垂直上升内螺纹管内流动沸腾传热特性

在压力9～22 MPa,质量流速450～2000 kg·m^-2·s^-1,内壁热负荷200～700 kW·m^-2的参数范围内,试验研究了用于1000 MW超超临界锅炉φ28.6 mm×5.8 mm垂直上升内螺纹水冷壁管内汽水流动沸腾传热。研究表明：内螺纹管内壁螺纹的漩流作用可抑制偏离核态沸腾（DNB）传热恶化,内螺纹管在高干度区发生蒸干型（DO）传热恶化。增大质量流速可推迟壁温飞升,壁温飞升幅度随质量流速增大而降低。热负荷越大管壁温越高,随热负荷增大管壁壁温飞升提前,且传热恶化后壁温飞升值增大。随着压力增加,壁温飞升发生干度值减小。内螺纹管汽水流动沸腾传热系数呈π形分布,传热系数峰值出现在汽水沸腾区。文中还给出了亚临界压力区内螺纹管单相区和汽水沸腾区的传热系数试验关联式。     

竖直圆管内液氮流动沸腾传热特性的分析

实验研究了竖直圆管内液氮流动沸腾传热特性,分析壁面温度、流体温度、干度以及传热系数沿实验段管程的变化规律,考察热通量、质量流量和入口压力对液氮两相流动传热特性的影响。针对实验工况分别采用Chen、Klimenko、Shah以及Liu-Winterton关联式对传热系数进行预测,并将实验结果与预测结果进行比较,对不同传热系数区间内的相对误差进行了计算、分析,以评估实验工况范围内各关联式的准确性。结果表明,在传热系数较大的情况下,4个关联式的预测值普遍低于实验值,在整个实验工况范围内,采用Klimenko关联式预测时误差最小。     

垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数值分析

在对流动特性和换热机理进行分析的基础上,建立了垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数学模型和数值计算方法.该模型认为环状流区域同时存在强制对流与核态沸腾两种换热方式.液膜厚度、速度与温度等参数通过求解液膜的质量守恒、动量守恒、能量守恒方程获得.核态沸腾换热则包括气泡脱离带走的热量及用于加热气化核心影响区流入液体的热量两部分.提出了流动沸腾情况下的多孔层气泡脱离直径及气化核心密度计算方法.对异丙苯在火焰喷涂型垂直多孔表面管内向上流动时的沸腾换热进行了数值预测,大部分工况的计算值与实验结果符合良好.在低干度区(x=0.1),核态沸腾在总换热中的比例约为50%.随着干度的增加,核态沸腾受到越来越大的抑制,当x为0.5时,这一比例降低到约15％.     

竖直圆管内液氮过冷流动沸腾数值模拟研究

在现有数学模型的基础上,从沸腾换热的机理入手,对过冷流动沸腾模型中的气泡参量模型进行了修正,分析确定了壁面热流密度的拆分方法,构建出适应于液氮的过冷沸腾计算模型。将新模型应用于CFX4.4中,对液氮在三维竖直圆管内的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。研究发现,在过冷流动沸腾形成之后,蒸发热流成为壁面换热的主要部分,沸腾换热占据换热的主导地位。数值模拟结果与已有的实验数据吻合较好,证明了新建模型的正确性。     

垂直管内三相流化床沸腾传热特性

研究了三相流化床沸腾传热的特性和影响传热系数的诸因素。在传热过程中，由于固体粒子的存在，强化了传热。以玻璃球粒子为固相的三相流化床沸腾传热系数，是相同条件下汽液两相流沸腾传热的二倍。以铜粒子为固相的三相流化床沸腾传热系数，是相同条件下汽液两相流沸腾传热系数的３倍。     

垂直圆管内液氮流动沸腾的理论模型及数值模拟

分析了液氮流动沸腾过程中气液两相间动量、能量以及质量的传输规律,建立了相应的理论模型,新模型重点修正了界面面积浓度和气泡挣脱直径的计算式;采用新建立的理论模型作为封闭方程对CFX-4.3中内建的双流体模型进行了修正,并采用修正后的双流体模型模拟了液氮在垂直圆管内的流动沸腾过程.数值模拟的结果与文献中的实验数据吻合较好,证明了本文所建模型的合理性.通过数值模拟发现,两相流参数分布的不均匀性对液氮流动沸腾过程中的热质传输特性有重要影响.     

