起源于左后分支的室性早搏临床心电图特点和射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于左后分支的室胜早搏（PVC）的临床心电图特点及射频消融经验。方法8例无器质性心脏病且频发PVC的患者（男5例,女3例）,其中5例伴有阵发性左心室室性心动过速（室速）,年龄19—54（42．7±10．6）岁。其中3例患者行常规射频导管消融治疗,5例在三维电解剖标测系统（Carto系统）指导下行射频消融治疗。在左后分支标测到最早心室激动点处给予温度控制下射频导管消融。结果8例患者术前均以体表心电图定位起源于左后分支处区域,其PVC或左心室室速的体表心电图均为典型特发性左心室室速（ILVT）表现（QRS波呈右束支阻滞图形,心电轴左偏,QRS时限≤160ms）。其中,QRS波I导联6例呈rS,2例呈Rs;aVL导联呈qR;II、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈rs。胸前导联多在V,～V,处移形,由R转为Rs或rs。在消融成功部位（最早激动点）消融导管均记录到融合有浦肯野电位（PP）的V波,V波提前于体表心电图QRS波时限20—48（33．0±10．2）ms,8例患者行射频消融即时成功。术后3～15（8．1±4．2）个月复查,8例患者动态心电图的PVC均小于10000／24h。所有患者术中、术后无并发症发生。结论起源于左后分支处的PVC,在消融导管标测到PVC最早激动点并融合有PP时可成功消融PVC。     

起源点邻近房室瓣环的特发性室性心律失常体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的 评估起源点邻近房室瓣环附近的室性心动过速和室性早搏(室速/室早)的体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗效果.方法 共19例特发性室速/室早患者接受常规电生理检查及射频消融治疗,对所有病例12导联体表心电图进行分析.结果 19例室速/室早术中均消融成功.10例起源于二尖瓣环附近,包括前侧壁(5例)、后侧壁(3例)、后间隔(2例).9例起源于三尖瓣环附近,包括游离壁侧5例、间隔侧4例.对各组瓣环室速/室早心电图做进一步分析,可概括出系列心电图判断指标用以估计消融靶点的部位.结论 起源点邻近房窜瓣环附近的室速/窒早是特发件室速/室早的一个亚组,射频消融治疗可取得良好效果,掌握其体表心电图特点有助于判定室速/室早的起源部位.     

特发性室性心动过速射频消融治疗的临床研究

目的 总结17例特发性室性心动过速射频消融方法和结果。方法 左室特发性室速(Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia,ILVT)16例,右室特发性室速(IdiopathicRight Ventricular Tachycardia,IRVT)1例,15例ILVT采用标测V波前最早浦肯野纤维电位(P电位)方法,1例因室速不能诱发的ILVT和1例IRVT采用起搏标测。射频消融按常规方法进行。结果 射频消融治疗ILVT成功率为87.5％,IL-VT均起源于左室间隔面,有效消融靶点处P电位较体表心电图QRS波起始点提前(29.6±11.2)ms(20～55ms)。IRVT1例射频消融成功,有效消融靶点处起搏时与心动过速时的12导联心电图QRS波形完全相同。无1例出现并发症。结论 射频消融术是治疗特发性室性心动过速的安全有效方法。     

特发性左心室性心动过速射频导管消融后体表心电图的改变

目的 观察特发性左心室性心动过速患者射频导管消融后体表心电图的变化及其可能机制。方法 对35例行射频导管消融的特发性左后分支室性心动过速患者,比较术前术后12导联体表心电图,并作随访6个月时体表心电图的对比观察。结果全组35例患者的消融均取得成功。其中6例术后Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联新出现q波,R波电压较前增高;I、aVL导联的s波加深,QRs波群电压增加。并伴有QRS波群电轴改变,均未见ST段改变。出现心电图改变与未见心电图改变患者间消融中放电时间和消融靶点数无明显差异。在随访期间所有患者的体表心电图QRS波群和ST段末见动态改变。结论 特发性左心室性心动过速患者射频导管消融后体表心电图出现的左后分支不同程度阻滞的图形改变可能因术中左后分支的分支及浦肯野纤维损伤引起。     

左室乳头肌室早的V1单导联定位法

左室乳头肌室早/室速是特发性室性心律失常的一种,其与起源于左室其他部位(例如分支、冠状窦口、流出道和二尖瓣环)室早/室速的形态相似,应用体表12导联心电图准确定位相对较困难.最近,Brice(n)o等提出的V1单导联定位法,有助于快速识别左室乳头肌室早. [定义]上述方法主要是指无器质性心脏病的患者,室早呈类右束支阻滞...     

