Delineation of Subsea Freshwater Extension by Marine Geoelectromagnetic Soundings (SE Mediterranean Sea)

This study presents a novel application of marine geoelectromagnetic technique, in an attempt to delineate freshwater extension of the coastal sub-aquifers beneath the SE Mediterranean Sea, along central Israel. The novel marine Ex-Bz time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) geophysical method was applied, demonstrating high sensitivity to the presence of sub-seafloor electrically resistive structures up to several kilometers offshore (shallow marine environment). The study included 19 marine measurements located offshore between Ashdod in the south to Tel-Aviv in the north, where a previous onshore study detected fresh groundwater below seawater intrusion at the coast line. The offshore measurements were conducted to distances of up to 3 km from the shoreline. It was found that the lower sub-aquifer contains fresh groundwater (resistivity >10 Ω-m) to a distance of 2.8 km offshore along the 30 km strip, and is probably constrained by lateral geo-facial changes.     

Optimal Groundwater Management Using Genetic Algorithm in El-Farafra Oasis,Western Desert,Egypt

Groundwater is the unique source of fresh water in El-Farafra Oasis, western desert, Egypt. The increasing demand of groundwater in El-Farafra Oasis has resulted in an indiscriminate exploitation of this source causing environmental hazards such as decline of groundwater levels and well interference. In this paper, the study of these problems is conducted. The methodology introduced in this paper includes application of mathematical and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. This situation has led to a growing realization that through good management, use of groundwater can be made more productive and sustainable. The proposed model of optimization is based on the combination of the MODFLOW with GA. The performance of the proposed model is tested on groundwater management problem (maximization of total pumping rate from an aquifer at steady-state). The results show that the GA solutions nearly agree with the solutions of other methods of previous works. Thus, it can be used to solve the management problems in groundwater. This model is used to develop the optimal pumping rate and number of wells in El-Farafra Oasis under different scenarios. The results show that under the current situation, the optimal pumping rate is 183023 m³/day. The second scenario assumes an increase of number of wells by 20%, the optimal rate reaches 220016 m³/day. The third scenario proposes pumping rate 254484 m³/day which equalizes an increase in the cultivated area by 4000 acres, the optimal rate reaches 258007 m³/day.     

石川河地下水库建库条件分析及地下水位动态预测

通过分析富平县石川河河谷阶地区的自然地理、气象、水文、地质等条件以及地下水资源开发利用情况,建立了水文地质结构三维模型,论证了建立石川河地下水库的可行性,初步计算了地下水库库容约为4.95亿m~3。利用Visual MODFLOW软件建立了地下水库库区的地下水数值模型,预测了不同降水和开采条件下,进行人工回灌0.52亿m~3/a、10年后地下水库库区的地下水位变化情况。结果表明,库区内的地下水位将大范围的抬升,大部分地区与1959年的水位相近,可基本满足当地的用水需求。     

南通市地下水压缩开采对水质咸化的控制效应

为了准确评价南通市地下水压缩开采对水质咸化的控制效应,根据南通市的水文地质条件,概化出了南通市的水文地质概念模型,建立了南通市地下水渗流与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型,分别预测了现状开采和压缩开采条件下2018-2034年逐年地下水水位和地下水中氯离子质量浓度的变化趋势。预测结果表明:现状开采条件下2034年底南通市第Ⅲ承压含水层中氯离子质量浓度大于250 mg/L和270 mg/L的面积分别达到355.17 km^2和30.67 km^2,2030-2034年咸化速率为9.59 km^2/a;压缩开采条件下2034年底氯离子质量浓度大于250 mg/L和270 mg/L的面积分别为329.21 km^2和1.76 km^2,2030-2034年咸化速率为7.52 km^2/a,压缩开采方案能有效控制第Ⅲ承压水的咸化问题。     