0.5 MPa下液化天然气在竖直圆管中饱和流动沸腾传热

建立了一套实验装置用于对8 mm内径圆管内的液化天然气流动沸腾传热特性进行实验研究。测试压力为0.5 MPa,液化天然气质量流量为50～200 kg·m^-2·s^-1,热通量为8.0～36.0 kW·m^-2。主要研究了热通量、质量流量和干度等影响因素对传热的影响。发现质量流量对传热有重大影响,液化天然气管内流动沸腾传热系数一般随质量流量的增加而增大。而热通量对传热的影响主要体现在低干度范围内,且在质量流量较小时更为明显。而当干度小于0.5～0.6时,传热系数一般随干度的增加而增大。但当干度大于0.6时,传热系数随干度的增加显著下降。将实验结果与4种现存的混合物流动沸腾传热关联式进行比较,结果表明Zou等提出的计算关联式与实验结果最接近,计算误差约为30.2%。     

大长径比垂直换热管外瞬态池沸腾的研究

通过实验研究了在瞬态条件下垂直换热管外池沸腾的流动和传热特性,获得了两相流动的可视化结果,展现了池沸腾沿垂直管流型的演变过程。分析了换热管于大尺度受限空间和开放空间的池沸腾换热特性的差异,受限空间下整体传热性能优于开放空间,而受限空间下上部与底部位置的传热系数的比值小于开放空间;随着热负荷的增加,开放空间与受限空间的差异化减小。此外,针对饱和池沸腾进行了与实验模型相对应的数值模拟,开放空间的池沸腾流场呈现出分层、渐进和传导性的对流特性;而受限空间下,受限边界的内外水域间形成了上下循环的对流机制。     

Plug conveying in a vertical tube

Plug conveying along a vertical tube has been investigated through simulation, using a discrete element simulation approach for the granulate particles and a pressure field approach for the gas. The result is compared with an experiment. The dynamics of a plug are described by porosity, velocity and force profiles. Their dependence on simulation parameters provides an overall picture of plug conveying.     

竖直微肋管内LNG流动沸腾传热特性的分析

实验研究了竖直微肋管内液化天然气(LNG)流动沸腾传热特性,分析热通量、质量流量以及入口压力对LNG两相流动传热特性的影响。针对实验工况分别采用Kim关联式、Koyama关联式以及两种不同F_tp系数的Wellsandt关联式对传热系数进行预测,并将实验结果与预测结果进行比较。结果表明,在整个实验工况范围内,采用Koyama关联式预测准确性最好。     

加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）程序CFX4.4对加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾工况下气水两相流动局部两相流参数（空泡份额和汽泡尺寸）进行了数值模拟。对数值差分方法、相关模型（界面力和气泡诱导的紊流）和汽泡尺寸进行了敏感性分析。空泡份额分布计算结果与实验结果比较表明,在低空泡份额工况下,两者符合较好,在高空泡份额工况下两者存在一定偏差,并且气相速度和汽泡尺寸的计算结果不理想。计算结果与实验结果之间的差异说明程序模型对于加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾模拟并不完善,建立更为合理的汽泡尺寸模型,考虑汽泡的合并和撕裂是必要的。     

磷酸溶液在垂直自然循环热虹吸管中沸腾给热系数和提升高度的研究

以w(P2O5)0%～50%磷酸为原料进行实验,考察压力2.0～5.0 kPa、蒸发温度低于30℃的条件下热虹吸管内沸腾给热系数h1与热虹吸提升高度ΔH(上升管与下降管液位差)的关系。结果发现,h1增大则ΔH增大,而当ΔH增大到一定程度后h1反而减小。产生这一现象的根本原因就在于随着ΔH的增大,加热段内浮升力引起的同向混合对流而使流动层流化的现象越明显,致使传热性能降低。     