起源于三尖瓣环的特发性室性心律失常体表心电图特点及射频导管消融治疗

目的 评估起源于三尖瓣环的室性心动过速(室速)和室性早搏(室早)的体表心电图特点及射频导管消融治疗效果.方法 共12例特发性室速/室早患者接受常规电生理检查及射频导管消融治疗,对所有病例的12导联体表心电图进行分析.结果 12例室速/室早均消融成功,并证实均起源于三尖瓣环附近,7例起源于三尖瓣环游离壁侧,5例起源于三尖瓣环间隔侧.三尖瓣环游离壁侧室速/室早QRS波平均时限长于三尖瓣环间隔侧室速/室早;游离壁侧室速/室早比间隔侧室速/室早QRS终末部更多见切迹.间隔侧室速/室早比游离壁侧室速/室早V1导联更多见QS型.结论 起源于三尖瓣环的室速/室早是特发性室速/室早的一个亚组,射频导管消融治疗可取得良好效果,掌握其体表心电图特点有助于消融术前判定室速/室早具体起源部位.     

节制索上右束支起源的特发性室性心律失常的心电图特征及射频消融疗效

目的 研究右心室节制索（MB）上右束支（RBB）起源的特发性室性心律失常（VAs）的电生理特征及射频消融疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年4月至2022年7月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心律失常中心经电生理检查及射频消融证实起源于右心室MB上RBB的10例特发性VAs患者。通过在MB处行激动及起搏标测,分析其体表心电图特征、电生理特点、成功消融靶点处电位特征并观察分析射频消融的疗效。结果 起源于MB上RBB的特发性VAs体表心电图呈典型的左束支传导阻滞（LBBB）图形,电轴左偏,发作VAs时呈现较窄的QRS波,V1、V2导联为rS波,且S波无顿挫,VAs时R波均移行于V4～V6导联,晚于窦性心律,V6导联均有正向R波。在VAs时最早激动位点处均有领先的RBB电位,术中消融领先RBB电位均有效地消除了VAs,消融后6例出现右束支传导阻滞,随访过程中2例恢复。结论 MB上RBB的特发性VAs体表心电图表现为较窄的QRS波,典型LBBB,电轴左偏,胸前导联R波移行晚于窦性心律。消融最早激动位点前领先的RBB电位成功消除了VAs。     

左室乳头肌室早的V_1单导联定位法(196)

正左室乳头肌室早/室速是特发性室性心律失常的一种,其与起源于左室其他部位(例如分支、冠状窦口、流出道和二尖瓣环)室早/室速的形态相似,应用体表12导联心电图准确定位相对较困难。最近,Brice觡o等提出的V_1单导联定位法,有助于快速识别左室乳头肌室早。[定义]上述方法主要是指无器质性心脏病的患者,室早呈类右束支阻滞图形时,单用V1导联室早QRS波的形态及类本位曲折时限较短等特点,可以初步判定室早起源于左室乳头肌。[心电图表现及诊断标准]     

