成像雷达干涉测量数据相关性与干旱-半干旱地区地表类型特征的关系

利用欧洲资源卫星1号和2号获取的重轨干涉测量雷达数据，首先进行干涉测量数据相关性估测，并结合干涉测量数据的振幅信息，开展新疆喀什试验区地表土地类型的识别与分类，区分和识别出裸土、盐碱地、灌丛、裸岩/戈壁、沼泽和水体 6类土地类型。最后通过对不同土地类型的后向散射特性和相关性的分析，探讨了干涉测量数据相关性与干旱-半干旱地区地表特征的关系。     

苏州-无锡-常州地区浅层地下水系统可采资源量评价

苏州-无锡-常州地区超量开采深层地下水已引起严重的地质灾害,因此对该地区浅层地下水资源进行科学评价,查明其可开采资源量十分重要.通过对苏州-无锡-常州地区浅层地下水水文地质条件和沉积特征的研究,将浅层地下水划分为4个子区,分析了各子区的特征及补给、径流、排泄条件,并运用GMS软件对全区浅层地下水进行了数值模拟,在给定的水位约束条件下,得出该区可持续开采水资源量为10.57×108 m3/a.     

高坝洲地区岩溶水系统的研究方法与意义

本文根据高坝洲水利枢纽工程的实际需要,提出了该区岩溶水系统的划分标准,据此对研究区岩溶水系统进行了划分,并论述了各岩溶水系统的特征和相互关系。在此基础上,应用数值模拟方法对研究区相应的水文地质参数进行了识别,并对蓄水后库水的渗漏途径、渗漏量进行了预测,为防渗帷幕的设计和施工提供了科学依据。     

溶质势对地表蒸发速率的影响

针对盐碱化土壤地表蒸发速率研究的不足,以表层土壤为研究对象,采用土壤蒸发试验和数学模型相结合的方法分析了溶质势对地表蒸发速率的影响。结果表明:当土壤中盐分没有沉淀结晶时,溶质势是盐分引起地表蒸发速率降低的主要原因;溶质势越低,蒸发速率下降比例越大,该下降比例与溶质势有近似线性关系,但同时还受到空气温度与相对湿度、土壤温度以及土壤基质势等因素的影响;当表层土壤存在水盐补给时,地表蒸发速率总是变化趋向于水分补给速率,但含盐土壤蒸发速率变化较慢,而且若补给水分中含盐,那么其稳定蒸发速率会低于水分补给速率。     

干旱半干旱区土壤含水量反演与验证

基于MODIS遥感影像和表观热惯量法,以新疆为研究区,建立了适用于干旱半干旱区1 m土体的土壤含水量反演模型。模型根据高表观热惯量,高土壤含水量,低表观热惯量,低土壤含水量这一理论,通过日地表温差和宽波段反照率确定土壤含水量的时空变化。假设通过1 m土体的土壤水通量正比于上下底层土壤含水量的差值,利用水平衡方程建立土壤表面和底层土壤含水量关系方程,并利用中国土壤类型特点确定优化模型。通过验证结果表明,壤土和壤质粘土这两类土壤含水量接近真实值,砂土在区域验证中,模拟与实测差值为2.16%,整个模型模拟精度较好,能够准确地从时空上反演干旱半干旱地区1 m土体的土壤水分情况。     

Empirical models of calculating phreatic evaporation from bare soil in Tarim river basin,Xinjiang

Based on the experimental data at the Akesu Water Balance Experimental Station (AWBES) from 1990 to 1996, the control conditions of establishing calculation models of phreatic evaporation have been analyzed, the empirical formulae for calculating the phreatic evaporation have been presented. The results show that as for a given phreatic depth, the phreatic evaporation increases nonlinearly with pan evaporation, when pan evaporation reaches the infinity, the phreatic evaporation is close to limiting phreatic evaporation. The new models overcome the disadvantages of phreatic evaporation overestimation when atmospheric evaporation demand is great and the linear relationship between phreatic evaporation and pan evaporation. With a high accuracy, the new models are appropriate to be applied in similar regions without observed data.     

Comparison of diurnal dynamics in evaporation rate between bare soil and moss-crusted soil within a revegetated desert ecosystem of northwestern China

Effects of biological soil crusts (BSCs) on soil evaporation is quite controversial in literature, being either facilitative or inhibitive, and therein few studies have actually conducted direct evaporation measurements. Continuous field measurements of soil water evaporation were conducted on two microlysimeters, i.e., one with sand soil collected from bare sand dune area and the other with moss-crusted soil collected from an area that was revegetated in 1956, from field capacity to dry, at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. We mainly aimed to quantify the diurnal variations of evaporation rate from two soils, and further comparatively discuss the effects of BSCs on soil evaporation after revegetation. Results showed that in clear days with high soil water content (Day 1 and 2), the diurnal variation of soil evaporation rate followed the typical convex upward parabolic curve, reaching its peak around mid-day. Diurnal evaporation rate and the accumulated evaporation amount of moss-crusted soil were lower (an average of 0.90 times) than that of sand soil in this stage. However, as soil water content decreased to a moderately low level (Day 3 and 4), the diurnal evaporation rate from moss-crusted soil was pronouncedly higher (an average of 3.91 times) than that of sand soil, prolonging the duration of this higher evaporation rate stage; it was slightly higher in the final stage (Day 5 and 6) when soil moisture was very low. We conclude that the effects of moss crusts on soil evaporation vary with different evaporation stages, which is closely related to soil water content, and the variation and transition of evaporation rate between bare soil and moss-crusted soil are expected to be predicted by soil water content.     

