基于半比特交替和FFT组合的GPS软件接收机弱信号捕获算法

研究了在弱信号条件下GPS软件接收机的捕获算法,对传统的捕获算法进行了介绍,分析了其在弱信号捕获中的不足之处,通过块叠加的方法对传统算法进行改进,使信号检测能力得到了提高,同时大大降低了捕获的运算量,缩短了长时间积分捕获算法的运行时间。分析了算法的积分增益和损耗,利用假设检验的思想,根据信号分量会扩散到附近频率的事实,最大峰值和其附近±13个频率点上的相关值作为信号分量,以此生成信号检测量,根据此检测量来判定信号的存在。最后利用仿真的GPS信号在Matlab平台上对算法进行了验证。结果表明,通过10 ms的相干积分和5次非相干累加,可以成功捕获信噪比为-35 dB左右的微弱信号,采用块叠加改进后,算法的运行时间缩短了1/3以上。     

基于差分相关积分的北斗弱信号快速捕获方法

为了提高北斗接收机弱信号捕获灵敏度,解决数据比特跳变和NH码相位变化限制相干积分时间延长的问题,提出了一种基于复数型差分相关积分的北斗弱信号捕获算法。首先,在分析了北斗信号特点的基础上,对常用弱信号捕获算法进行数学分析;然后,设计了按照采样点进行延迟差分的复数型差分相关积分算法,采用正交采样方法获得复数型中频数据,利用FFT变换实现对码相位和载波频率的并行搜索;最后,利用软件接收机开展仿真验证,实现了5 ms、10 ms和20 ms的差分相关积分,积分后信噪比提升约7 d B、10 d B、13 d B。该算法极大地削弱了北斗信号比特跳变和NH码相位变化的影响,有效提高接收机弱信号捕获能力;采用基于FFT算法进行并行搜索,相比传统捕获算法极大地缩减了捕获时间,并适用于全部北斗信号和GPS信号,无需考虑GEO和非GEO导航电文的差异。     

GPS软件接收机捕获算法

研究了GPS软件接收机捕获算法;针对常规时域串行搜索算法速度慢和并行码相位频域搜索算法 FFT计算量大等缺点,采用常规串行捕获算法和频域并行码空间捕获算法相结合的混合搜捕算法来实现对空中可见卫星的捕获;针对信号较弱情况下的卫星捕获,采用了非相关积分捕获算法;设计了中频信号仿真器,并使用其产生的仿真信号对捕获算法进行了验证.测试结果表明,混合搜捕算法能够为软件接收机提供较快的捕获能力,非相关积分捕获算法能够有效地实现微弱信号的捕获.     

基于GPU的GPS信号并行捕获

针对计算机中央处理器上串行实现GPS捕获算法耗时长的缺点,利用具有强并行处理能力的图形处理器设计实现了两种分别适用于不同载噪比信号的并行捕获算法以提高捕获速度。所提算法基于计算机统一设备架构的设计思想,采用了并行码相位搜索捕获策略,通过对GPS星座32颗卫星多通道、多频点的并行搜索实现了强信号捕获,而对弱信号则采用非相关积分法,通过对单颗卫星多时段、多频点的并行搜索再进行通道的串行处理来实现并行捕获。仿真结果表明:两种并行捕获算法比串行实现的捕获算法速度提高了10倍;采用非相干积分提高了弱信号捕获能力,对于载噪比为40 dB的10 ms中频数据,在保证捕获速度的同时,仍能够有效实现正确捕获。     

一种新型的GPS弱信号精捕获方法

为提高GPS接收机在低信噪比环境中的捕获精度和灵敏度,提出了一种新的弱信号精捕获算法。该算法采用差分相干积分缓解平方损耗,并利用积分结果的相位信息修正载波频率,使其估计精度不再受到频移搜索步长的限制。此外,该算法根据载波多普勒和码多普勒的比例关系,直接对本地码相位进行校正,保证了信号积累时间较长时不同相关峰之间的重叠性,有助于提高捕获灵敏度并能够得到接收信号末端精确的码相位。仿真结果表明,载波频率和码相位的估计误差分别小于20 Hz和1个采样点,在给定的信号积累时间下,本地码相位校正对捕获灵敏度的提升可达3.2 d B。     

一种适用于微弱信号的新颖双峰值比率捕获策略

为了提高全球导航系统定位系统的捕获灵敏度,对全球定位系统的捕获策略进行了深入研究。基于对传统双峰值比率捕获系统的分析,提出了一种新颖的GPS双峰值捕获策略。该新颖的捕获策略通过结合相干积分和唐检测算法的思想,将多个毫秒的导航数据累加来提高检测概率,利用多个比值进行多次捕获确认来提高捕获灵敏度,并运用蒙特卡洛方法进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:该新颖策略的捕获灵敏度比传统的双峰值比率捕获系统要高6 d B。总体来说,该新颖策略算法更适用于对GPS的弱信号捕获,也可应用于其他卫星导航系统。     

