Biochemical Quality and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Content Assessments in Cold-Smoked Kutum (Rutilus Frisii Kutum): Effect of Smoking Time

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of smoking time (3 and 6 days) on the shelf life of cold-smoked kutum stored for 60 days at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) via biochemical quality indices and fatty acids content analyses. The results obtained from peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid-index analyses indicated that prolongation of smoking time and preservation duration resulted in a higher degree of lipid oxidation (P < 0.05). Comparison between the treated samples mentioned less reduction (P > 0.05) in the pH values of 3 days-smoked kutum during the storage for 60 days. However, based on the results of total volatile base nitrogen, microbial spoilage significantly increased (P < 0.05) and exceeded above the acceptability limit when smoking time decreased to 3 days. The kutum smoked for 6 days were contained higher percentage (P > 0.05) of polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage, whereas those smoked for 3 days mentioned higher percentages of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio of both smoked groups was within the recommended values for the human diet. This study concluded that prolongation of the smoking time led to increase the shelf life of cold-smoked kutum with higher nutritional value during 60 days storage at room temperature.     

货架期冷藏过程中鳝鱼肉理化指标及蛋白质变化规律

本研究目的是探讨鳝鱼货架期冷藏过程中品质变化规律及原因。首先测定了鳝鱼肌肉的挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、K值和硫代巴比妥酸反应产物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS） 值等指标,明确在冷藏条件下货架期为4 d。冷藏货架期内鳝鱼肉的pH值、色泽和持水率等理化指标测定结果显 示,随着贮藏时间的延长,pH值呈先下降后上升的趋势,肉色由鲜红变为褐红色,持水力逐渐下降。三氯乙酸- 可溶性氮含量和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE）的结果表明,货架期内随着冷藏时间的延长,肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白质逐渐发生降解。价键分析表明, 冷藏货架期内离子键和氢键总体呈下降趋势,二硫键和疏水作用含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势。红外光谱分析表明,冷 藏货架期内,酰胺A带吸收峰总体向高波数移动,这与氢键变化趋势一致。酰胺Ｉ带曲线拟合结果表明,冷藏前期 主要是β-组分间的相互转化,后期则由β-组分向α-螺旋和无规卷曲转化,蛋白无序程度增加。结合红外光谱和价键 分析表明氢键和离子键可能是冷藏初期维系鳝鱼蛋白二级结构的主要作用力,二者的破坏导致蛋白构象改变。     

鲜熟面条贮藏品质变化及货架期研究

为了明确鲜熟面条在不同贮藏温度下品质指标的变化情况,确定出不同贮藏温度下鲜熟面条的货架期,将制作好的鲜熟面条分别于0、4、10、15、20、25℃条件下贮藏,定期取样,测定其感官品质、pH值、质构品质和菌落总数,分析各项指标随贮藏时间的变化及其差异。结果表明,不同贮藏温度下,随着贮藏时间的延长,鲜熟面条的感官品质、pH值、弹性和黏聚性逐渐降低,硬度则先增大后减小,菌落总数逐渐增大;在0、4、10、15、20、25℃的贮藏条件下,鲜熟面条的货架期分别为126、91、17、11、5、4 d;pH值、菌落总数是评价鲜熟面条货架期较好的指标,其阈值分别为6.24和10~(5.87)CFU/g;温度对鲜熟面条品质及货架期有显著影响,低温(0、4℃)贮藏可使鲜熟面条货架期延长至3个月以上。     

Shelf Life of Vacuum- or Nitrogen-Packed Pastrami: Effects of Packaging Atmospheres, Temperature and Duration of Storage on Physicochemical and Sensory Changes

Extending duration of storage and increasing temperature above −4°C had a significant effect on shelf-life of vacuum- or nitrogen- packed pastrami only after 21 days, regardless of treatments. Appearance or off-odor changes were not related to those of exudate or ERV, but significant relationships were noted among CO₂, pH and sensory changes, which resulted in sour and acid flavors. Nitrogen gas packaging had no significant beneficial effect over vacuum-packaging for retarding development of greening and minimizing exudate losses. Light had no important influence on physicochemical and sensory changes in pastrami, irrespective of packaging atmosphere.     

