基于里德堡原子的微波全信息测量

介绍了里德堡原子微波电场传感器的工作原理,阐述了基于里德堡原子测量微波电场强度、相位、极化、频率等信息的技术特点,分析了基于里德堡原子的微波全信息测量的研究现状,探讨了当前绝对自校准测量和连续宽带高灵敏测量面临的困难,指出可以通过外场调控实现测量灵敏度提升和宽带连续频率测量;并可通过各种调制及解调手段简化相位、极化的测量和读取。分析了在热原子系统中利用多光子激发消除多普勒展宽以及采用冷原子消除多普勒展宽对于提升微波测量灵敏度的潜在优势,提出未来可利用里德堡原子的高轨道角动量态、强关联等特性进一步提升里德堡原子微波电场传感器性能。     

基于里德堡原子的电场传感技术

概述了基于里德堡原子的电场传感技术的基本原理,分析了里德堡原子电场测量具有的高灵敏度、宽频、可溯源至国际单位制（International System of Units, SI）、高空间分辨力等优势。讨论了激光参数、探测器噪声、环境电磁场干扰等因素对里德堡原子场强测量灵敏度与测量频率响应带宽的影响,介绍了频率调制、重泵浦、参数优化等提高场强测量灵敏度的方式,并阐述了单辅助场原子外差法、双辅助五能级外差法等提升测量频率响应带宽的方法。探讨了里德堡原子电场传感技术在计量、通信、雷达、成像等方面的应用情况,指出应通过优化原子气室结构、设计高性能光电探测器、提升光学腔性能等方式进一步提高里德堡原子电场测量灵敏度;应深入研究里德堡原子电场测量的不确定度来源,并对里德堡原子传感器进行全面的测试和表征;应开展里德堡原子电场测量相关装置的小型化、工程化设计研究,从而进一步提升里德堡原子电场测量技术的实际应用性能。     

基于里德堡原子的微波功率精密测量

提出一种基于里德堡原子量子相干效应的功率测量新方法。将装有铷蒸气的低电磁扰动原子气室置于特定的导波系统中,基于里德堡原子量子相干效应将对导波电场测量转化为对原子吸收光谱的探测,利用功率和导波电场的解析量化关系,实现一种全新的可溯源至普朗克常数的微波功率测量。在10.22GHz频率处与传统功率测量进行比较,-40dBm至-20dBm的功率范围内两者平均偏差为0.08dB(1.86%)。这种全新的微波功率量子测量方法具有灵敏度高、动态范围大、测量不确定度小等优势,有望形成新一代可直接溯源至国际单位制(SI)的微波功率基准。     

基于铷里德堡原子的频率可调谐微波电场测量

基于里德堡原子的能级调控特性实现了微波电场连续调谐测量。用铷原子气室作为微波电场传感器同时去感知待测微波场和调谐微波场,利用强调谐场对里德堡原子能级精细调节实现了待测场共振频率的同步改变,从而拓展了现有单频点微波测量的频率响应范围。在与68P_3/2→66D_5/2跃迁共振的调谐场作用下,利用测量的AT分裂光谱的幅值差来确定待测场共振频点的调谐变化,最终使共振的6.916 GHz待测场的共振频率的调谐范围从原有的30 MHz极限拓宽至150 MHz,为微波电场的量子计量及拓展应用奠定技术基础。     

基于里德堡原子的微波相移测量

基于里德堡原子的微波量子精密测量技术由于其高灵敏度、高分辨、宽带宽且可直接溯源至基本物理常数等优势，已在微波量子计量、通信、成像等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。通过提出一种基于里德堡原子的微波相移测量方法，利用热里德堡原子光谱实现对本振(LO)微波场与待测(SIG)微波场的外差探测，得到了相移与待测微波场相移相同的中频(IF)探测信号；然后利用锁相放大算法对探测信号进行处理，得到探测信号相对同频参考信号的相位差；最后，利用位移台在待测微波信号中引入相移，比较位移前后的相位差测量结果，实现了6.92 GHz微波信号相移的测量。对相移测量结果进行线性拟合，得到该频率的微波传播常数，与理论计算结果的相对误差约为0.2%,验证了这种全光学微波相移测量方法的可行性，并为微波量子精密测量技术在通信雷达等领域的应用奠定了基础。     