一种基于折叠技术的GPS L2C CL码直捕算法

L2C是GPS现代化Block IIR-M卫星发射的一个新民用信号,其采用了特殊的民用中等长度码(CM码)和民用长码(CL码)进行时分复用。因码长较长,CL码的快速直接捕获较难实现。为提升其捕获性能,提出一种基于时频域双折叠技术的GPS L2C CL码的快速直捕算法。通过实测GPS L2C CL信号进行验证,当时域折叠K=6,同时频域折叠m=7时,捕获时间缩短为无折叠情况的1/13.7,捕获性能大大提升。该算法综合考虑了时间的减少、幅值的降低以及噪声的增大,在减少相干积分时间和削弱相干积分性能之间建立了平衡,可以实现GPS L2C CL码的快速直捕。     

基于长时间差分相关/最大似然法的北斗信号位同步算法

北斗信号二次编码调制了速率为1 kbps的NH码,频繁的比特跳变将相干积分时间限制在1 ms,需要对信号实现位同步获得比特边缘信息和NH码相位信息。为了实现弱信号、大频偏条件下北斗信号的位同步,解决频繁比特跳变和大频偏对传统位同步算法的性能影响问题,提出了一种基于长时间差分相关的最大似然位同步算法。首先,采用差分相关运算去除剩余频率误差的影响,并将差分延迟时间设定为整数倍比特周期以去除NH码的影响;其次,基于最大似然函数进行差分相关后的相干和非相干检测,提高弱信号条件下的位同步检测概率。最后,采用蒙特卡洛仿真测试分析了载噪比为20~40 d B·Hz、不同频率误差的条件下,此算法与传统位同步算法的检测性能。结果表明在频率误差为50 Hz的条件下,传统位同步方法无法工作,本文提出的算法仍具备较好的检测性能。该算法能够有效地去除北斗NH码频繁相位变化对位同步的影响、减弱频率误差对位同步性能的衰减作用,以及通过相干/非相干累积获得弱信号能力,该算法适用于弱信号、大频率偏差条件下的北斗信号位同步。     

基于离散小波的GPS中频信号噪声抑制方法

针对GPS接收机射频前端的中频信号在模数转换过程中存在的信号损失问题,提出一种应用离散小波抑制噪声干扰的处理方法。在研究ADC结构的基础上,分析采样误差、量化误差,以及孔径抖动等因素对中频信号信噪比的影响;根据中频信号中的有用信号和噪声在小波变换时表现出的不同特性,设计方法中采用离散二进制小波对采样后的中频信号进行小波分解,并选择适当的阈值处理方式进行重构。测试结果表明该方法可以提高接收机基带捕获的相关峰值,对载噪比在35～40dB/Hz的中频信号捕获时,检测概率提高3%左右。     

惯性辅助的多段重合P码快速直接捕获方法

为满足复杂环境下快速高精度定位的需求,针对传统P码捕获方法存在信号检测概率与捕获速率低的问题,设计了多段重合折叠的P码处理方法,对本地码序列进行折叠预处理,有效增加了相同长度本地码的信息利用率,提高相关运算处理效率。提出惯性辅助多段重合折叠的P码直接捕获方法,采用惯性辅助信息缩小多普勒频率搜索范围,同时自动调整相关控制参数,实现高动态及弱信号环境下P码的快速捕获。仿真分析表明,此方法能有效提高了P码捕获效率,尤其在高动态状态下能有效提高对卫星信号检测能力,在载噪比为30⁴0 dB·Hz的环境下,利用惯性辅助P码的方式能使捕获概率可提高10%,捕获时间可减少30%左右。     

The cumulative stress hazard density as an alternative to the Weibull model

A simple, easily reproduced experiment based on artificial flaws has been proposed which demonstrates that the distribution of the minimum failure load does not necessarily follow a Weibull distribution. The experimental result presented in the paper clearly indicates that the Weibull distribution with its strictly increasing function, is incapable of approximating a constant probability of failure over a loading region.New fundamental concepts have been introduced referred to as ‘hazard stress density’ and ‘cumulative hazard stress density’. These concepts helped derive an equation giving the probability of failure without making use of the notions ‘flaws’ and ‘locally initiated failure by flaws’. As a result, the derived equation is more general than earlier models. The cumulative hazard stress density is an important fingerprint of materials and can be used for determining the reliability of loaded components. It leaves materials to ‘speak for themselves’ by not imposing a power law dependence on the variation of the critical flaws which is always the case if the Weibull model is used.An important link with earlier models has also been established. We show that the cumulative hazard stress density is numerically equal to the product of the number density of the flaws with a potential to cause failure and the probability that a flaw will be critical at the specified loading stress.We show that, predictions of the probability of failure from tests related to a small gauge length to a large gauge length are associated with large errors which increase in proportion with the ratio of the gauge lengths. Large gauge length ratios amplify the inevitable errors in the probability of failure associated with the small gauge length to a level which renders the predicted probability for failure of the large gauge length meaningless.Finally, a general integral has been derived, giving the reliability associated with time interval and random loading of a material with flaws. The integral has been validated by a Monte Carlo simulation.     