Physicochemical Changes in Potato Granules During Storage

Physicochemical properties of freeze-thaw (F-T) and add-back (A-B) potato granules, such as swelling power (SP), water-holding capacity (WHC), degree of starch retrogradation, moisture change, and rate of rehydration were monitored over about 100 wk of storage. SP of both types of granules decreased to minima after 40 wk then increased on further storage, while WHC showed an opposite trend, reaching maxima after 52 wk. Degree of starch retrogradation in the granules increased to maxima after 40 wk then declined. Moisture content of the granules also increased slightly during the first 33 wk then decreased on further storage. These changes caused the reduction in the rehydration rate of the granules from 8.3 × 10^?2 see^?1 to 5.5 × 10^?2 set^?1 (F-T) and 5.2 × 10^?2 sec^?1 (A-B) after 36 wk of storage, after which the rate again increased. Addition of Ca⁺⁺ to the granules during precooking and cooling steps of the process appeared to cause similar changes.     

鲢鱼鱼糜在冻藏过程中理化特性的变化

研究了鲢鱼鱼糜在-10℃与-20℃冻藏过程中盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATPase活性及保水性的变化。结果表明,三项指标在冻藏过程中都显著下降,且呈现二段下降规律;三项指标的变化之间呈现一定的相关性;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,鲢鱼鱼糜蛋白在冻藏过程中形成了二硫键。     

酸性电解水冰理化指标变化对副溶血性弧菌杀菌效果的影响

为探究不同时间下电解水冰的理化特性变化对杀菌效果的影响,作者将5种不同质量浓度电解液(NaCl质量浓度为0.75、1、1.25、1.5、1.75 g/L)制备的电解水于-36℃下制成电解水冰,分别于0、2、4、6、8、10 h测定其pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)及有效氯浓度(ACC),并研究了相应保存时间下电解水冰对副溶血性弧菌的杀灭能力。结果表明:0~6 h内,不同质量浓度间电解水冰的pH值变化不显著;而6 h后,NaCl质量浓度≤1 g/L制备的电解水冰,其pH变化速率小于NaCl质量浓度>1 g/L的冰。不同浓度电解水冰的ORP、ACC随时间的增加而减少,但ORP变化几乎遵循同一趋势;相比NaCl质量浓度≤1.5 g/L制备的电解水冰,NaCl质量浓度>1.5 g/L的ACC损失率较大。0~10 h内,NaCl质量浓度为1.5g/L及1.25 g/L的电解水冰对副溶血性弧菌的杀菌量差值最大,与其它所有相邻浓度间杀菌量差值相比,最高比值可达117.6倍。根据相关性分析可得,电解水冰的pH、ORP、ACC对杀菌量的相关系数r分别为0.831、0.787和0.944。     

Physicochemical Responses and Quality Changes of Turbot (Psetta maxima) During Refrigerated Storage

The sensory, physicochemical, microbiological, and volatiles changes of postmortem turbot during 20 days of chilled storage at 4°C were studied. No significant changes were found in pH value and whiteness during the storage, while total viable counts, total volatile base nitrogen, and K-values increased significantly with storage time. The textures profile, springiness and resilience, and sensory attributes changed significantly during storage. A total of 50 volatile compounds including aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, alkenes, alkanes, aromatics, amines, and others were identified in turbot muscle during storage by the solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. Among these volatile components, the relative content of some decreased significantly with time, while others increased significantly. The results suggested that hardness, springiness, resilience, sensory attributes, total volatile base nitrogen, K-value, and total viable counts combined with some volatile compounds could more perfectly reflect the quality changes of turbot during storage. The study indicated that turbot fillets stored at 4°C maintain better quality for 16 days during storage.     

