退火温度对ZnO/Si异质结光电转换特性的影响

采用直流反应溅射法在P-Si(100)衬底上制备了ZnO薄膜,XRD测量表明ZnO为沿c轴高度取向的多晶薄膜,1-V特性曲线表明,ZnO/Si异质结具有明显的整流特性.研究了退火温度对异质结光电转换特性的影响,结果显示,合适的退火温度能显著增大异质结的开路电压和短路电流,进而增大异质结的光电转换效率,经400℃退火后异质结获得最佳的转换效率.当退火温度达到或超过500℃时,异质结的反向电流迅速增加,光生电压和光生电流大幅度减小.通过对ZnO薄膜结构和电学性质的测量和分析,推测异质结的光电转换特性改变主要受ZnO薄膜的电学性质影响.     

退火处理对Zno/Si异质结光电转换特性的影响

采用直流反应溅射方法在p型Si(100)衬底上生长掺Al的ZnO薄膜,并研究退火处理对ZnO薄膜性质的影响。XRD测量结果表明,ZnO薄膜为六方纤锌矿结构,退火后薄膜的晶粒长大,晶界减少;暗态I-V特性曲线表明,ZnO/Si异质结具有明显的整流特性,退火后由于晶粒间界减少和空位浓度降低使反向漏电流降低1个量级;此外,退火处理能在一定程度上改善异质结的光伏效应,使其转换效率提高。     

n-BN/p-Si薄膜异质结的I-V特性

用射频溅射系统制备了BN薄膜,并且用离子注入的方法在BN薄膜中注入S,从而成功制备了n-BN/p-Si薄膜异质结,并研究了异质结的电学性质.注入S的BN薄膜是用13.56 MHz射频溅射系统沉积在p型Si(100)(5～6 Ω·cm)衬底上,靶材为h-BN靶(纯度为99.99%).离子注入时,注入离子的能量为190 keV,注入剂量为1015/cm2.对注入后的薄膜进行了退火处理(退火温度为600℃),用真空蒸镀法在异质结表面蒸镀了2 mm×5 mm的铝电极,以便测量掺杂后异质结的电学性质.实验结果表明离子注入掺杂后制备的n-BN/p-Si异质结的I-V曲线具有明显的整流特性,其正向导电特性的拟合结果表明异质结的电流输运符合"隧道-复合模型"理论.     

外加偏压对未退火Co/n-poly-SiGe肖特基接触特性的影响

采用直流离子束溅射法,在n型单晶硅衬底上淀积Si1-xGex薄膜.俄歇电子谱(AES)测得Si1-xGex薄膜的Ge含量约为0.15.对薄膜进行高温磷扩散后,经XRD测试为多晶态,即得n-poly-Si0.85Ge0.15.在n-poly-Si0.85Ge0.15上溅射一层薄的Co膜,做成Co/n-poly-Si085Ge0.15肖特基结样品.在90～332 K范围对未退火样品做I-V-T测试.研究发现,随着外加偏压增大,表观理想因子缓慢上升,肖特基势垒高度(SBH)下降.基于SBH的不均匀分布建模,得到了二者近似为线性负相关的结论.     

硅异质结太阳能电池用透明导电氧化物薄膜的研究现状及发展趋势

硅异质结(SHJ)太阳能电池是目前光伏产业中的重要组成部分,其由于具有高开路电压(V_oc)等优点而引起了广泛的关注。在硅异质结太阳能电池中,透明导电氧化物(TCO)薄膜层的光学性能和电学性能分别影响着电池的短路电流(J_sc)、填充因子(FF),进而影响电池的转换效率。近年来,SHJ电池中TCO层的研究主要集中于掺杂的In₂O₃和ZnO体系。本文从硅异质结太阳能电池的不同结构出发,概述了TCO薄膜的光电性能(透过率、禁带宽度、方块电阻、载流子浓度、迁移率和功函数)以及与相邻层的接触对电池性能的影响,介绍了不同体系的透明导电氧化物薄膜在硅异质结太阳能电池中的应用及研究现状,并展望其未来的发展趋势。     

离子注入法制备N掺杂p型ZnO薄膜

采用离子注入技术对射频磁控溅射制备的ZnO薄膜进行N掺杂,通过退火实现了ZnO薄膜的p型转变.利用X射线衍射(XRD)和Hall实验对样品热退火前后的性能进行了研究.实验数据表明,该掺杂方法能得到稳定的p型ZnO薄膜,其电学性能随热退火温度的升高和时间的延长而进一步改善,其中在950℃、7min退火条件时,载流子浓度为1.68E 16cm-3,电阻率为41.5Ω·cm.     

