云南永善肖滩早寒武世早期碳氧同位素记录

本文对采自云南永善肖滩剖面下寒武统100余件碳酸盐岩样品的碳氧同位素进行了分析研究。在从灯影组白岩哨段上部至筇竹寺组玉案山段碳酸盐岩碳同位素变化曲线上,梅树村组小歪头山段底部δ¹³C值表现出显着负飘移。早寒武世梅树村期,碳同位素值缓慢增大,至大海段达到最大值。在筇竹寺组石岩头段底部,δ¹³C值表现为明显负飘移。在玉案山段,碳同位素又开始一个新的正飘移旋回。根据同位素资料,肖滩剖面下寒武统梅树村组小歪头山段至大海段地层相当于前托莫特阶地层,筇竹寺组石岩头段与托莫特阶地层对应,玉案山段与呵特达班阶下部地层对比。小歪头山段底部标志着寒武纪沉积已经开始。     

云南晋宁,安宁地区早寒武世磷块岩沉积环境分析

通过对滇东地区含磷地层的划分和对比,认为渔户村组小歪头山段和雨碌段（待补段）分别代表一级碳酸盐磷酸盐台地上二级台地和台凹相区的同时异相沉积。晋宁、安宁地区中谊村段的白泥层与中白云岩层为上下关系,中白云岩层为上磷矿层下部的相变。根据２０条含磷地层剖面的地层相分析进行相区划分,并作出中谊村段下磷矿层和上磷矿层两个沉积时期的岩相古地理图。     

湘黔地区早寒武世黑色页岩有机碳同位素组成变化及其意义

对扬子地台湘黔地区早寒武世黑色页岩有机碳同位素的组成变化进行野外地质观察与室内分析研究表明:研究区灯影组白云岩主要为碳酸盐台地沉积环境,牛蹄塘组黑色页岩主要为陆棚沉积环境,湖南地区有可能水体更深,过渡到斜坡相沉积区。通过分析,湘黔地区黑色页岩有机碳含量(TOC)为0.05%~12.31%,平均为4.97%。有机碳同位素(1δ3Corg)组成的变化幅度很大,从-29.49‰~-34.41‰(PDB),平均为-31.78‰,最大偏移量为4.3‰。牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的1δ3Corg和TOC含量变化也很大,具有明显的3个升降旋回,代表海平面具有海进海退变化特征。而下伏地层灯影组白云岩1δ3Corg值相对比较高,代表海平面下降。研究区两个典型剖面的有机碳同位素变化曲线反映了该期海平面变化,海洋原始生产率以及上涌洋流的变化情况,揭示湘黔地区早寒武世的古海洋信息。     

重庆城口地区早前寒武系黑色岩系研究:(2)早寒武世硅质岩的沉积环境研究

和平、羊儿坝和猪草河剖面是南秦岭槽区巴山组的三个典型剖面，从南向北，这三个剖面的硅质岩厚度逐渐增大。通过对三个剖面硅质岩各种地球化学特征参数的研究分析，结果表明：猪草河剖面最接近火山弧带，为与大陆火山岛弧相邻的弧后盆地，受火山活动的控制很强烈，热水沉积的控制占主要地位；相应的硅质岩和碳酸盐岩都具有强烈的Eu正异常，其中具有高正Eu异常的碳酸盐岩在华南下寒武统尚属首次发现。羊儿坝剖面相当于大陆边缘的深水盆地，热水与海水处于相对平衡的状态。和平剖面最接近大陆边缘，热水的影响很弱，以海水的正常沉积为主，陆源碎屑物质增多。三个剖面沉积相从早到晚的变化体现了南秦岭断陷海槽从拉张到闭合的过程。     