大菱鲆冷藏过程中的鲜度变化与货架期

以感官、化学和微生物为指标,对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)在0(冰藏)、3、7℃和10℃贮藏过程中的鲜度变化和货架期进行研究,并探讨菌落总数、嗜冷菌、假单胞菌、产H2S 菌、TVB-N、TMA-N 与感官评价的一致性。结果表明,在0 、3 、7 、10℃贮藏过程中,大菱鲆较好品质期分别为433、197、93h 和68h, 货架期分别为602、362、165h 和116h。各温度较好品质期终点和货架期终点时菌落总数分别为(5.74 ± 0.31)、(6.99 ± 0.39)lg(CFU/g),假单胞菌数分别为(5.48 ± 0.24)、(6.26 ± 0.71)lg(CFU/g),TVB-N 均值分别为(15.66 ± 1.93)、(31.81 ± 1.94)mg/100g,TMA-N 均值分别为(2.73 ± 0.12)、(10.71 ± 0.81)mg/100g,各温度下较好品质期终点和货架期终点时各指标均值均无显著差异(P ＞ 0.05),表明菌落总数、假单胞菌、TVB-N 和TMA-N 作为大菱鲆低温贮藏的鲜度指标与感官评价有较好的一致性。     

Browning Susceptibility and Changes in Composition During Storage of Carambola Slices

Browning and changes in the composition of sliced and whole carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) fruit during storage were investigated. Susceptibility to browning after slicing, packaging and storage for 4 wk at 4.4°C varied considerably between four cultivars and five selections. There was no difference in browning susceptibility between fruit harvested at mature green or breaker stages of maturity. Freshly sliced carambola browned only slightly when exposed to air, but packaged slices that had been stored for 2 or more wk at 4.4°C browned rapidly (within 6 hr) when exposed to air. Whole fruit stored at 4.4°C for up to 6 wk, then sliced, showed much less susceptibility to browning. Ascorbic acid decreased and polyphenoloxidase activity increased in carambola slices during storage, but less in whole fruit. Treating slices with 1.0 or 2.5% citric acid + 0.25% ascorbic acid (in water) prior to packaging was very effective in limiting browning.     

Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Rice during Storage

The changes in the physicochemical properties of rices which had different amylose contents were studied when the rice was stored at 2°C and 29°C as rough rice, milled rice, defatted milled rice, and as starch. Changes in hardness index, water absorption, stickiness, viscosity, salt-soluble protein, free fatty acids, and carbonyl compounds during storage are discussed.     

包装方式对糌粑粉贮藏品质及货架期的影响

为明确糌粑粉的货架期品质变化情况,本文分别对糌粑粉进行普通包装、铝箔包装、添加抗氧化物的普通包装、添加抗氧化物的铝箔包装、添加脱氧剂的普通包装和添加脱氧剂的铝箔包装这六种方式的处理,通过采用50 ℃条件下进行货架期加速实验,对不同包装方式的糌粑粉的感官评价、氧化品质和挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明:随着贮藏时间延长,糌粑粉品质发生氧化劣变,哈败味增加,脂肪酸值和丙二醛值分别从初始的14.17 mg KOH/100 g和0.402 mg/kg增长至20 d后的39.86 mg KOH/100 g和1.388 mg/kg;在风味组成中,烷烃类物质随贮藏时间延长而减少,酸类物质的含量升高。对比包装方式和添加剂效果发现,铝箔包装均优于普通包装,脱氧剂效果优于抗氧化物,其脂肪酸值、丙二醛值的增长速率均有所减缓。进一步预测常温条件下6种糌粑粉货架期从长到短依次为:添加脱氧剂的铝箔包装（208 d）、添加抗氧化物的铝箔包装（172 d）、铝箔包装（160 d）、添加脱氧剂的普通包装（148 d）、添加抗氧化物的普通包装（136 d）、普通包装（116 d）。这一研究明确了糌粑粉的货架期品质变化情况,为实现糌粑的工业化生产提供技术支持。     