基于遗传算法的水源热泵系统抽灌量优化配置

抽灌井设计是水源热泵系统设计中的关键环节之一,但目前对抽水量和回灌量的配置仍依据经验而行,导致运行成本较高。针对该问题,本文利用抽水和回灌现场试验资料,根据抽水井和回灌井的实际布局情况,建立了不同抽灌模式下水源热泵系统运行能耗最小的数学模型,利用遗传算法求解数学模型以实现抽灌量的优化配置。研究表明:水源热泵系统抽灌井施工完毕后,可根据水文地质条件及管道布局情况来优化配置其抽灌量,以实现低能耗运行;遗传算法具有适应性强、全局优化能力高和参数拾取方便的优点,可用于水源热泵系统抽灌量的合理调配;优化确定的以井5为抽水井、井1和井2及井4为日常回灌井、井3为备用回灌井,井5抽水量为90 m~3/h,井1、井2、井4回灌量分别为42.5 m~3/h、33.4 m~3/h、14.1 m~3/h,为生产中科学快速调度抽灌模式提供了依据。     

Transient Investigation of the Critical Abstraction Rates in Coastal Aquifers: Numerical and Experimental Study

This research investigated the transient saltwater upconing in response to pumping from a well in a laboratory-scale coastal aquifer. Laboratory experiments were completed in a 2D flow tank for a homogeneous aquifer where the time evolution of the saltwater wedge was analysed during the upconing and the receding phase. The SEAWAT code was used for validation purposes and to thereafter examine the sensitivity of the critical pumping rate and the critical time (the time needed for the saltwater to reach the well) to the well design and hydrogeological parameters. Results showed that the critical pumping rate and the critical time were more sensitive to the variations of the well location than the well depth. The critical time increased with increasing the location and depth ratios following a relatively linear equation. For all the configurations tested, the lowest critical pumping rate was found for the lower hydraulic conductivity, which reflects the vulnerability of low permeability aquifers to salinization of pumping wells. In addition, higher saltwater densities led to smaller critical pumping rate and shorter critical time. The influence of the saltwater density on the critical time was more significant for wells located farther away from the initial position of the interface. Moreover, increasing the dispersivity induced negligible effects on the critical pumping rate, but reduced the critical time for a fixed pumping rate.     

沧州渤海新区海冰资源开发利用的可行性分析

京津冀协同发展战略及河北省沿海地区发展规划的提出,促进了环渤海经济圈的发展,沧州渤海新区地处环渤海经济圈的核心地带,城市化进程不断加快,使得水资源需求变大,加重了水资源短缺的形势。本文通过分析、统计新区的气象、水量及规划数据,计算了沧州渤海新区的供需水量。结果表明:到2020年需水量约为4.03×10~8m~3/a,预期可供水约3.27×10~8m~3/a,水资源缺口近7600×10~8m~3/a。运用ENVI软件解译黄骅海域的遥感影像,预期新区可开采海冰量约为1.76×10~8m~3,供水约为8 800×10~8m~3/a。因此,沧州渤海新区的海冰储量可观、淡化成本低、水质好,淡化水可替代生态及部分工业用水,海冰资源的开发利用的前景广阔,可行性高。在新区内尝试开发利用海冰资源不仅可以减轻灾害损失,缓解水资源短缺问题,还为我国其他饱受海冰灾害影响的沿海地区提供参考和指导。     

Assessment of lake–groundwater interactions and anthropogenic stresses,using numerical groundwater flow model,for a Rift lake catchment in central Ethiopia

A steady-state groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) was used to study lake and groundwater interactions in a complex rift volcanic catchment. It also was used to assess the effects of water pumping from wells, and of variable recharge rates associated with climate and lake level changes, on the dynamics of the volcanic aquifers surrounding Lake Awassa. The model simulations were made after first developing a reasonable conceptual model, on the basis of conventional hydrogeological mapping, pumping test and hydrometeorological data analyses, and from ancillary information obtained from hydrochemical and isotope techniques. The model results indicated that the lakes and Rift aquifers are fed by large groundwater inputs that originate in the highlands. The lakes and rivers have important roles in recharging the aquifers in some locations. Lake Awassa receives a major groundwater inflow from its southern and eastern shorelines, while substantial water leakage from the lake occurs along the northern shoreline. The annual groundwater outflow from the catchment is estimated to 52.5 × 10⁶ m³. Scenario analyses revealed that increasing the current pumping rate from wells by fourfold will substantially reduce the groundwater level substantially, although the regional flow pattern would remain the same. There appears to be no immediate danger to the Rift aquatic environment from the current water pumping rate. Drying the small Lake Shalo and associated swamps, however, will cause a large change in the water balance of the larger Lake Awassa. Slight changes in groundwater recharge can cause large differences in groundwater levels for most of the Rift caldera floor far from the lake shores. This study provides a reasonable foundation for developing detailed transient predictive models, which can then readily be used as a decision support tool for development and implementation of sustainable water resources practices.     

