柴油-水乳化燃料的分析检测

介绍了在柴油-水乳化燃料的制备过程中检测乳化柴油的一些检测方法,通过对乳化柴油的分析检测,给出了制备乳化柴油时表面活性剂的最佳用量及最佳工艺条件,从而可以判断所制备的乳化油是否达到国家标准。     

（AEO-9/SAS60）/石油醚/醇/水微乳液相行为的研究

以AEO-9和SAS60为表面活性剂,醇(无水乙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、正辛醇)为助表面活性剂对水和石油醚进行了微乳化实验,考察了表面活性剂和醇的种类、含量,盐的含量,醇与表面活性剂的质量比对微乳液相行为的影响。结果表明,当AEO-9与SAS60质量比为7∶3时,协同效应最好;正戊醇做助表面活性剂时,拟三元相图中微乳区的面积最大;当正戊醇与表面活性剂的质量比值为0.8时,体系的溶油量最大;当微乳液质量浓度为1.824 g/L时,表面张力为24.49 m N/m;微乳液的质量分数为0.3%时,界面张力可以降至9.25×10-4m N/m。     

PX101防锈防霉乳化油的研制

本项研究以表面活性剂作乳化剂研制出一种新型乳化油。用该乳化油配制的乳化液具有良好的防锈、防霉特点,使用寿命为一般乳化液的3—4倍。该乳化油按PB值的不同分为A、B、C三个型号,可以满足不同形式金属切削加工的工艺要求。     

水性氯化聚丙烯乳液的制备与性能研究

以甲苯为溶剂，采用相反转法制备了水性氯化聚丙烯乳液。考察了10种阳离子表面活性剂和40种非离子表面活性剂制备阳离子型和非离子型水性乳液时的乳化效果。探讨了乳化温度、乳化时间、表面活性剂用量对乳液粒径及涂层附着力的影响规律，确定了乳液的最佳制备条件。对乳液的稳定性、粒径分布和涂层的硬度、耐溶剂性、接触角及表面能进行了表征。结果表明：最佳阳离子和非离子表面活性剂分别为十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（C16TAB）和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OP-50）。在OP-50中添加3%聚醚改性硅氧烷（PMS）可有效提高乳液在聚丙烯（PP）表面的润湿性。2种乳液的最佳乳化温度为50～60℃，乳化时间为30～60 min，表面活性剂用量为7%～8%。在此条件下，乳液的粒径为762～808 nm，稳定性良好，多分散系数为0.185～0.194，所制涂层的附着力为1～0级，硬度为H，耐溶剂性良好，表面能均高于常用面漆，可满足应用要求。     

石油醚W/O乳状液及其液膜稳定性

以破乳率为衡量标准,借助显微镜直接观察,探讨了乳状液含水量、表面活性剂用量、乳化时间、乳化强度等因素对石油醚W/O型乳状液体系稳定性的影响。在实验范围内,乳状液含水量的提高及表面活性剂用量的增加,有利于乳状液的稳定;存在较优的乳化时间20min和乳化强度4000rmin-1。选取脂肪烃、芳香烃、混合烃共6种不同油相制备乳状液,对比其稳定性的差异。此外,还初步考察了石油醚W/O/W液膜溶胀和泄漏问题,结果表明该乳状液膜泄漏率低于3.5%,表观溶胀率约为20%。     

精密金属零件用非ODS水基清洗剂的复配

通过乳化实验法测得了阳极帽冲制所用油的HLB值为14.6,依据此值和金属表面油污的性质, 从尽可能多的常用表面活性剂中进行筛选,以其乳化所用油产生的乳化效率高低来进行判定,得到与冲压油乳化效果最佳的4种表面活性剂和使用最佳的浓度范围.选定表面活性剂的3个浓度,按照4因素3水平选用L₉ (3⁴)正交试验表,将各表面活性剂复配成相应的清洗剂进行清洗阳极帽的正交试验,应用综合平衡法评价试验的清洗效果来确定最优复配方案.最后,根据表面活性剂组成混合物的HLB 值等于乳化此种油所需的HLB值时乳化效果最佳原理,验证了试验结果的符合性.     