黔北早寒武世缺氧事件：生物标志化合物及有机碳同位素特征

本文首次报道了黔北早寒武世黑色岩系的生物标志化合物，并结合有机碳同位素组成特征，探讨该时期所发生的重大地质事件。所有样品均检出了丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、萜类化合物以及甾类化舍物。在GC谱图上，正构烷烃显示明显的单峰型分布特征，碳数分布范围为nC14-nC31主峰碳为nC18、nC19或nC20，nC17／nC31为1．15～50．17，显示轻烃组分占绝对优势，OEP值为0．84～1．11，CPI值为0．92～1．16，接近平衡值1．0，无明显的奇偶碳数优势分布。Pr／Ph值为0．24～0．79，具有明显的植烷优势。萜烷化合物以C30藿烷占优势，其相对丰度三环萜烷〉五环三萜烷〉四环萜烷，并且检出少量的γ-蜡烷。规则甾烷C27-C28-C29呈“V”字型分布，∑（C27＋C28）〉∑C29，其比值为1．25～1．99，∑C27／∑C29为0．78～1．22，重排甾烷C27／规则甾烷C27值为0．21～0．47。4-甲基甾烷普遍存在，但丰度相对较低。在地层剖面上，有机碳含量（TOC（％））从0．05～7．91％，平均为2．52％；有机碳同位素组成（δ^13Corg）从-29．49‰～-34．41‰（PDB），发生负偏移，偏移量达到4．3‰，代表该期海平面处于上升阶段，底层水处于严重缺氧状态，底栖生物缺乏。本文根据生物标志化合物特征参数，结合有机碳同位素组成变化，详细分析了黔北早寒武世这套黑色岩系的有机质来源、成熟度、沉积环境以及古海洋意义，将为我国南方早寒武纪古地理重建、地质事件记录提供可靠依据。     

晚震旦世至早寒武世扬子地台北缘碳同位素研究

震旦-寒武交变期是地史上一个重大转折期,亦是一个具有特殊意义的过渡时期.运用碳同位素地球化学方法,探讨扬子地台北缘四川南江地区晚震旦世-早寒武世交变期,碳同位素地球化学异常与环境变化和生物演化的相互联系.南江剖面沉积岩有机碳同位素组成在-35.8‰~-30.1‰间变化;碳酸盐碳同位素组成从-3.5‰~+0.5‰.在灯影组顶部、牛蹄塘组下部和上部,变化的碳、硫同位素组成和不同的黄铁矿与有机碳含量反映了有机碳埋藏量和环境的变化.下寒武统富有机碳和黄铁矿的黑色页岩沉积,暗示了早寒武世早期缺氧环境的存在.     

重庆城口地区早前寒武系黑色岩系研究:(2)早寒武世硅质岩的沉积环境研究

和平、羊儿坝和猪草河剖面是南秦岭槽区巴山组的三个典型剖面,从南向北,这三个剖面的硅质岩厚度逐渐增大.通过对三个剖面硅质岩各种地球化学特征参数的研究分析,结果表明:猪草河剖面最接近火山弧带,为与大陆火山岛弧相邻的弧后盆地,受火山活动的控制很强烈,热水沉积的控制占主要地位;相应的硅质岩和碳酸盐岩都具有强烈的Eu正异常,其中具有高正Eu异常的碳酸盐岩在华南下寒武统尚属首次发现.羊儿坝剖面相当于大陆边缘的深水盆地,热水与海水处于相对平衡的状态.和平剖面最接近大陆边缘,热水的影响很弱,以海水的正常沉积为主,陆源碎屑物质增多.三个剖面沉积相从早到晚的变化体现了南秦岭断陷海槽从拉张到闭合的过程.     