Simulation-Optimization Modeling for Conjunctive Use Management under Hydrological Uncertainty

The canal water supply, which is the only source of irrigation, in the rice-dominated cropping system of the Hirakud canal command (eastern India) is able to meet only 54 % of the irrigation demand at 90 % probability of exceedance. Hence, considering groundwater as the supplemental source of irrigation, conjunctive use management study by combined simulation-optimization modelling was undertaken in order to predict the maximum permissible groundwater pumpage from the command area. Further, optimal land and water resources allocation model was developed to determine the optimal cropping pattern for maximizing net annual return. The modelling results suggested that 2.0 and 2.3 million m³ of groundwater can be pumped from the bottom aquifer during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, respectively, at 90 % probability of exceedance of rainfall and canal water availability (PERC). Optimal cropping patterns and pumping strategies can lead to about 51.3–12.5 % increase in net annual return from the area at 10–90 % PERC. The sensitivity analysis of the model indicates that the variation in the market price of crops has very high influence on the optimal solution followed by the cost of cultivation and cultivable area. Finally, different future scenarios of land and water use were formulated for the command area. The adoption of optimal cropping patterns and optimal pumping strategies is strongly recommended for sustainable management of available land and water resources of the canal command under hydrological uncertainties.     

Optimizing Safe Yield Policy Implementation

The presented method enhances groundwater-mandated safe yield management. It is useful for settings that prevent sustained yield or integrated management. To protect hydraulically connected surface water rights, the Utah government’s Cache Valley groundwater management plan proposes that total pumping increase not exceed 84,431 m³/day. To determine how best to spatially distribute additional allowable pumping, stakeholders quantified limits defining acceptable impacts on selected water resource indicators. A new simulation–optimization (S–O) algorithm used these limits while computing optimal spatially distributed perennial yield or safe yield groundwater pumping extraction strategies. The limits prevent unacceptable decreases in: head and net flow between aquifer and surface waters (rivers, surface/subsurface drains, springs, lakes). The optimization objective function maximizes weighted pumping to provide water for 18 growing municipalities. For 16 perennial yield scenarios, computed optimal pumping increases differ in protectiveness toward senior water rights, and range from 16% to 103% of the state plan-proposed increase. Implementing a protective strategy would achieve 90% of the storage changes needed to reach equilibrium within 23 years. Indicator potentiometric heads would reach equilibrium within 10–40 years. At equilibrium, an optimal Cache Valley perennial yield strategy acceptably minimizes net annual non-pumping discharges. By comparison, multi-period 20-year transient groundwater mining optimizations allow more pumping in early years. Pumping then must decline to satisfy seepage and head constraints through year 20. Adverse seepage impact would increase for years thereafter. For situations governed by safe or perennial yield policy, equilibrium-based (steady-state) optimization is very useful. It effectively develops optimal perennial yield strategies.     

Alternatives to Reduce Pumping Effects in Glacial Stratified Drift Aquifers During Periods of Low Stream Flow

Low stream flows in the Fenton River, part of a hydrogeological setting characterized by glacial stratified drift, forces the University of Connecticut to frequently reduce groundwater withdrawals during the months of June–October. The objective of this study was to investigate stream/aquifer interactions in such a hydrogeologic system in order to increase water withdrawals while minimizing adverse impacts to in-stream flow. A groundwater flow model was developed using MODFLOW to investigate the influence of well location and pumping timing on in-stream flow in the vicinity of the water supply wells. The numerical model comprised detailed geophysical data and decadal hydrologic data (2000–2009) to assess well placement, rest periods and cyclical pumping. The relocation of a water supply well up to 228 m from the river had a positive but minimal improvement to stream flows (<2.83 L/s). When the well field was shut off for more than 45 days, stream flows returned to the no pumping condition with only slight impact at 30 days, whereas a 30 day rest period gave 4 weeks of dampened pumping influence on stream flows. A management scenario of 1 week cyclical pumping between two water supply wells following a 45 day rest period can allow for current restriction thresholds to be reduced by 28.3 L/s with minimal impact to stream flows (7.36 L/s) and would allow additional water to be pumped for all years in which there was a demand for water.     