Coherent Vortex Simulation (CVS), A Semi-Deterministic Turbulence Model Using Wavelets

In the spirit of Ha Minh's semi-deterministic model, we propose a new method for computing fully-developed turbulent flows, called Coherent Vortex Simulation (CVS). It is based on the observation that turbulent flows contain both an organized part, the coherent vortices, and a random part, the incoherent background flow. The separation into coherent and incoherent contributions is done using the wavelet coefficients of the vorticity field and the Biot–Savart kernel to reconstruct the coherent and incoherent velocity fields. The evolution of the coherent part is computed using a wavelet basis, adapted at each time step to resolve the regions of strong gradients, while the incoherent part is discarded during the flow evolution, which models turbulent dissipation. The CVS method is similar to LES, but it uses nonlinear multiscale band-pass filters, which depend on the instantaneous flow realization, while LES uses linear low-pass filters, which do not adapt to the flow evolution. As example, we apply the CVS method to compute a time developing two-dimensional mixing layer and a wavelet forced two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic flow. We also demonstrate how walls or obstacles can be taken into account using penalization and compute a two-dimensional flow past an array of cylinders. Finally, we perform the same segmentation into coherent and incoherent components in a three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow. We show that the coherent components correspond to vortex tubes, which exhibit non-Gaussian statistics and long-range correlation, with the same k ^−5/3power-law energy spectrum as the total flow. In contrast, the incoherent components correspond to an homogeneous random background flow which does not contain organized structures and presents an energy equipartition together with a Gaussian PDF of velocity. This justifies their elimination during the CVS computation to model turbulent dissipation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

壁湍流相干结构的辨识

本文评价了辨识湍流边界层近壁区域相干结构的条件采样法、自相关函数法、数字滤波法和子波分析法。结果表明：条件采样方法对门限值和平均窗宽等检测参数具有较强的依赖性，可以通过调整这些参数来选择最佳的参数值使得相干结构的误判概率达到最小。自相关函数法不需要任何参数就能够得出确定的结论，因此是一种比较客观的方法。但是，这种方法只能从统计上确定平均猝发周期，并不能实时地辨识相干结构。数字滤波法能够将湍流脉动信号分解为大尺度涡和近似各向同性的小尺度涡两部分，但是如何去掉大尺度信号中的非相干部分是仍然需要解决的问题。子波分析是分解湍流信号辨识湍流相干结构的有效手段，它能够将湍流信号在时域空间和频域空间进行双局部化分解，用能量最大准则确定相干结构对应的时间尺度参数，用子波逆变换提取相干结构对应的速度信号波形     

变后掠翼的参变气动弹性建模与分析

参变气动弹性建模是可变后掠翼气动弹性研究中的难点之一. 当地建模技术是一种构造线性参变 (LPV) 模型的实用方法, 但一直缺乏有效途径来解决当地气动弹性模型的不一致问题. 气动弹性模型的不一致性体现在当地结构动力学模型和非定常气动力模型随参数变化的不连续性. 本文提出了一种自下而上的方法, 对变后掠翼不一致的当地气动弹性模型进行了一致性处理. 首先, 采用匈牙利算法跟踪结构模态并按模态分支进行排序, 使得匹配后的模态能够保证结构动力学模型的一致性; 其次, 对有理函数拟合表达式中的系数矩阵进行缩放处理, 解决了空气动力系数矩阵的不一致问题. 采取上述两项措施后, 最终生成了一致的当地状态空间气动弹性模型. 这样, 对一致的状态空间模型进行插值, 就可快速生成任意后掠角下的气动弹性模型, 使得系统的稳定性分析和慢参变响应计算得以高效进行. 数值仿真结果验证了一致性处理的必要性:未经一致性处理的原始模型经插值后得到的模型会出现严重的模型误差. 本文为变后掠翼的参变气动弹性系统建模提供了一种实用、准确和高效的建模方法.      