黔北西部遵义—大方一带早寒武世层序地层及沉积环境

黔北西部遵义-大方一带早寒武世沉积地层发育完整,中下部以陆源碎屑岩为主,上部则主要为碳酸盐岩。金沙岩孔剖面露头良好,标志清楚,具有多个相对深-浅变化旋回,共划分为5个沉积层序,第一、第二、第四层序及第三层序的高水位体系域为陆源碎屑沉积,第三层序的海侵体系域和第五层序由碳酸盐沉积构成。层序地层格架显示沉积厚度具有西厚东薄的变化特点,各层序的体系域厚度总体上表现为海侵体系域小于高水位体系域。早寒武世沉积环境具有由深变浅的演化特点,总的沉积环境变迁为深水滞流陆棚→广海陆棚→碳酸盐岩缓坡→广海陆棚→浅水滨岸→碳酸盐岩台地。     

兴蒙地区晚二叠世林西组灰岩微量元素与碳、氧同位素特征及沉积环境讨论

兴蒙地区晚二叠世林西组沉积环境争议较大,多数学者认为其为陆相沉积,少数学者则认为早中期为封闭海盆,晚期转化为陆相湖盆。在对林西官地林西组剖面实测时,于其上部发现大量灰岩透镜体,内含钙藻和苔藓虫等海相化石。对系统采集的灰岩透镜体进行微量元素及碳、氧同位素组成分析,结果显示灰岩中轻稀土略亏损,Eu正异常明显,La、Ce具有轻微的正异常,Gd、Y/Ho基本无异常;Si O2含量较高、且Zr与REE具有良好正相关性,表明其沉积环境为海相近岸带,水体可能有正常海水、河水或大气降水和热液三个来源。剖面沉积特征、化石组合及灰岩中碳、氧同位素组成也为近岸带环境提供了进一步支持。这说明晚二叠世兴蒙—吉林一带仍存在狭长海盆,海盆内部仍存在热液活动,在近岸地区,海水循环可能受阻,使得短期内以蒸发作用或河水注入占主要地位,造成碳同位素大幅漂移,而氧同位素漂移主要由成岩作用引起。     

早元古代碳同位素突变的发现

本文较详细较系统地研究了早元古代碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成。样品采自山西五台县滹沱群建安村组，大关洞组和槐荫村组。平均采样间距６。９ｍ，分析样品总数２０９个，所分析的样品全部为泥晶白云岩。碳同位素分析结果，清楚地显示了建安村组一大关洞组界线处以及大关洞组一槐荫村组界线附近碳同位素突变的存在。这次在前寒武系中发现的碳同位素突变，与白垩系－第三系、二叠系－三叠系、寒武系－前寒武系等界线层碳同位素突变类似。     

Carbon and sulfur isotopic compositions of Early Cambrian black shales,NW Hunan,China: Implications for the Paleoceanographic sedimentary environment

In order to better understand the paleoceanographic sedimentary environment of the Lower Cambrian black shales extensively distributed in South China, outcropped along the present southern margin of the Yangtze Platform with a width of ca. 200-400 km and a length of more than 1500 km, we present new paired δ13C data on carbonates (δ13Ccarb) and associated organic carbon (δ13Corg) and δ34Spy data on sedimentary pyrite in black shales from three sections (Ganziping, Shancha and Xiaohekou) located in NW Hunan, China. In these sections, a total of 82 Lower Cambrian black shale samples have δ13Ccarb values ranging from -4.0‰ to 1.7‰ with an average value of -2.1‰, and δ13Corg values between -34.9‰ and -28.8‰, averaging -31.9‰. The ?34Spy values of 16 separated sedi-mentary pyrite samples from the black shales vary between +10.2‰ and +28.7‰ with an average value of +19.5‰, presenting a small isotope fractionation between seawater sulfate and sedimentary sulfide. The model calculation based on credible data from the paired analyses for δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg of 11 black shale samples shows a high CO2 concentration in the Early Cambrian atmosphere, about 20 times higher than pre-industrial revolution values, consis-tent with previous global predictions. The small sulfur isotope fractionation between seawater sulfate and sedimen-tary sulfide in black shales, only 15.5‰ on average, implies a low sulfate level in the Early Cambrian seawater around 1 mmol. In combination with a high degree of pyritization (DOP) in the black shales, it is suggested that sul-fidic deep-ocean water could have lingered up to the earliest Cambrian in this area. The black shale deposition is envisaged in a stratified marine basin, with a surface euphotic and oxygenated water layer and sulfidic deeper water, controlled by a continental margin rift.     