外电场中Yb原子多光子光电离光谱研究

在近零场至 15 0 0 0 V/ cm的电场范围内 ,采用多光子技术对 Yb原子多种高激发态共振谱作了测量 .对测得的各类高激发态作了标定 ,讨论了谱线强度及跃迁选择定则 ,并观察和分析了谱线在外电场中的演化规律 .本文结果直接表明了 4f壳层电子的激发在 Yb原子高激发光谱中的重要性     

静电力驱动的悬臂梁微型电场传感器件（英文）OA

随着智能电网和能源互联网的发展,大规模实时电压/电场监测成为电力系统的迫切需求,这依赖于先进传感器件的大规模布置。电场测量在电力系统中具有重要意义。一方面,基于电场测量的电压反演可以实现高电压的非接触式测量,替代传统高压互感器,从而减少测量设备绝缘成本和安装难度;另一方面,电场测量还可以被应用于设备故障诊断、雷电预警、电磁环境测量等应用场景。传统的电场测量设备,如场磨等,往往体积大、成本高,无法大规模灵活布置。本文提出了一种静电力驱动的压阻式微型电场传感器。传感器被设计为四悬臂结构,悬臂在静电力的驱动下产生位移和应变,通过压阻材料转化为可测信号。所提出的传感器具有尺寸小、成本低、功耗低、易于批量生产的优点。同时,该传感器该具有高信噪比、高分辨率及宽电场测量范围。实验结果表明,所提出的传感器具有1.1～1100.0k V·m^-1的线性测量范围、112 V·m^-1·Hz^-1/2的交流电场分辨率以及496 Hz的截止频率。这一微型电场传感器将在智能电网及能源互联网中具有广泛的应用价值。     

氧化钽对氧化铋掺杂钛酸锆锡介电性能的影响

微波介质陶瓷是一类用于微波频段(主要是300M～30GHz)电路完成一定功能且具有介电常数高﹝介质在外加电场时会产生感应电荷而削弱电场,原外加电场(真空中)与最终介质中电场比值即为相对介电常数,又称相对电容率,简称介电常数(εr)﹞、微波介电损耗低﹝介电损耗(tanδ)是指电介质在交变电场中由于消耗部分电能而使电解质本身发热的现象﹞、温度系数小等优良性能的陶瓷材料,现已广泛用于制     

Yb原子里德堡态的寿命特性

采用激光两步激发使Yb原子在待测里德堡态实现布居．用廷迟脉冲场电离方法测定了6sns和6sns系列部分里德堡态的寿命，并与理论计算值作了比较．实验结果与理论计算结果基本符合．     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定六堡茶中的铅和镉

本文用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定六堡茶中的铅和镉含量,优化了样品前处理条件和光谱仪的各项技术参数。结果表明:应用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定六堡茶样品中的铅和镉时,铅的加标回收率在93.1%~99.2%之间,镉的加标回收率在92.3~97.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。方法准确、方便,可满足检测六堡茶中的铅和镉要求。     

A High-Sensitivity Microwave-Single-Photon Detector with Rydberg Atoms at Low Temperature

A high-sensitivity microwave-single-photon detector was developed in Kyoto, in which microwave photons in a resonant cavity cooled at very low temperatures are absorbed by highly excited Rydberg atoms and the Rydberg atoms thereby promoted to a higher excited state are then selectively field-ionized and detected. This scheme allows us to count microwave photons one by one, thus provide a single-photon counting without the limit of standard quantum limit (SQL). The apparatus “CARRACK” for the single-photon detector was constructed based on this scheme, where the cavity was cooled down to 10 mK range to reduce the background of thermal blackbody photons from the cavity wall. The apparatus has served for years to search for dark matter axions in the 10 μeV (∼2.4 GHz) mass region. Thermal blackbody photons in a microwave resonant cavity at temperatures as low as 70 mK have been measured, the sensitivity being below the SQL limit. A number of improvements in the detection efficiency and sensitivity have been planned and will be reported. Applications of the detector to fundamental physics are also discussed shortly.      