Groundwater potential recharge estimation in bare soil using three soil moisture accounting models: field evaluation for a semi-arid foothill region

Performances of conventional and improved soil moisture balance as well as locally calibrated empirical models were evaluated in simulating potential recharge (R) and soil moisture content for a semi-arid foothill region. Models comparison with observed values using lysimeter data during [(2011–2012), (2012–2013)] reveal poor performance of conventional soil moisture balance model, underestimating annual R values. Improved soil moisture balance model provided acceptable estimation of annual R for 2011–2012 by considering the wetting of the near surface soil storage. However, it produced the worst simulation for daily soil moisture content once rainy season was over. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the precision degree of initial soil moisture deficit value would strongly influence estimation of R by improved soil moisture balance model, which can be viewed as a limiting factor. Additionally, locally calibrated model produced the best estimation of annual R and daily soil moisture content, which is suggested for the study region.     

Relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient of soil radon and groundwater recharge in semi-arid areas

Herein, the relationship between soil radon behavior and groundwater recharge in the town of Hosha, a semi-arid area of Jordan is explored. The annual rainfall average in this area is between 60–100 mm year⁻¹. Soil radon concentration levels, using CR-39 detectors, have been measured at several depths. Nine sampling sites on a hill slope, in the summer and winter 2006 were chosen. Other soil parameters such as moisture, soil type and porosity were also measured. Correlation between the latter and the calculated effective diffusion coefficients, based on a linear approximation, was done in order to explore water movement. A weak correlation between the soil radon concentration and water recharge in this particular semi-arid area is observed. The results show that water recharge takes place vertically, i.e., water moves downward and in one of the nine sampling sites this movement seems to be more rapid compared to the other sites.     

干旱半干旱区土壤含盐量和电导率高光谱估算

以新疆南疆地区渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲不同盐渍化程度的土壤为研究对象, 将土壤样品的含盐量与电导率数据和使用ASD FieldSpec Pro FR光谱仪测得土壤样品高光谱数据作为本研究原始数据. 首先, 对原始土壤光谱反射率曲线进行Savitzky-Golay滤波以消除光谱曲线噪声可能引起的误差, 对得到的光谱曲线进行对数、 倒数等15种光谱变换; 其次, 对土壤样品含盐量与电导率关系进行分析, 并通过两者与土壤光谱反射率不同光谱变换形式的相关性比较分析, 遴选出一阶微分、 对数倒数一阶微分、 连续统去除和连续统去除一阶微分四种相关性较好的变换形式; 最后, 以此变换形式对含盐量和电导率进行建模, 并对二者进行了高光谱估算精度的比较. 结果表明: 渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲的含盐量与电导率的相关性较高, 达到0.9975; 电导率与四种不同光谱变换形式之间的相关性要优于含盐量, 特别在一些土壤盐渍化的敏感波段尤为突出; 无论是含盐量还是电导率, 多元逐步回归模型均优于一元线性模型, 且以电导率建立的两种回归模型的决定系数均高于含盐量. 研究表明, 土壤电导率对高光谱信息的反应比含盐量更敏感, 同时, 以电导率建模的估算精度比含盐量更高. 因此, 以电导率替代含盐量进行土壤盐渍化高光谱估算研究是一种精度更高、 速度更快的方法, 可为提高土壤盐渍化高光谱估算提供理论依据.     

Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain,China

When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change.     

考虑土体非均质传热的河岸带水热耦合模型

为弥补当前河岸带水热交换模拟对土体非均质传热考虑不足的缺陷,在饱和-非饱和渗流及多孔介质传热理论基础上,引入土体有效导热系数模型,构建考虑土体非均质传热的河岸带水热耦合模型。结合COMSOL软件的特点,给出河岸带水热耦合模型的实现方法及求解流程,并通过河岸带温度和水位原型观测资料验证和对比分析不同有效导热系数模型下河岸带水热耦合模型的模拟效果。结果表明：与传统不考虑土体非均质传热方法相比,该模型能够较好地反映河岸带水热交换过程。此外,基于Johansen有效导热系数模型的河岸带水热耦合模型模拟效果表现最佳,模拟结果与前人试验结果一致。研究成果可为河岸带水热交换及污染物迁移过程的深入研究提供技术支撑。     

Conflicts and water governance challenge in irrigated areas of semi-arid regions

Agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions faces two of the principal global challenges: sustainability and water scarcity in the context of climate changes. To overcome the water scarcity constraint, Tunisia adopted different strategies and policies. Since 1989, it has embarked on a policy of decentralization and participatory water management in irrigated areas “IA.” This policy has led to the state disengagement in favor of collective water management. Since then, water management becomes a task of irrigator associations. These associations have experienced a series of transformations ranging from “collective interest associations: CIA” to the current form “Development Agricultural Groups: GDAs.” In spite of these institutional changes, GDAs are suffering from several problems impeding their functioning such as budgetary deficit, conflicts between stakeholders, leaving of irrigated activity by some farmers, and inequality. The current situation of GDA and most IA hypothesizes the existence of local governance problems; these governance problems are causing a performance decrease in IA. The analysis of the interdependence between governance and performance of irrigation water management, in Nadhour IA, is the main aim of this paper. To conduct this analysis, the strategic analysis approach was adopted. Assuming that IA forms a concrete action system, the analysis of structured games between actors allowed assessing their power, convergence, divergence, and ambivalence. Results confirm the hypothesis of a significant effect of governance problems, including political source, on the performance of water management in IA.