新疆柯坪地区寒武纪-奥陶纪碳酸盐岩沉积旋回的碳氧同位素研究

野外观测发现,在新疆柯坪地区蓬莱坝剖面,中寒武统阿瓦塔格组(C2a)至下奥陶统蓬莱坝组(O1p)的碳酸盐岩在剖面上存在不同尺度的沉积旋回:体系域级、米级旋回级、藻纹层级.对49件样品进行微区取样,共得到98件样品,对其进行了精细的不同尺度沉积旋回碳氧同位素组成的分析研究.结果表明,碳酸盐岩样品的δ13C值(PDB)分布在-1.6‰～1.6‰之间,平均为-0.5‰,δ18O值(PDB)为-12.7‰～-4.3‰,平均-6.2‰,因此,除了明显受到后期成岩蚀变作用(退白云岩化)的藻碳酸盐岩外,其余样品的碳氧同位素组成总体位于正常的海相碳酸盐岩沉积范围内.在体系域尺度上,对于Ⅲ2旋回层序高水位体系域(C2a1),海平面变化是控制碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素组成的主要因素;对于Ⅲ3旋回层序(C2a2-O1p),伴随海平面的升降变化,岩石沉积微环境复杂多变.在米级旋回尺度上,米级旋回的形成除了受高频海平面变化影响外,还受到古构造、古气候的叠加影响.在藻纹层旋回尺度上,δ13C值比δ18O值更能反映藻纹层的旋回性变化特征,藻纹层的形成受控于有机质沉积速率的季节性变化.     

Geochemistry of the trace elements and rare-earth elements at the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 at Jianshan, South China: Paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic implications

The Jianshan section in Jianhe County,Guizhou Province,is a very important auxiliary section to the candidate stratotype at the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3.Twenty four samples collected from the Jianshan section of the Kaili Formation were analyzed for the concentrations of trace element and rare-earth elements(REEs) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The trace element and REE geochemical characteristics of the Kaili Formation at the Jianshan section show that trace element composition and REE distribution patterns across the section are covariant.Notably,at 44 m above the base of the Kaili Formation,most trace element contents and REEs concentrations are lower than those values observed below 44 m.Above 44 m,an increasing trend in the concentration of both trace elements and REEs is observed.These geochemical data indicate important,but subtle,changes at the 44 m horizon.If this is,in fact,verified by work in progress,geochemical criteria can provide additional supports for defining the top surface of Cambrian Series 2,especially in sections where Oryctocephalus indicus is absent.Trace element ratios,specifically Ni/Co,V/Cr,V/(Ni+V) and Th/U as well as Ce and Eu anomalies indicate that the sedimentary environment of the Kaili Formation at the Jianshan section was oxidizing,that benthic redox conditions were less oxic,and may have been influenced by freshwater as compared to the Balang area.Moreover,the Eu anomalies observed in the Kaili Formation are similar to the negative Eu anomalies observed in post-Archean sedimentary rocks,and reveal fluctuations in oxygen content from the bottom to the top of the Kaili Formation.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区早寒武世硅质岩地球化学特征及其意义