体表心电图两步法快速判定流出道室性早搏的起源

目的:本文通过回顾既往消融成功的室性早搏(室早)病例,将其体表心电图与成功消融靶点部位比对,得出用两步法快速判定室早起源的心腔,以期在以后的室早射频消融治疗前能帮助确定消融策略.方法:66例成功消融的室早或室性心动过速患者,男30例,平均年龄(36.9±13.9)岁.其中经股静脉途径在右心室消融成功32例(右心室消融组),经股动脉途径在左心室?肖融成功34例(左心室消融组).结合文献,对明确了起源点的室早患者的四个心电图特征利用SPSS10.0软件进行分析.特征1:肢体导联Ⅰ、aVR、aVL和Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联及胸前导联V1的形态;特征2:V1导联r或R波时程;特征3:V1导联r或R波时程占总QRS时程的百分比(Dr/DQRS);特征4:R/S移行的胸前导联(即出现R/S≥1时的胸前导联).结果:R/S移行的胸前导联和Dr/DQRS两项体表心电图特征性指标对预测室早起源具有很强的指导性.其中R/S移行导联在V4～6导联判定起源点在右心室侧的敏感度只有37.5%,但是其判定室早起源点不在左心室侧(即在右心室侧)的特异度却达100%,相应地其判定起源点在右心室侧的阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为63%.进一步对余下的54例R/S移行在V1、V2、V3导联的病例采用Dr/DQRS进行分析,发现将这些患者以Dr/DQRS<0.5(n=19)和Dr/DQRst>0.5(n=35)分为两部分.其中以Dr/DQRS<0.5来判别消融靶点在右心窜侧的敏感度是90.0%,特异度为97.1%,阳性预测值为94.7%,阴性预测值为94.3%;而用Dr/DQRS≥0.5来判定消融靶点在左心室侧的敏感度为97.1%,特异度为90.0%,阳性预测值为94.3%,阴性预测值为94.7%.结论:本研究提示在室早射频消融手术前可依据R/S移行的胸前导联和Dr/DQRS两项体表心电图指标,只用两步即可对室早起源得到初步判定.     

射频导管消融治疗的特发性室性心律失常心电图特征分析

目的：探讨不同起源的特发性室性期前收缩（PVCs）和（或）室性心动过速（VT）的心电图特征,提出鉴别流程。方法根据射频导管消融PVCs/VT有效靶点或心室最早激动点的X线胸片进行定位,分析不同起源PVCs/VT的12导联心电图QRS波群。结果828例接受导管消融,580例起源于右心室,248例起源于左心室,左、右心室起源者胸导联移行指数＜0的分别占97.58%及7.24%;左和右心室流出道起源者下壁导联多数呈R型,V1上,多数右心室流出道起源者呈rS型,右室间隔起源呈QS型,主动脉瓣上起源者常呈rS或RS型;下壁导联上,左前分支起源者常呈qR型,左后分支起源者常呈rS型。结论结合体表心电图胸导联移行指数、下壁导联和V1上的QRS波群特征可初步判断特发性PVCs/VT的起源部位。     

左后分支型特发性左心室室性心动过速消融后心电轴改变与否对左心室形态及功能的影响

目的 以经胸和组织多普勒超声心动图评价左后分支型特发性左心室室性心动过速（ILVT）导管消融术后心电轴改变与否对左心室形态、功能及室壁运动协调性的影响.方法 2003年4月至2007年6月在沈阳军区总医院行射频导管消融术的连续32例ILVT患者,男22例,女10例,平均年龄（30±16）岁.电生理检查明确ILVT诊断后,通过标测ILVT时最早的浦肯野电位（PP）或舒张期电位（DP）处做为消融靶点.根据消融后体表心电图是否出现心电轴改变,将患者分为2组.比较2组术前及术后随访过程中超声心动图检查结果,且在13例患者中比较心脏组织多普勒超声检查结果.结果 32例ILVT患者均经导管消融成功.消融术后未发生心电轴改变者21例,心电轴明显改变者11例.术后随访17.3～95.0（35.1±17.5）个月.消融术前和术后左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）在发生心电轴改变者LVEDD：（44.0±6.5）mm对（41.1±5.9） mm;LVEF：0.65±0.06对0.60±0.05未发生心电轴改变者LVEDD：（45.0±4.5）mm对（41.6±4.0） mm;LVEF：0.67±0.06对0.61±0.04,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.心脏组织超声检查组共入选13例患者,其中消融术后心电轴未发生和发生改变者分别为7例和6例,消融术前和术后相比较,室壁各阶段收缩期平均速度差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 ILVT消融术后所产生的心电轴明显改变,不影响左心室功能、形态及室壁运动整体协调性.     

