热老化温度对高Si含量F/M钢中Laves相析出行为和冲击性能的影响

铁素体马氏体钢(F/M钢)是铅冷快堆堆芯的主要候选材料之一,提高材料中的Si含量可提高其抗腐蚀性能,但同时会促进Laves相的析出从而影响材料韧塑性。针对一种Si含量为0.98%的F/M钢,开展了3种温度(500、550、600℃)下5000 h的热老化实验,研究了温度对Laves相析出行为和冲击性能的影响。结果表明,热老化温度升高能够促进Laves相的形核和粗化,且温度从550℃提高至600℃,Laves相的粗化速率从3.7 nm/h^1/3提高至9.0 nm/h^1/3。另一方面,热老化温度升高将加速冲击性能的退化,在550℃和600℃下热老化500 h,冲击功(AKV)值分别下降至热老化前的51%和39%,而在500℃下热老化2500 h,A_KV值仍保持热老化前的75%。Laves相的析出与冲击性能退化有强烈的对应关系,是冲击性能退化的主要原因。     

热老化对20Cr25NiNb不锈钢冲击韧性的影响研究

针对长时间高温下合金力学性能退化问题，开展超临界气冷堆候选包壳材料的热老化研究。对改进型气冷堆用原型20Cr25NiNb不锈钢和添加不同元素的改进型合金，开展650℃下3000 h热老化试验。组织和性能结果表明，所有合金的冲击吸收能量(KV₂)均随热老化进行而下降。这种塑性降低与高温下第二相演化密切相关。沿晶界先后析出M₂₃C₆和G相导致原型合金冲击韧性先下降再缓慢上升。添加W和Mo元素后，沿晶界析出Laves和σ相，引起KV₂下降更快；B元素可细化晶界σ相，使得冲击韧性下降幅度小于不含B元素。加入Al元素后，合金基体中析出大量Laves和NiAl相，同时晶界σ相快速粗化，导致材料脆化严重。     

热轧温度对N18新锆合金板材织构的影响

研究了N18新锆合金在α／(α β)相变点附近不同热轧温度对板材织构的影响：结果表明,N18合金板材经热轧、冷轧及再结晶退火加工后．fn和fr增加,ft减小。热轧温度对织构的影响较小。热轧温度高于780℃的几块板材的织构基本一致;与热轧温度为750℃的板材相比,fn减小,ft略有增加。温度高于780℃。N18合金中出现β相,并且β相含量随温度升高而增加,750℃时热轧N18合金的形变遵循α相(hcp)的形变机制;780℃至820℃热轧,合金的织构仍由α相的变形所控制．除了锥面滑移和柱面滑移开外,还伴随高温形变机制,晶界分布的β相对晶界滑动机制有促进作用。     

温度对锆合金酸洗反应动力学行为影响

采用浸泡酸洗法研究温度对锆合金酸洗速率影响,并分析锆合金酸洗释热系数。结果表明:温度对酸洗速率具有指数影响关系;在20~60℃温度范围内,每增加10℃,酸洗速率提高2.0~2.5倍,锆合金酸洗频率因子和反应活化能约为1.18×10~(12)和70 k J/mol。锆合金酸洗为放热反应,酸洗中伴随温度升高,其释热系数约为760 k J/mol。     

中子辐照对耐事故燃料FeCrAl合金力学性能的影响研究

FeCrAl合金具有良好的抗高温氧化和力学性能,能够作为燃料包壳材料。为研究FeCrAl合金的辐照力学性能,开展了不同元素成分含量和2×1019 cm?2、8×1019 cm?2 2种中子注量辐照下的FeCrAl合金力学性能试验,并在室温和380℃下测试了FeCrAl合金的拉伸性能,获得了不同Cr和Al含量FeCrAl合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度,并研究了Al含量、Cr/Al含量配比及中子辐照对FeCrAl合金力学性能的影响。研究表明,FeCrAl合金强度随着Al含量增加大致呈增加趋势;经2×1019 cm?2中子辐照后,FeCrAl合金强度有较大提升;再经8×1019 cm?2中子辐照后,FeCrAl合金强度升高不明显。该研究结果为耐事故燃料（ATF）包壳材料的研发选型提供了重要的数据支撑。      

氧化物弥散强化低活化合金的微观组织及力学性能

为了强化低活化合金(CLF-1)的高温性能,将采用Ar气超声雾化方法制备的CLF-1粉末与纳米Y₂O₃粉末混合后,经高能球磨和热等静压处理,获得氧化物弥散强化（ODS）CLF-1样品。对样品进行不同制度的热处理,并进行了微观组织分析和力学性能测试。分析结果表明,经过正火和回火处理,ODS CLF-1组织为回火马氏体,当正火温度为1 100 ℃时晶粒尺寸最为均匀。回火温度对显微组织影响不明显,但回火温度升高,维氏硬度下降。热处理后样品中观察到明显的弥散分布的Y₂O₃颗粒和位错塞积,证实了弥散强化的作用。Y₂O₃颗粒尺寸不均匀,100 nm左右的大颗粒倾向于沿晶界分布,而较小的颗粒则在晶内分布。ODS CLF-1样品具有良好的高温拉伸性能,600 ℃时抗拉强度为370 MPa,延伸率为18.5%。屈服强度和抗拉强度随热处理温度的升高而降低。     