新疆库鲁克塔格地区寒武系底部硅质岩发育,主要分布于西山布拉克组和西大山组中,厚度达到120m,发育有火山岩-硅质岩,硅质岩夹黑色页岩组合。通过对兴地大坂穷木库杜克剖面硅质岩的系统地球化学研究,硅质岩常量元素Al、Fe、Mn在Al-Fe-Mn三元图上投影落入热水沉积域中。西山布拉克组底部硅质岩富集As、Sb、Sr、Ba、U元素,Th/U值偏低,为0.758,往上逐渐增大,到西大山组硅质岩Th/U值达到8.448。寒武系底部西山布拉克组底部硅质岩具有稀土总量∑REE显著偏低(小于10×10-6)、LREE/HREE值偏低、Ce负异常显著、低的Ce/Ce值(小于0.8)、(La/Ce)N值(1.0~2.89)、Eu/Eu值(≥1)较大、(La/Lu)N值(3.63~6.98)较小等特征,说明有强烈的热水沉积作用。往上到西大山组硅质岩则具有稀土总量∑REE较高(大于10×10-6)、LREE/HREE值较高、Ce负异常明显、Ce/Ce值较大(0.8~1.29)、(La/Ce)N值变化不明显、Eu/Eu值较低(0.5~0.8)、(La/Lu)N值大(平均大于10)等特征,说明热水沉积作用减弱,但仍属热水沉积特征。硅质岩δ30Si和δ18O同位素分析表明,西山布拉克组和西大山组硅质岩为典型的热水成因硅质岩。硅质岩氧同位素测温表明,从下往上热水沉积硅质岩形成温度降低。西大山组底部硅质岩形成温度较高,达到80℃以上,随后温度逐渐降低,西大山组硅质岩形成的温度为69℃左右。新疆库鲁克塔格地区寒武系底部硅质岩地球化学特征表明,在早寒武世早期库鲁克塔格地区地壳发生强烈的拉张裂解作用,这种拉张裂解作用形成火山岩和硅质岩、硅质岩和黑色页岩组合,它们为早寒武世早期Rodinia大陆发生快速裂解作用提供了岩石学和地球化学证据。     

Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of a Precambrian/Cambrian boundary section in the Three Gorge area, South China: Prominent global-scale isotope excursions just before the Cambrian Explosion

Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy has been used for worldwide correlation of Precambrian/Cambrian (Pc/C) boundary sections, and has elucidated significant change of the carbon cycle during the rapid diversification of skeletal metazoa (i.e. the Cambrian Explosion). Nevertheless, the standard δ¹³C curve of the Early Cambrian has been poorly established mainly due to the lack of a continuous stratigraphic record. Here we report high-resolution δ¹³C chemostratigraphy of a drill core sample across the Pc/C boundary in the Three Gorge area, South China. This section extends from an uppermost Ediacaran dolostone (Dengying Fm.), through a lowermost Early Cambrian muddy limestone (Yanjiahe Fm.) to a middle Early Cambrian calcareous black shale (Shuijingtuo Fm.). As a result, we have identified two positive and two negative isotope excursions within this interval. Near the Pc/C boundary, the δ¹³C_carb increases moderately from 0 to + 2‰ (positive excursion 1: P1), and then drops dramatically down to − 7‰ (negative excursion 1: N1). Subsequently, the δ¹³C_carb increases continuously up to about + 5‰ at the upper part of the Nemakit–Daldynian stage. After this positive excursion, δ¹³C_carb sharply decreases down to about − 9‰ (N2) just below the basal Tommotian unconformity. These continuous patterns of the δ¹³C shift are irrespective of lithotype, suggesting a primary origin of the record. Moreover, the obtained δ¹³C profile, except for the sharp excursion N2, is comparable to records of other sections within and outside of the Yangtze Platform. Hence, we conclude that the general feature of our δ¹³C profile best represents the global change in seawater chemistry. The minimum δ¹³C of the N1 (− 7‰) is slightly lower than carbon input from the mantle, thus implying an enhanced flux of ¹³C-depleted carbon just across the Pc/C boundary. Hence, the ocean at that time probably became anoxic, which may have affected the survival of sessile or benthic Ediacaran biota. The subsequent δ¹³C rise up to + 5‰ (P2) indicates an increase of primary productivity or an enhanced rate of organic carbon burial, which should have resulted in lowering pCO₂ and following global cooling. This scenario accounts for the cause of the global-scale sea-level fall at the base of the Tommotian stage. The subsequent, very short-term, and exceptionally low δ¹³C (− 9‰) in N2 could have been associated with the release of methane from gas hydrates due to the sea-level fall. The inferred dramatic environmental changes (i.e., ocean anoxia, increasing productivity, global cooling and subsequent sea-level fall with methane release) appear to coincide with or occur just before the Cambrian Explosion. This may indicate synchronism between the environmental changes and rapid diversification of skeletal metazoa.     

