further confirm the mass transfer characteristics in RSM, the desorption of oxygen from aqueous electrolyte solutions was also investigated. All the correlations obtained for k_La during the desorption of oxygen from water and aqueous electrolyte solutions were compatible to a great higher extent.     

Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient of Oxygen in An Internal Loop Airlift Reactor with a Convergence‐Divergence Draft Tube

Experimental measurements of hydrodynamics and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen (VMTCO) in an internal loop airlift reactor with different types of draft tubes are reported for the two‐phase systems, air/water and air/carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) solution, and a three‐phase system, air/water/resin particle, respectively. The properties of convergence‐divergence draft tubes with three different structural parameters are compared with those of the conventional column draft tube. The results indicate that gas holdups in convergence‐divergence draft tubes are higher than those in conventional draft tubes, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen increases with increasing superficial air flow rates. The convergence‐divergence draft tubes all show higher mass transfer capacity than the traditional ones. A 10% higher mass transfer coefficient is observed for the three structural parameters. In the air/CMC system, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen decreases with increasing bulk viscosity, while in the three‐phase system VMTCO increases with the resin particle loading. The correlation equation of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient with the operating conditions and structural parameters is established.     

有无静态混合器时的机械搅拌气升式环流反应器传递特性研究

The mechanically stirred internal loop airlift reactors equipped with or without static mixers are devised for intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The influences of superficial gas velocity, agitation or static mixers on gas hold-up, mixing time, liquid circulating velocity and volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been investigated with tap water and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that mechanical agitation is more efficacious than static mixer in highly viscous media for improving mass transfer in airlift reactors. The empirical correlation of volumetric mass transfer coefficient with apparent viscosity, and energy consumption for mechanical agitation and aeration is developed.     

微通道内MEA/MDEA混合溶液吸收CO2的传质特性

研究了T形微通道内N-甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）和单乙醇胺（MEA）混合水溶液吸收CO₂的传质过程。考察了弹状流型下气液两相流量、MEA和MDEA浓度对液侧传质系数k_L和体积传质系数k_La的影响。液侧传质系数和体积传质系数均会随着MEA浓度的升高而升高。与MEA相比,MDEA浓度的提高对传质影响较小。传质系数会随着液体流量的增大而增大,但气体流量的变化对其影响较小。体积传质系数随液体流量的增大而增大,但随气体流量的增大先增大,之后趋于稳定。考虑到化学反应对传质的强化作用,引入了Hatta数,提出了一个新的体积传质系数预测式,预测效果良好。     

级间隙高度和表观气速对多级环流反应器混合和传质的影响

针对应用广泛的简单多级环流反应器,研究了级间隙高度和表观气速对其混合和传质的影响规律。发现简单多级环流反应器的各级存在着非正常流动、过渡及正常流动三个典型流动状态,且流动状态的转变存在着受级间隙高度影响的两个临界表观气速,并提出了相应的预测模型。研究结果表明：级间隙高度越大,多级环流反应器内形成正常流型所需的表观气速越大;各级上升管和降液管的气含率会增高,且相同条件下第三级气含率最大,第二级次之,第一级气含率最小;各级的循环液速会增大,且第一级循环液速最大,第二级次之,第三级最小;混合时间会缩短,而传质系数会增大。本研究可为工业多级环流反应器的科学设计、放大和操作提供重要指导。     

Effect of surfactants on liquid-side mass transfer coefficients

In the present paper, the effect of liquid properties (surfactants) on bubble generation phenomenon, interfacial area and liquid-side mass transfer coefficient was investigated. The measurements of surface tension (static and dynamic methods), of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and of characteristic adsorption parameters such as the surface coverage ratio at equilibrium (s_e) were performed to understand the effects of surfactants on the mass transfer efficiency. Tap water and aqueous solutions with surfactants (cationic and anionic) were used as liquid phases and an elastic membrane with a single orifice as gas sparger. The bubbles were generated into a small-scale bubble column. The local liquid-side mass transfer coefficient (k_L) was obtained from the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k_La) and the interfacial area (a) was deduced from the bubble diameter (D_B), the bubble frequency (f_B) and the terminal bubble rising velocity (U_B). Only the dynamic bubble regime was considered in this work (Re_OR=150-1000 and We=0.002-4).This study has clearly shown that the presence of surfactants affects the bubble generation phenomenon and thus the interfacial area (a) and the different mass transfer parameters, such as the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k_La) and the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient (k_L). Whatever the operating conditions, the new k_La determination method has provided good accuracy without assuming that the liquid phase is perfectly mixed as in the classical method. The surface coverage ratio (s_e) proves to be crucial for predicting the changes of k_L in aqueous solutions with surfactants.