超声在腹主动脉瘤诊治中的应用

腹主动脉瘤是腹主动脉局限性退化扩张,因其发病率和瘤体破裂后的死亡率不断增高而受临床外科医生的重视。超声作为一种无创性的检查,具有价格低廉、准确性高和重复性好等优势,在腹主动脉瘤筛选、诊断和治疗方面有极其重要的价值。本文对超声在腹主动脉瘤诊断、治疗中的应用情况作一综述。     

老年人腹主动脉瘤的诊治

老年人腹主动脉瘤的诊治杨蕊敏，王玉琦，诸骏仁引起腹主动脉瘤的病因虽有多种，诸如创伤、结核、梅毒、先天性发育不良及动脉硬化等，但动脉硬化是腹主动脉瘤主要病因，占８８％［１］。检出率：５０岁以上尸检检出率为３％［２］；在英格兰６０～６４岁男性人群发现腹主...     

腹主动脉瘤发病机制及诊治对策的研究进展

腹主动脉瘤（abdominal aortic aneurysm，AAA）实质是一种病理性动脉扩张症，由于腹主动脉管壁局部粥样硬化或受外伤破坏，特别是中内膜的破坏，导致腹主动脉管壁薄弱，局部或弥漫扩张（径向扩张大于正常直径的1．5倍以上）形成动脉瘤。男性55岁以后，女性70岁以后AAA的发生率迅速增加，因此该病以老年男性居多。男女比例为5～10：1，65岁以上男性超声筛查AAA的患病率在4％～9％。     

彩色多普勒超声在腹主动脉瘤破裂诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在腹主动脉瘤破裂诊治中的价值。方法回顾性分析14例腹主动脉瘤破裂患者的灰阶和彩色多普勒超声图像,从腹主动脉瘤发生部位、瘤体大小、瘤壁厚度、瘤体破裂部位、瘤体破裂时血管内异常回声、血管周边形成血肿、出现腹腔游离液及瘤体内彩色多普勒表现等方面进行分析,并与手术结果、CT血管成像或磁共振检查结果进行对比。结果腹主动脉瘤超声检出率100%,肾上型2例,肾下型12例,瘤体最大直径6.1～1 3.2 cm,超声诊断腹主动脉瘤壁破裂处显示率14.3%,腹主动脉瘤旁腹腔血肿显示率66.7%,腹腔积液显示率80.0%,腹膜后血肿显示率12.5%。结论超声作为可移动简便无损伤的检查方法 ,可以快速的对腹主动脉瘤破裂和其他腹腔器官肿物引起的急腹症进行鉴别,在腹主动脉瘤的发现、随访监测、腹主动脉瘤破裂急诊入院有较高的临床应用价值。     

腹主动脉瘤的治疗

腹主动脉瘤是腹主动脉的扩张性疾病,治疗较复杂,一旦破裂,愈后不佳.对于腹主动脉瘤的治疗,主要包括药物治疗、开放式手术修复和血管内修复,我们就以上治疗进展做一简述.     

miRNA在腹主动脉瘤中的研究进展

主动脉瘤是威胁人类健康的重要疾病,一般表现为主动脉病理性的扩张,以腹主动脉瘤最为常见。miRNA是一类单链非编码小RNA,广泛参与转录后基因表达的调控。随着近年研究的逐渐深入,miRNA已被视作腹主动脉瘤进展中的重要调控分子。理解miRNA在腹主动脉瘤发生发展中的调控机制,有助于疾病的早期诊断、靶向治疗及预后判断。     

腹主动脉瘤

腹主动脉瘤患者的死亡率是正常人的４倍，该病对男性的影响是女性的１０倍。其发病机理：因血管平滑肌弹性蛋白的随龄下降及胶原蛋白安全网作用的失效，导致动脉瘤扩张、破裂；几种遗传性连接组织紊乱与其早年的形成有关。各种检查方法中以超声波检查最适合。治疗：对小的动脉瘤应用β受体阻断剂，可减慢其扩大；腹主动脉瘤直径达到５或５．５ｃｍ或年生长率超过１ｃｍ时，考虑手术修补。     

腹主动脉瘤的诊断与治疗

随着我国人民生活水平的提高，膳食结构的改善，由于动脉硬化引起的动脉瘤性和动脉闭塞性疾病的发病率越来越高。腹主动脉瘤曾被认为是威胁生命的常见病”近30年来，由于血管病的诊疗技术不断发展，手术前充分准备，手术后妥善处理，手术方法不断改善，使许多腹主动脉瘤患者获得治愈的机会，并减少了并发症的发生，延长了生命。     

老年及老年前期患者无症状型腹主动脉瘤超声筛查

在出现临床症状或体征之前早期榆出腹主动脉瘤(AAA)，对择期手术、预防破裂致死具重要意义。2000年1月至2002年9月，我们应用超声技术对老年及老年前期人群无症状型AAA情况进行了筛查，报道如下。     

Surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are increasingly common in the aging population. While the etiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms is unknown, there is growing evidence that suggests an immune response. The majority of AAA are asymptomatic and when treated are standard open surgical procedures. The overall mortality rate is 5% or less. The current recommendations for the treatment of aneurysms are based on diameter: diameters exceeding 5 cm in good-risk younger patients should be treated. Aortic aneurysms tend to enlarge over time with a growth-rate between 0.2 and 0.4 mm per year. Once rupture occurs mortality is estimated to exceed 75%, with half of the patients dying prior to arriving at the hospital and the remaining one-half following surgical correction. Recently, minimally invasive techniques have been developed to treat AAA in high-risk patients. These techniques involve the use of covered stented grafts. Current clinical investigations are underway both in this country and in Europe, which have yielded promising results. However, long-term complications are unknown. Currently, aortic aneurysms are best treated with open surgical management.     

老年腹主动脉瘤患者的临床特点及围手术期处理

目的 探讨老年腹主动脉瘤患者的l临床特点及围手术期处理策略. 方法 回顾性分析我院24例60岁以上腹主动脉瘤手术患者的临床特点与围术期处理情况. 结果 24例患者平均年龄75.5岁;男女比例为5:1;病程2 d～15年,病程中位数为2.8个月;并存高血压17例、冠心病5例、2型糖尿病4例、慢性支气管炎3例、腔隙性脑梗死2例;腹主动脉瘤破裂患者3例;行带膜支架腔内隔绝术13例,腹主动脉瘤切除+人工血管置换术10例,带膜支架腔内隔绝术+右股动脉、右股深动脉内膜剥脱术+右股深动脉成形术+人工血管右股动脉一胭动脉搭桥术1例;术后并发症发生率为62.5%,病死率为20.8%. 结论 老年腹主动脉瘤患者多伴有冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、慢性支气管炎等老年慢性疾病;老年腹主动脉瘤手术是一类高风险手术,合理的术式选择与围手术期处理是老年腹主动脉瘤患者治疗成功的关键.     

老年人腹主动脉瘤的临床观察

目的 观察老年腹主动脉瘤患者的临床特征.方法 对60岁以上老年腹主动脉瘤患者进行回顾性分析,根据超声随访结果,了解腹主动脉瘤的自然发展情况,分析患者年龄和瘤体大小对动脉瘤增长的影响.结果 78例患者多存在吸烟、高血压、高胆固醇血症、动脉粥样硬化等危险因素,20例并存其他部位动脉瘤(占25.6%);瘤体破裂发生在动脉瘤较大、生长速度较快的患者.64例患者接受每年1次的超声随访,动脉瘤瘤体平均年增长0.14 cm;在60～69岁、70～79岁、80～89岁、90～100岁4个年龄阶段,瘤体平均年增长0.14～0.18 cm,各年龄间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);当动脉瘤体直径<3.0 cm、3.0～4.9 cm、≥5.0 cm时,瘤体平均年增长分别为0.13 cm、0.09cm、0.46 cm,后者较前两者明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 年龄不是老年人腹主动脉瘤增长快慢的影响因素;当瘤体直径小于5.0 cm时,腹主动脉瘤随增龄增长缓慢,≥5.0 cm时,随增龄增长快,破裂发生率增加,应行积极干预治疗.     

Current status of medical management for abdominal aortic aneurysm

Previous trials indicate that surgical management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) does not reduce mortality. The medical management of AAA, however, has to a large degree been ignored until recently. Medical management is not only needed to limit the expansion of small AAAs but also to reduce the high incidence of other cardiovascular events in these patients. In this review current evidence regarding medical therapy for patients with small AAAs is discussed. Four current randomised controlled trials are examining the efficacy of exercise, doxycycline and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in limiting AAA progression. A further trial using a mast cell stabilisation agent is expected to start soon. It is anticipated that a range of novel therapies for small AAAs will be identified within the next decade.     

Syphilitic abdominal aortic aneurysm

A case report of a syphilitic aortic aneurysm in a 37-year-old male, presenting as upper abdominal pain accompanied by a pulsatile abdominal mass, is discussed.     

Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm

A 58-years-old man, with no medical past history, was examined for abdominal pain and weight loss. An enlarged kidney could be palpated, and abdominal echography showed left hydronephrosis due to ureteral compression by abdominal aortic aneurysm. Laboratory data showed an inflammatory syndrome. CT scan suggested the diagnosis of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm. The use of corticosteroids brought about the regression of the symptoms and the resolution of the ureteral obstruction, permitting aneurysmectomy and prosthesis replacement without ureterolysis. This report shows the interest of preoperative radiological diagnosis of the inflammatory character of abdominal aneurysm. For uncomplicated cases, preoperative treatment using corticosteroids could allow partial regression of the periaortic inflammation and easier surgical repair.