垂直管内高沸点工质异丙苯流动沸腾换热与阻力

对垂直管内高沸点有机工质异丙苯的流动沸腾换热与摩擦压降特性进行了实验研究,获得了换热系数与摩擦压降沿流动方向的变化情况,并与前人模型的计算值进行了比较。实验过程中质量流速为382—786 kg/(m2.s),实验工况干度为0.1—0.6,压力为0.21—0.27 MPa。通过对实验数据的回归分析,获得了换热系数与摩擦压降的计算关联式。在对复杂的非线性方程进行回归分析时,提出了一种简单的迭代分析方法。研究结果丰富了高沸点工质的流动沸腾换热数据,为石化行业中换热器的设计提供了依据,并为强化凝结换热器的开发和性能测试提供了比较基准。     

Mixing in multiple-impeller stirred tank reactors with boiling liquids

Mixing in a boil-off mechanically stirred tank reactor with multiple impellers was examined. Power consumption and gas hold-up were measured in boiling water in a 0.2 m i.d. stirred tank reactor with three four-pitched blade downflow disk turbines. Vapour was generated from both the immersed ring heater and the impellers. At low vapour generation rates, vapour was mainly generated from the impellers rather than from the heater, whereas nucleation occurred at the heater instead of the impeller at higher vapour generation rates. The mechanical power consumption decreased due to vapour generation. The change in boiling-to-non-boiling mechanical power ratio with varying impeller rotational speed and boiling rate was complicated and not monotonous except at higher impeller speeds and boiling rates. The gas hold-ups increased with increasing vapour generation rate but were rather small as compared to those in cold gas dispersing systems. Empirical correlations for power consumption and gas hold-up in boiling liquids were developed using the present experimental data.     

Free coating of pseudoplastic liquids onto a vertical surface

The coating of pseudoplastic liquids onto a vertical surface continuously withdrawn from the liquid bath is considered. The problem is treated in a two-dimensional nonlinear approach incorporating the inertial effects. The model gives a relationship between the dimensionless film thickness, T, and the Capillary number, Ca, as a function of the fluid physical properties and the parameteres of the power-law model. The comparison with the experimental data is satisfactory.     

Free coating of non-newtonian liquids onto a vertical surface

The coating of non-Newtonian liquids onto a vertical surface continuously withdrawn from the liquid bath is considered. An analytic treatment is presented for purely viscous non-Newtonial liquids using the Ellis and generalised Bingham models both of which may be reduced to a new theory for power-law fluids. The theories give a relationship between the dimensionless film thickness, T₁, and the Capillary number, C₁, as a function of the fluid physical properties and the parameters of the viscous model. The dimensionless groups have been generalised to allow for non-Newtonian behaviour. The power-law and Ellis model predictions are compared with previous theoretical studies and shown to be consistent with known limits. Experimental data are also presented for a wide range of non-Newtonian fluids and compared with the new theories.     

外循环蒸发器在原料药生产中的应用与发展

在原料药生产过程中,蒸馏浓缩回收提纯是生产工艺中不可缺少的步骤。传统合成制药工艺采用搪玻璃反应罐外夹套加热,在真空条件下的静态蒸馏方式,设备能耗高,工艺时间长,生产效率低。通过技术改造引进自然外循环蒸发器先后应用于回收粗乙醇工艺和合成水解浓缩工艺,提高了生产效率,节能降耗,为规模化、集约化生产奠定技术基础。随着市场竞争的日益激烈,要求产品质量的不断提升,采用自然外循环蒸发器浓缩末期终末点不易于控制,水分波动较大。后期通过技术研究,采用强制外循环蒸发器进行对比试验,使产品的水分均一性提高,产品的质量得以提高,外循环蒸发器得到了发展。     

循环化学清洗用泵

根据循环酸洗工艺选定泵的参数、泵型、泵结构和泵密封方式．按照选用的清洗剂的腐蚀性,确定泵过流部件的材质     

Computation of solid circulation rates in a fluidized bed from tracer particle concentration distributions

Experimentally measured profiles of tracer particle concentration inside a fluidized bed were employed to calculate rates of bed-solid circulation induced by the presence of a central jet and by slug motion. Lagrangian minimization and direct pattern search techniques were used to determine the solids transfer rates, which should minimize the error in the tracer particle mass balance while satisfying the bed solid mass balance. Time-average steady-state mixing of bed solids and upstream weighting of tracer concentrations were employed in the formulation of the minimization scheme. Quantitative information on solid circulation for three nominal jet velocities of 52, 37 and 25 m/s is provided. The computed solid circulation rates show that there is a region of high circulation around the jet and a region of lower circulation induced by the slug motion.