Quantum information in cavity quantum electrodynamics: logical gates,entanglement engineering and 'Schrödinger-cat states'

In cavity-quantum-electrodynamics experiments, two-level Rydberg atoms and single-photon microwave fields can be seen as qubits. Quantum gates based on resonant and dispersive atom-field effects have been realized, which implement various kinds of conditional dynamics between these qubits. We have also studied the interaction between a single atom and coherent fields stored in the cavity. By progressively increasing the number of photons in these fields, we have explored various aspects of the quantum-classical boundary. We have realized a complementarity experiment demonstrating the continuous evolution of an apparatus from a quantum to a classical behaviour. We have also prepared 'Schr?dinger-cat'-like states of the field made of a few photons, and observed their decoherence. We present a brief review of these experiments along with a proposal to study larger systems, i.e. coherent fields with more photons. Fundamental limits to the size of mesoscopic superpositions of field states in a cavity will be briefly discussed.     

Quantum state measurement of any arbitrary entangled field-state via Ramsey interferometry

Multipartite entangled states are the key resource and play a crucial role in latest applications of quantum mechanics. We propose a scheme for the measurement of quantum state of multimode entangled field state trapped in multiple cavities. The scheme is based on the measurement of photon statistics of the displaced entangled field state in Ramsey type set-up. In this set-up, the atoms undergo a dispersive phase shift when they pass through the off-resonant entangled field in cavities. By measuring the internal states of the atoms, the photon statistics and the Wigner function can be reconstructed.     

Practical Design for Improving the Sensitivity to Search for Dark Matter Axions with Rydberg Atoms

A microwave single-photon detector was developed with highly-excited alkaline Rydberg-atoms in a cooled resonant cavity to search for dark matter axions. This detector belongs to a microwave single-photon counter, thus being free from the standard quantum limit (SQL). High sensitivity of the present detector system was demonstrated by measuring the thermal blackbody radiations in the cavity at temperatures as low as 70 mK where the sensitivity is below the SQL. The detection sensitivity of the present system is mainly limited by stray electric fields present in the detection region. Practical design of a new experimental scheme with a guiding electric field through the atomic-beam trajectory is here presented and discussed to avoid the effect of stray electric field and thus to improve the detection sensitivity.      

Microwave leakage-induced frequency shifts in the primary frequency standards NIST-F1 and IEN-CSF1

In atomic fountain primary frequency standards, the atoms ideally are subjected to microwave fields resonant with the ground-state, hyperfine splitting only during the two pulses of Ramsey's separated oscillatory field measurement scheme. As a practical matter, however, stray microwave fields can be present that shift the frequency of the central Ramsey fringe and, therefore, adversely affect the accuracy of the standard. We investigate these uncontrolled stray fields here and show that the frequency errors can be measured, and indeed even the location within the standard determined by the behavior of the measured frequency with respect to microwave power in the Ramsey cavity. Experimental results that agree with the theory are presented as well.     

Light modulator on excitons in a quantum well of an optical microcavity

The operation principle of a light modulator based on the magnetic or electric field control of the frequency of excitons in a quantum well of an optical microcavity is proposed and theoretically justified. It is shown that the main advantage of the proposed scheme is a large depth of modulation of the radiation intensity. The use of ferromagnetic semiconductors for the formation of exciton states in the quantum well makes possible the creation of a light modulator operating at room temperature in relatively weak magnetic fields.     

Non-local quantum gates: A cavity-quantum-electrodynamics implementation

Abstract

The problems related to the management of large quantum registers could be handled in the context of distributed quantum computation: unitary non-local transformations among spatially separated local processors are realized performing local unitary transformations and exchanging classical communication. In this paper, a scheme is proposed for the implementation of universal non-local quantum gates such as a controlled NOT (CNOT) and a controlled quantum phase gate (CQPG). The system chosen for their physical implementation is a cavity-quantum-electrodynamics (CQED) system formed by two spatially separated microwave cavities and two trapped Rydberg atoms. The procedures to follow for the realization of each step necessary to perform a specific non-local operation are described.