右室流出道室性期前收缩的心电图特征及射频消融治疗

目的:探讨右室流出道室性期前收缩(室性早搏,室早)的心电图特征和评价单导管法消融单形性右室流出道室性早搏的有效性、安全性和实用性。方法:对52例心脏结构正常的右室流出道单形性室早的心电图特征进行分析并行单导管射频消融。采用起搏标测法,以起搏时与自发室性早搏形态波形态完全相同点为消融靶点。结果:右室流出道的室性早搏体表12导联心电图特征,呈完全性左束支阻滞形态,Ⅰ导联呈rs、m、QS及R型,aVR、aVL均呈QS型,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V5~6导联均呈单向R波型,胸前导联R波移行区常在V3、V4导联之后。成功消融结果显示26例室早起源右室流出道间隔部:其中前间隔7例、中间隔5例、后间隔14例,游离壁21例:其中前游离壁6例、后游离壁15例,希氏束附近1例,肺动脉瓣下1例。消融即刻成功率94%(49/52),未成功的3例。手术操作时间30~150 min,X线曝光时间5~29 min。术后随访2~48个月无复发。结论:起源于右室流出道的室性早搏有其独特的心电图表现,单导管射频消融可有效、安全地消融心脏结构正常的右室流出道单形性室性早搏。     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of left ventricular tachycardia in the normal heart

Background: Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is a safe and effective cure for many forms of supraventricular tachycardia. Its efficacy in the cure of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, and some forms of left ventricular tachycardia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, has also been shown. In contrast limited data are available to assess the role of RF catheter ablation in treating idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT), an unusual form of tachycardia occurring in patients without demonstrable heart disease.
Aim: To examine the efficacy and safety of RF catheter ablation in patients with ILVT.
Methods: Three patients without structural heart disease and with recurrent drug-refractory ILVT (right bundle branch block and left axis morphology) underwent electrophysiologic study (EPS) to initiate and localise the site of origin of their VT. RF catheter ablation of the VT focus was performed, with success being defined as failure to reinduce VT during incremental infusion of isoprenaline.
Results: In all three patients VT was inducible by rapid right atrial pacing and/or programmed ventricular stimulation, and could be terminated by intravenous verapamil. RF catheter ablation was successful in all patients. The site of successful ablation was common to each patient and was localised to the infero-apical aspect of the left ventricular septum. It was characterised by the recording of the earliest presystolic 'P' potential during both sinus rhythm and induced ILVT. No complications occurred during the procedure. During follow-up periods ranging from six to 12 months there were no symptomatic or documented episodes of recurrent ILVT.
Conclusions: We conclude that ILVT can be safely and effectively cured by RF catheter ablation.     

Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias arising from the pulmonary artery: Prevalence, characteristics, and topography of the arrhythmia origin

BACKGROUND: The characteristics of idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) or idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) arising from the pulmonary artery (PA) have not been sufficiently clarified. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the prevalence, characteristics, and preferential sites of idiopathic VT/PVCs arising from the PA (PA-VT/PVCs). METHODS: Data obtained from 276 patients with idiopathic VT/PVCs who underwent radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation were analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve VT/PVCs (4%) were PA-VT/PVCs, and their onset (34 +/- 14 years) was the youngest among all subgroups. Because those QRS morphologies were similar to VT/PVCs arising from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT-VT/PVC) and the earliest ventricular activation was from the RVOT, an initial ablation was performed in the RVOT in all patients. However, RF catheter ablation at the RVOT resulted in a QRS morphology change in all patients, so thereafter PA mapping and ablation was performed. A characteristic potential during sinus rhythm and/or the arrhythmia was recorded at the successful PA ablation site in all patients. A perfect or good pace map was obtained in 7 (70%) of 10 patients. The successful ablation site was the septal side of the PA close to the posterolateral attachment in 9 patients (75%) and the septal side close to the anterior attachment in the remaining 3 (25%). No PA-VT/PVCs recurred during follow-up of 27 +/- 13 months. CONCLUSION: PA-VT/PVCs should always be considered when the ECG suggests RVOT-VT/PVCs and RF catheter ablation in the RVOT results in both a failed ablation and a change in QRS morphology. PA-VT/PVCs often originate from the septal side of the PA.     