蛋白面包贮藏期间理化指标的变化

测定了20℃条件下蛋白面包和酵母面包的理化指标的变化。通过水分含量、水分活度、自由水含量、结合水含量、支链淀粉结晶度、硬度和弹性的测定,得出蛋白面包与酵母面包相比具有较好的品质,在贮藏期间抗老化效果较好,并可延长货架期。为研制新型蛋白面包提供理论参考。     

不同贮藏温度对冰淇淋品质及保质期的影响研究

通过测定产品在-12、-15、-18、-22℃及波动温度贮藏时的融化率、水分丢失和体积收缩的变化,对不同贮藏温度对冰淇淋品质的影响进行了研究。在此基础上结合Arrhenius关系式和Q10模型,选取-2、-5、-8℃进行加速试验,测定产品加速贮藏过程中水分丢失的变化,预测产品货架期。结果表明,贮藏期间冰淇淋的抗融性下降,表面水分丢失严重,且在恒温贮藏时出现严重的体积收缩。冰淇淋在-12、-15、-18、-22℃贮藏的货架期分别为45、79、233、601 d。     

Effect of Ice Storage on the Physicochemical and Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of Ribbonfish (Trichiurus spp) Meat

ABSTRACT: Changes in physicochemical and dynamic viscoelastic properties of ribbonfish ( Trichiurus spp) meat during different periods of ice storage were investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry profile of fresh ribbonfish meat revealed transitions at 33.17 °C, 48.85 °C, and 60.96 °C, indicating denaturation temperature of different protein fractions. The effect of cornstarch or tapioca starch at 9% level on the viscoelastic properties of ribbonfish meat stored in ice for different periods was also evaluated. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) increased significantly ( P < 0.05) during ice storage for 24 d. However, the myosin heavy chain concentration was unaltered during the ice storage period, as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophore-sis (SDS-PAGE) pattern. A significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in protein solubility (in phosphate buffer 50 m M , pH 7.5, containing 1 M NaCl), calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, and an increase in reduced viscosity at a protein concentration of 5 mg/mL was observed after 10 d of ice storage indicating protein denaturation and aggregation. The addition of tapioca and cornstarch enhanced storage modulus values of fresh ribbonfish meat. The gelatinization temperature of tapioca starch solution was found to be in the range of 60 °C to 65 °C and for cornstarch 67 °C to 70 °C, as revealed by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile and dynamic rheological testing. The viscoelastic properties of ribbonfish meat was altered significantly ( P < 0.05), both due to the addition of starch and ice storage period as revealed by frequency sweep of prepared gels.     

Physicochemical Properties Changes of Donuts During Vacuum Frying

Vacuum frying was explored to cook donuts and compared to the conventional atmospheric frying. A temperature of 190°C was used for atmospheric frying. Three vacuum levels (3, 6, and 9 kPa vacuum) with three temperature levels (150, 165, and 180°C) were used for vacuum frying. The effects of initial moisture content (IMC), vacuum level and frying temperature on physicochemical properties, such as moisture loss, oil absorption, and quality were investigated. The properties of fried donuts were significantly affected by IMC. Under vacuum frying, volume and total color changes were affected by frying temperature; and oil uptake was affected by vacuum and frying temperature. Frying temperature and vacuum were not directly related to the final moisture content (MC) of donuts. There was no relationship between MC and fat content of donuts. Donut texture was directly related to the vacuum and frying temperature.     

Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Wheat- and Soy-containing Breads During Storage as Studied by Thermal Analyses

ABSTRACT: Adding soy ingredients to baked products influences textural and sensorial properties. The changes in physical properties of bread modified with soy flour during 7-d storage at ambient temperature were investigated using thermoanalytical techniques (differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis). An increase in loaf density, moisture content, and FW content, and a decrease in amylopectin recrystallization were observed with increased addition of soy flour. Addition of soy shifted the main thermal transition (0 °C, mainly due to ice melting) to slightly lower temperatures (both in differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis analysis) and decreased its temperature range (increased homogeneity). These observations suggest a role for soy in modulating bread staling.