Adaptation Investigations to Respond to Climate Change Projections in Gansu Province,Northern China

General Circulation Models (GCMs) are applied to Gansu Province, northwest China, to assess temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and temperature, and the trends compared to historical trends. The simulations for the three regions of the Province indicate that temperatures will increase by 3, 3.4 and 3.2 °C for the East, Mid and West regions, while precipitation will be reduced by 50, 50 and 1 mm, respectively in the future. For SRES scenarios of higher population growth, the changes will be larger, followed by the scenarios of fast economic and technologic growth. Based on climate simulations, adaptations of cropping patterns will be needed in the West region since large amounts of irrigation for current cropping patterns will increase the risk of salinization and desertification unless adopted in the planning. Although the current situation for the West region of the Province is most severe, the risk of conditions being drier is shown to be higher for the Mid region. The Mid region has been highly dependent on natural precipitation; highly variable irrigation water quantities will be needed in the future since precipitation in this region varies significantly from year to year.     

Optimum Pumping Well Placement and Capacity Design for a Groundwater Lowering System in Urban Areas with the Minimum Cost Objective

High level of groundwater in urban areas may cause major problems in construction and mining projects. One effective solution is to implement drainage wells to lower the water table into the desired level through an appropriate pumping strategy. In this paper, placement and capacity of the dewatering wells are optimized by minimizing the total costs of a groundwater lowering system (GLS) through a simulation-optimization approach. For this purpose, MODFLOW, the groundwater simulation software, is coupled with the Firefly Optimization Algorithm (FOA) to find the optimal solution. The proposed FOA-MODFLOW model is tested in an urban area in east southern part of Iran, Kerman city’s ancient Mosque region. Results show that the obtained cost-effective design noticeably outperforms the consulting engineers’ proposal in terms of both the number of drilled wells and the associated costs with justifiable constraints. Optimal strategy satisfies the constraints by suggesting construction of two wells with totally pumping rate of 5503 m³/day while the water table is dropped 1.5 m with a ground subsidence less than 80 mm in the region. Additionally, an investigation on the value of various design parameters emphasizes on the sensitivity of the solutions to the permissible groundwater level and the well’s maximum pumping rates among the others.     

Assessment of Water Resources Availability and Groundwater Salinization in Future Climate and Land use Change Scenarios: A Case Study from a Coastal Drainage Basin in Italy

The joint effect of changes in climate and land use on the future availability of water resources was assessed under the SRES A1B and A2 climate scenarios as well as five land use scenarios for the 2080–2100 time-frame in an Italian coastal watershed. The study area is a small coastal polder (100 km²) characterized by irrigated agriculture, urban expansion, drainage, quarrying and sensitivity to salt-water intrusion. The hydroclimatic budget and the GALDIT index have been computed for assessing water resources availability and groundwater vulnerability to salinization, respectively. The methodology developed is integrated into a tool based on Excel?, which supported the development of scenarios in participatory processes. The conclusions emerged from the analysis are the following: (1) climate change is more effective than land use change in controlling future freshwater availability and amplifies the imbalance between winter surplus and summer deficits, (2) freshwater availability in the summer will likely be affected by an increase in evaporation from open water surfaces due to increased temperature, whereas winter surplus would increase, (3) the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer to salinization will probably moderately increase but an inherent limitation of the GALDIT index to land use change parameters prevents a sound assessment. Strategies that may be proposed to administrators and stakeholders are based on increasing storage of seasonal water surplus.     