Hf对ODS-FeCrAl合金微观组织及性能的影响

为研究少量添加的Hf对ODS-FeCrAl合金微观组织及性能的影响,通过机械合金化和后续的热等静压工艺研制两种14Cr-ODS-FeCrAl合金,对其进行微观结构、力学性能、1 200℃空气抗氧化性能和1 200℃水蒸气抗腐蚀性能测试。TEM结果表明,两种合金中YAlO_3氧化物析出相细小弥散,而Hf的添加促进合金基体中生成颗粒尺寸更加细小的Y_2Hf_2O_7纳米氧化物。由于纳米氧化物Orowan的强化机制,两种合金均具有优异的室温与高温力学性能。XRD和SEM结果表明,两种合金经过1 200℃空气氧化与1 200℃水蒸气腐蚀后,表面均形成均匀致密的α-Al_2O_3膜,对合金起保护作用。Hf添加有利于合金在1 200℃水蒸气腐蚀条件下形成更加均匀的α-Al_2O_3膜,抑制Al~(3+)的向外扩散,避免合金内部晶界处形成空穴。     

稀土元素Gd对2308双相不锈钢热变形行为的影响

为解决含Gd双相不锈钢热加工不足问题,本文以含2%Gd的双相不锈钢为研究对象,在不同温度下开展热模拟压缩实验,研究含Gd双相不锈钢热变形行为及组织演变。利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对含Gd双相不锈钢进行变形量为50%的单道次热变形试验。根据真应力-真应变曲线计算了该合金的热变形激活能Q_d,建立本构方程。同时对热变形后的组织进行了分析,探究稀土元素Gd对含Gd双相不锈钢热变形行为的影响,结果表明,在热变形过程中,合金的动态软化机制主要为动态再结晶。合金包含两种含Gd析出相,即条带状的脆性析出相M₃Gd相和M₁₇Gd₂相（M=Fe、Cr、Ni）,均为六方结构。当变形温度为1 050 ℃时,脆性M3Gd相破坏了基体的连续性,无法与基体协同变形,降低了合金的热塑性,导致合金在热变形过程中出现沿晶开裂。含Gd双相不锈钢适宜的热加工工艺区间的应变速率为0.01~0.1 s^-1,变形温度为950~1 000 ℃。     

最终退火温度对N36合金管材微观结构和性能的影响

为了对N36合金管材的微观结构和应用性能进行优化和调控,通过分析不同最终退火温度（520～560℃）下N36合金管材的性能数据,研究了最终退火温度对N36合金管材微观结构和性能的影响。经过研究发现,不同最终退火温度对于N36合金管材中的第二相粒子影响不大,主要影响N36合金管材的再结晶程度和晶粒尺寸,最终退火温度越高,则N36合金管材的再结晶程度越高,晶粒尺寸越大。随着最终退火温度升高,N36合金管材的室温和高温轴向和环向的强度明显降低,同时延伸率明显升高,主要是最终退火工艺对N36合金管材再结晶程度和晶粒尺寸的影响所造成的。随着最终退火温度升高,N36合金管材耐腐蚀性能提高,560℃最终退火温度的N36合金管材耐腐蚀性能明显优于其他管材,主要是560℃最终退火温度的N36合金管材再结晶程度最高所造成的。     

Hf对ODS-FeCrAl合金微观组织及性能的影响

为研究少量添加的Hf对ODS-FeCrAl合金微观组织及性能的影响，通过机械合金化和后续的热等静压工艺研制两种14Cr ODS FeCrAl合金，对其进行微观结构、力学性能、1 200 ℃空气抗氧化性能和1 200 ℃水蒸气抗腐蚀性能测试。TEM结果表明，两种合金中YAlO3氧化物析出相细小弥散，而Hf的添加促进合金基体中生成颗粒尺寸更加细小的Y2Hf2O7纳米氧化物。由于纳米氧化物Orowan的强化机制，两种合金均具有优异的室温与高温力学性能。XRD和SEM结果表明，两种合金经过1 200 ℃空气氧化与1 200 ℃水蒸气腐蚀后，表面均形成均匀致密的α Al2O3膜，对合金起保护作用。Hf添加有利于合金在1 200 ℃水蒸气腐蚀条件下形成更加均匀的α Al2O3膜，抑制Al3+的向外扩散，避免合金内部晶界处形成空穴。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.