新疆莎车盆地早古新世沉积环境演化初探

新疆莎车盆地古新世断续海侵环境下发育阿尔塔什组巨厚的石膏岩,古新世早期盐湖沉积范围位于西昆仑及南天山山前,伴随着后期海侵范围的进一步扩大,盐湖沉积范围覆盖整个莎车盆地.论文通过对西昆仑及南天山山前5口石油钻井剖面中阿尔塔什组含盐系地层开展钻孔岩屑地球化学分析,认为古新世早期盐湖中钾、钠、钙、镁、硫酸根变化趋势基本符合盐...     

新疆哈拉奇地区泥盆纪层序地层学特征及沉积环境简

通过对哈拉奇地区泥盆系岩石学特征、层序地层格架、岩石地球化学特征和沉积构造的研究,对研究区泥盆纪地层进行了层序地层划分和沉积环境的恢复。研究区泥盆系划分为4个三级层序,沉积物源区主要为被动大陆边缘的再旋回造山带物源区,研究区泥盆系为无障壁滨浅海沉积环境。构造运动和海平面升降系该区泥盆系三级层序及其内部体系域形成的主要控制因素。     

新疆哈拉奇地区泥盆纪层序地层学特征及沉积环境

通过对哈拉奇地区泥盆系岩石学特征、层序地层格架、岩石地球化学特征和沉积构造的研究,对研究区泥盆纪地层进行了层序地层划分和沉积环境的恢复。研究区泥盆系划分为4个三级层序,沉积物源区主要为被动大陆边缘的再旋回造山带物源区,研究区泥盆系为无障壁滨浅海沉积环境。构造运动和海平面升降系该区泥盆系三级层序及其内部体系域形成的主要控制因素。     

Paleoceanographic Indicators for Early Cambrian Black Shales from the Yangtze Platform,South China: Evidence from Biomarkers and Carbon Isotopes

The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, a widespread black shale deposition, is of geological interest because of its polymetallic beds, Cambrian explosion, depositional ages, dramatic environmental changes and so on. Previous study focused mainly on inorganic geochemistry and few studies have investigated the organic fractions of upper Neoproterozoic-lower Cambrian strata in South China. Here we report a study of biomarkers plus organic carbon isotopes for black shales from Ganziping, Hunan Province (China). All the saturated hydrocarbon fractions have a unimodal distribution of n-alkanes, a high content of short-chain alkanes and maximize at C 19 or C 20 (C 23 for sample Gzh00-1). The C 27 /C 29 sterane ratio ranges from 0.77 to 1.20 and 4-methylsteranes are in low abundance. These parameters indicate that algae and bacteria are the important primary producers. Furthermore, biomarker maturity proxies show the samples to be higher maturity. The low Pr/Ph values (<0.7) suggest that the samples were deposited under anoxic conditions and, likely, under stratified water columns. In addition, 25-norhopanes and gammacerane are present as diagnostic indicators of normal marine salinity and dysoxic to anoxic conditions. During the Early Tommotian, known to coincide with a transgression event, small shelly fossils increased in abundance and diversity. Moreover, positive δ 13 C org excursions close to 1.4‰ occur at the base of the Tommotian stage. In summary, the Early Cambrian black shales were deposited under dramatic paleoenvironmental changes, including oceanic anoxia, higher primary productivity and sea-level rise.