阜阳市农灌区浅层地下水安全开采量评价

针对阜阳市农灌区水文地质条件和浅层地下水运动特点,建立区域浅层地下水多年调节计算模型,通过调节地下水开采量使调节计算末期地下水位埋深能够恢复到起调埋深,达到多年水均衡,得到阜阳市浅层地下水安全开采系数与安全开采量。1956—2010年长系列的计算结果表明,阜阳市多年平均浅层地下水总补给量为17.856亿m3,安全开采系数为0.469,安全开采量为8.374亿m3;结合以农灌区为主的阜阳市用水过程特点,采用等比例法对浅层地下水安全开采量进行年内分配,确定了阜阳市浅层地下水的年内逐月安全开采过程。     

Quantified Analysis of the Probability of Flooding in the Thames Estuary under Imaginable Worst-case Sea Level Rise Scenarios

Most studies of the impacts of sea level rise (SLR) have explored scenarios of < 1 m during the 21st century, even though larger rises are possible. This paper takes a different approach and explores and quantifies the likely flood impacts in the Thames estuary for a number of plausible, but unlikely, SLR scenarios. The collapse of the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) could cause global mean sea level to rise by 5–6 m; here a time-scale for such an event of 100 years is assumed to create a worst-case scenario. Combined with the 1 in 1000 storm surge event, this would result in 1000 km² of land being frequently inundated. This area currently contains 1 million properties and their inundation would result in direct damage of at least £97.8 billion at 2003 prices. Smaller SLR scenarios, resulting from a partial collapse of the WAIS over 100 years, also have significant potential impacts, demonstrating the vulnerability of the Thames estuary to SLR. Construction of a new storm surge barrier in the outer Thames estuary is shown to provide greater resilience to unexpectedly high SLR because of the additional large flood storage capacity that the barrier would provide. This analysis has, for the first time, connected mechanisms of abrupt climate change and SLR with hydrodynamic modelling used to quantify impacts. In particular, it is recognized that future management strategies need to be adaptive and robust in order to manage the uncertainty associated with climate change.     

宁夏艾依河银川段河湖水与地下水水量转换研究

为了掌握艾依河在银川市段排泄两岸地下水或对两岸地下水的补给情况,选择具有代表性的河段,建设河道水位、两岸地下水位监测断面2处,试验监测不同时段河道水位与两岸地下水位的关系。试验监测结果分析表明:部分河段河道水位长期高于两岸地下水位,河道年补给两岸地下水量达到80.6万m3/km,抬高了河道两岸地下水位,造成河道两岸土壤盐渍化较重;部分河段河道水位低于两岸地下水位,河道承担地下水的排泄,年排泄地下水量2.558万m3/km。研究成果可为艾依河水量调度、两岸土壤盐渍化的防治提供技术支撑。     

基于改进多目标粒子群算法的南水北调东线江苏段工程联合优化调度研究

针对南水北调东线江苏段工程优化调度问题,构建协调系统缺水量和抽江水量两目标的联合优化调度模型,研发基于改进多目标粒子群算法的模型求解方法,建立组合赋权-TOPISIS方法进行多属性决策方法,形成基于"两线-三湖-四水源-六区间"的水资源调配空间格局,提出以大型泵站工程为核心的骨干枢纽联合调度方案。在50%、75%和95%来水条件下,经优化调度后受水区缺水量与常规调度相比分别降低了10.2×10~8m~3、16.4×10~8m~3、7.1×10~8m~3,系统抽江水量分别减少了17.4×10~8m~3、14.8×10~8m~3和12.2×10~8m~3。该方案可有效提高供水保障水平,充分发挥三大湖泊的调蓄能力,降低系统运行成本,具有显著的社会、经济等综合效益。     

Modelling the Effect of Tidal Locking on Flood Risk in Tidal Estuaries

1 IntroductionFlooding is a natural hazardthat can havei mpacts onlives ,communities ,economy and environment . Many coastal regionsaround the UK are vulnerable to sea level rise and cli matechange. Tidally influenced rivers and estuaries can be floodedfr…     

Impact of planned water resource development on current and future water demand in the Koshi River basin,Nepal

The water resources of the Koshi Basin (87,311 km²) are largely untapped, and while proposals for their development exist, their impacts on current and future water demand are not quantified. The current study is the first to evaluate the impacts of 11 proposed development projects for hydropower generation and water storage. We find that 29,733 GWh of hydropower could be generated annually and 8382 million m³ of water could be stored. This could satisfy unmet demand in the current (660 million m³) basin situation and in future scenarios – i.e. population, agricultural and industrial growth – that are projected to have 920, 970 and 1003 million m³ of unmet demand, respectively, by 2050.