Coherent vortical and straining structures in the finite wall-mounted square cylinder wake

Topological aspects of the turbulent wake of a finite, surface-mounted, square-cross-section cylinder of h/d = 4 are addressed by decomposing the velocity field into a quasi-periodic coherent part and the unresolved incoherent fluctuations. The three-dimensional large scale structure is educed through a reconstruction of planar phase-averaged PIV measurements using the simultaneously sampled surface pressure difference on opposing sides of the obstacle as a phase reference. A topological model for the vortex structure is educed and mean streamwise wake vorticity is explained in terms of the connections between initially vertical structures shed alternately from either side of the obstacle, rather than previously proposed ‘tip’ vortex structures generated at the obstacle free-end. The coherent structure educed accounts for a significant portion of the fluctuating energy in the wake. The turbulent field is further analyzed by finding Lagrangian straining structures that form by induction of the coherent vorticity field, and these structures are related to the energy transfer from the base phase-averaged flow since they act to stretch incoherent vorticity fluctuations in their neighbourhood.     

Analysis of plastic deformation in nanoscale metallic multilayers with coherent and incoherent interfaces

Nanoscale metallic multilayered (NMM) composites possess ultra high strength (order of GPa) and high ductility, and exhibit high fatigue resistance. Their mechanical behavior is governed mainly by interface properties (coherent and/or incoherent interfaces), dislocation mechanisms in small volume, and dislocation-interface interaction. In this work, we investigate these effects within a dislocation dynamics (DD) framework and analyze the mechanical behavior of two systems: (1) a bi-material system (CuNi) with coherent interface and (2) a newly developed tri-material system (CuNiNb) composed of both coherent and incoherent interfaces. For the bi-material case we analyze the influence of networks of interfacial dislocations whose nature and distribution are commensurate with the level of relaxation and loading of the structure. Misfit and pre-deposited interfacial dislocation arrays, as well as combinations of both, are studied and the dependence of strength on layer thickness is reported, along with observed dislocation mechanisms. It is shown that interfacial defect configurations significantly alter the strength and mechanical behavior of the material. Furthermore, it is shown that the implementation of penetrable interfaces in DD captures the strength dependence at layer thicknesses on the order of 3-7 nm. For the tri-material case we analyze the effects of coherent and incoherent interfaces in large-scale simulations. The results show that these materials have strong strength-size dependence but are limited by the strength of the incoherent (CuNb) interface which is weak in shear. The weak interface acts as a dislocation sink. This in turn induces an internal shear stress field that activates cross-slip in the adjacent CuNi interlace and thus causing softening. Moreover, it is shown that the yield stress of the CuNiNb system is controlled by the volume fraction of the Nb. Because Nb is the most compliant of the three materials, an increase in volume fraction of Nb decreases the overall yield strength of the material.     

Education of coherent structures in a numerically simulated plane wake

Coherent structures (CS) are educed using a conditional sampling technique involving alignment of vorticity patches of largest size and strength; hence we educe dominant CS. A numerically simulated spatially evolving wake of a thick flat plate is used as the database, and the inflow condition for the simulated wake includes random velocity perturbations which emulate turbulent conditions at a plate exit in the laboratory. In addition to previously educed properties such as coherent vorticity and production, and incoherent Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity, other measures such as coherent pressure and passive scalar distributions are also studied. In spite of the geometry difference, the near-wake dynamics of the plate seem quite similar to that of a cylinder. For example, turbulence is mostly produced by vortex stretching of the ribs at the saddle and then advected to the structure center, where it accumulates, and is balanced by incoherent dissipation. The distribution of coherent passive scalar indicates that mixing occurs in the saddle regions and that the mixed fluid is advected into the structure center.     

Simulation of vortex shedding behind a bluff body flame stabilizer using a hybrid U-RANS/PDF method

The present study aims at the investigation of the effects of turbulence-chemistry interaction on combustion instabilities using a probability density function(PDF) method.The instantaneous quantities in the flow field were decomposed into the Favre-averaged variables and the stochastic fluctuations,which were calculated by unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(U-RANS) equations and the PDF model,respectively.A joint fluctuating velocityfrequency-composition PDF was used.The governing equations are solved by a consistent hybrid finite volume/MonteCarlo algorithm on triangular unstructured meshes.A nonreacting flow behind a triangular-shaped bluff body flame stabilizer in a rectilinear combustor was simulated by the present method.The results demonstrate the capability of the present method to capture the large-scale coherent structures.The triple decomposition was performed,by dividing the coherent Favre-averaged velocity into time-averaged value and periodical coherent part,to analyze the coherent and incoherent contributions to Reynolds stresses.A simple modification to the coefficients in the turbulent frequency model will help to improve the simulation results.Unsteady flow fields were depicted by streamlines and vorticity contours.Moreover,the association between turbulence production and vorticity saddle points is illustrated.