金属/多晶锗硅肖特基接触特性的影响因素研究

用射频磁控溅射在单晶硅上沉积Si1-xGex薄膜.溅射的SiGe薄膜样品,用俄歇电子谱(AES)测定其Ge含量,约为17％,即Si0.83Ge0.17.样品分别做高温磷、硼扩散,经XRD测试为多晶态,制得n,p-poly-Si0.83Gge0.17.在n-poly-Si0.83Ge0.17上分别溅射Ni、V、W、Cu、Pt、Ti、Al、Co膜,做成金属/n-poly-Si0.83Ge0.17肖特基结.利用Ⅰ-Ⅴ测试数据进行接触参数的提取,从而定量研究金属的功函数、金属膜厚以及快热退火温度对肖特基接触特性的影响.结果发现,肖特基势垒高度(SBH)与金属的功函数有微弱的正相关,Al/n,p-poly-Si0.83Ge0.17接触存在Shannon效应,金属膜厚对Co/n,p-poly-Si0.83Ge0.17接触特性有不同的影响,随快热退火温度的升高,Ni、V、W、Co、Cu、Pt、Ti、Al八种金属在n-poly-Si0.83Ge0.17上的肖特基势垒高度和理想因子未见有一致的变化规律,但存在不均匀性.     

退火对溅射ZnO薄膜的形貌和内应力的影响

用超高真空射频磁控溅射技术制备了高C轴取向的ZnO薄膜,用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分别研究了退火对ZnO薄膜形貌和内应力的影响.结果表明:适当温度退火后薄膜的形貌和内应力得到改善,通过增氧、缺陷原子的热激活和晶粒融合等可以有效地降低薄膜中由热效应、缺陷效应和粒子注入效应等引起的张应力,薄膜组织致密化并且柱状晶粒取向趋于一致.450℃退火的ZnO薄膜具有最低的张应力和最佳的结晶质量.     

退火温度对Pt/SrBi2Ta2O9/Bi4Ti3O12/p-Si异质结微观结构与性能的影响

采用sol-gel工艺制备了Pt/SrBi₂Ta₂O₉/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂/p-Si异质结. 研究了退火温度对异质结微观结构与生长行为、漏电流密度和C-V特性等的影响. 研究表明: 成膜温度较低时,SrBi₂Ta₂O₉、Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂均为多晶薄膜, 但随退火温度升高, Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂薄膜沿c轴择优生长的趋势增强; 经不同退火温度处理的Pt/SrBi₂Ta₂O₉/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂/p-Si异质结的C-V曲线均呈现顺时针非对称回滞特性, 且回滞窗口随退火温度升高而增大, 经700℃退火处理后异质结的最大回滞窗口达0.78V; 在550～700℃范围内, Pt/SrBi₂Ta₂O₉/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂/\\p-Si异质结的漏电流密度先是随退火温度升高缓慢下降, 当退火温度超过650℃后漏电流密度明显增大, 经650℃退火处理的异质结的漏电流密度可达2.54×10^-7A/cm²的最低值.     

退火温度对Pt／SrBi2Ta2O9／BiaTi3O12／p—Si异质结微观结构与性能的影响

采用sol-gel工艺制备了Pt／SrBi2Ta2O9／Bi4Ti3O12／p—Si异质结．研究了退火温度对异质结微观结构与生长行为、漏电流密度和C-V特性等的影响．研究表明：成膜温度较低时,SrBi2Ta2O9、Bi4Ti3O12均为多晶薄膜,但随退火温度升高,Bi4Ti3O12薄膜沿C轴择优生长的趋势增强;经不同退火温度处理的Pt／SrBi2Ta2O9／Bi4Ti3O12／p-Si异质结的C-V曲线均呈现顺时针非对称回滞特性,且回滞窗口随退火温度升高而增大,经700℃退火处理后异质结的最大回滞窗口达0．78V;在550～700℃范围内,Pt／SrBi2Ta2O9／Bi4Ti3O12／p—Si异质结的漏电流密度先是随退火温度升高缓慢下降,当退火温度超过650℃后漏电流密度明显增大,经650℃退火处理的异质结的漏电流密度可达2．54×10^-7A／cm^2的最低值．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.