Radiofrequency ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia at the site of earliest activation as determined by noncontact mapping

INTRODUCTION: The most effective method for guiding radiofrequency (RF) ablation of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) has yet to be determined. We investigated the use of noncontact mapping in five patients with this condition. METHODS AND RESULTS: The multielectrode array was positioned in the left ventricular apex via the retrograde approach. Isopotential color maps of ILVT were examined to determine the site of earliest endocardial activation. The ablation catheter was steered to the target site using the locator signal. Pace mapping was performed and contact electrograms examined for diastolic potentials. RF energy was applied to the target site. Sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 2 patients and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 3. The site of earliest activation was at the apical septum in 3, the inferior apex in 1, and the base of the inferior wall in 1. Mean timing was 21 +/- 10 msec before onset of the surface QRS. Diastolic activity was visualized with noncontact mapping at the base of the septum in 1 patient. A Purkinje potential was seen at the ablation site in only 1 patient. No diastolic activity was seen in the remaining 3 patients. Tachycardia was successfully terminated in all 5 patients with a median of four RF applications. No patient suffered a recurrence after 9.6 +/- 4.7 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: By identifying the precise site of earliest activation during ILVT, noncontact mapping has been shown to be an effective and safe method for guiding RF ablation.     

起源于主动脉窦频发室性期前收缩的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗

目的报道11例起源于主动脉窦的频发室性期前收缩（premature ventricular contraction,PVC）患者的心电生理特征、射频消融（radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA）方法及疗效。方法分析患者术前体表心电图和动态心电图PVC的特点,测量V1或V2导联r波时限和振幅,计算r波与QRS波时限的比值及r波于S波振幅的比值。术中行主动脉窦内激动标测和起搏标测确定PVC起源部位,并行冠状动脉造影辅助定位后行RFCA。结果11例均有频发PVC,5例有反复短阵室性心动过速。下壁导联QRS波呈R形且高大直立,V1导联呈rS型,胸前导联多移行于V3以前,V6导联多呈Rs型或无S波。V1导联r波时限（84.6±9.8）ms,占QRS波时限的50%以上;r/S振幅比值0.72±0.31。有效消融靶点局部电图V波较体表心电图的QRS波明显提前（35.6±8.9）ms,有效靶点放电2～8 s见PVC减少至消失。结论起源于主动脉窦的PVC其下壁导联QRS波呈R形且高大直立,V1或V2导联r波时限宽（〉50%同导联QRS波）,r波振幅高（〉30%同导联S波）;主动脉窦内PVC的射频消融治疗是安全、有效的。     

Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation for electrical storm of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with Brugada syndrome.

The case of a 41-year-old man with Brugada syndrome (BS) who suffered electrical storms (ES) of ventricular fibrillation (VF) is presented. Although intravenous infusion of isoproterenol (ISP) suppressed the VF occurrence, he consistently experienced recurrence of VF following discontinuation of ISP infusion. Quinidine and cilostazol were ineffective. An analysis of VF episodes on electrocardiogram monitoring revealed that the QRS morphology of the first beat of all VF episodes was identical to that of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) with a left bundle branch-block morphology and inferior axis, which occurred repetitively before the episodes of VF and were recorded throughout the day. In addition, stored electrograms from the implantable cardioverter defibrillator showed that the first beat of all VF episodes had the same morphology. On electrophysiological study, the VF-triggering PVC was found to originate from the posterior portion of the right ventricular outflow tract area and their elimination, which was achieved with radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA), resulted in the suppression of ES. Although several other PVCs were still observed, the patient has been free of VF during the 29-month follow-up period. This case indicates that RFCA of VF-triggering PVCs may be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant ES in patients with BS.     

Ventricular Tachycardia Originating from the Posterior Papillary Muscle in the Left Ventricle A Distinct Clinical Svndrome

1．focal mechanism通常出现在有关地震学研究中,译为“震源机制”。在有关心律失常机制研究的文献中,focal mechanism是指一种有别于折返（reentry）机制的机制,确切的机制尚不完全清楚,认为与自律性异常、促发活动和微折返（microreentry）有关,通译为“局灶机制”。