用均匀设计的方法进行阳离子型重油乳化剂的研究

采用均匀设计与调优软件进行了重油乳化剂配方实验方案的设计和实验结果的优化。通过两次优化设计的方法 ,较快地取得了最佳配方。实验结果表明 ,阳离子表面活性剂与阴离子表面活性剂复配容易生成不具有表面活性的物质 ,故不宜一同使用。阳离子表面活性剂与非离子表面活性剂复配制得的乳化剂性能较好。乳化剂最佳配方为氯化十八烷基二甲基苄基铵 70mg,聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯 7mg ,失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯 7mg ,乳酸乙酯 36mg(共占乳化油总质量的 0 12 % )。可使燕山石油化工公司产运动黏度ν10 0 =12 0mm2 /s的重油在油水质量比为 70∶30时形成的油包水型乳化重油在 80℃下稳定 3d(72h)以上 ,常温下稳定 1a以上。不同重油乳化稳定性的差别较大。     

甜橙微乳化香精制备研究

采用微乳化技术制备了透明的甜橙微乳化香精。对不同表面活性剂的复配在微乳化香精中的应用效果进行了研究,考察了不同助表面活性剂对透明微乳化香精的影响,确定了该微乳体系所能增溶的香精含量,并对制备的透明微乳化香精进行了稳定性考察。结果表明当采用吐温-80与十聚甘油单油酸酯、蔗糖酯-11为复配表面活性剂,丙二醇为助表面活性剂,香基质量分数为24％时能够制备透明、稳定的微乳化香精,其平均粒径为14．6 nm,加入水中时具有很高的透明度,适用于透明饮料的加香应用。所制备的透明微乳化香精具有良好的低温、高温稳定性,该甜橙微乳化香精生产设备投资小、工艺简单,便于扩大化生产。     

几种表面活性剂对不同油污清洗能力的对比

选取不同表面活性剂清洗玻璃表面的大豆油、30号机油、孤东原油及钙基润滑脂,发现玻璃表面的大豆油、30号机油室温下呈液态且黏度低,较易清洗;孤东原油黏度较高,钙基润滑脂室温下呈凝固状态,均不易清洗。C_(1214)APG及AEG-300对多种油污具有良好的乳化能力,在高浓度下具有良好的清洗效果,低浓度下清洗效果明显变差。AES、CY-2对多种油污均无乳化作用,可有效剥离玻璃表面的大豆油、30号机油及孤东原油而不发生乳化。超声波辅助清洗对乳化型清洗剂的增效作用强于剥油型。     

水分散法制备3D打印用PP粉末的可行性

采用水分散法制备选择性激光烧结用聚丙烯(PP)粉末,使用普朗尼克(F108)作为表面活性剂,成功验证了水分散法的可行性。对PP在水中分散效果的若干因素进行了研究,包括表面活性剂的添加量、PP的添加量、成核剂的添加量、PP的熔体流动速率等原料配比因素以及温度、搅拌转速等反应条件的影响。表面活性剂添加量少于10 g则无法得到PP粉末,在表面活性剂添加量为10~60 g范围内,表面活性剂添加量与PP成粉率成正比,表面活性剂添加量为60 g以上时,PP的成粉率变化不大;PP的添加量达到10 g以上时,PP的成粉质量在7 g左右;白炭黑作为成核剂对PP的分散效果影响很大,并且PP的成粉率在白炭黑添加量为0.15 g时达到最大值,为57.6%;PP的熔体流动速率(MFR)与其成粉率成正比,PP的MFR由20 g/(10 min)增加到41.3 g/(10 min)时,PP的成粉率由48.6%增加到56.4%。改变加热温度、降温方式对PP成粉率的影响不大,而搅拌转速对PP分散效果的影响显著,搅拌转速与PP的成粉率成正比,在搅拌转速为1 500 r/min时,PP的成粉率达到最大值,为72.5%。水分散法制备的PP粉末球形度高、表面光滑、流动性好。     

Effect of fiber surface morphology on the hydrophilicity modification of cold plasma‐treated polypropylene nonwoven fabrics

Cold oxygen plasma was employed to give hydrophilicity modification to polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabric (NWF). It was found that, after plasma treatment, PP NWF made from fibers with smooth surfaces can only keep its hydrophilicity for a short time and then shows a quick hydrophobic recovery at room temperature. However, this hydrophilic property can last for a long time in the case of the PP NWF made from fibers with rough surfaces. To prove the contribution of the rough surface to the long‐term hydrophilicity, this PP NWF was treated in an organic solvent to smooth the fiber surface. The hydrophilic feature of this PP NWF no longer lasts for a long time after the same plasma treatment. This observation strongly supports our opinion that the fiber surface morphology of PP NWF is a critical factor for long‐term hydrophilicity improvement after plasma treatment, which gives a positive solution to overcoming the aging effect of hydrophilicity modification often found in this technique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Oil splitting in industrial cleaning systems as studied by conductivity and interfacial tension

Characteristics of emulsion formation and splitting into aqueous and oily phases in simple and formulated surfactant systems were studied via conductivity. In systems composed of mixed nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, K₂CO₃, and emulsified n-hexadecane, conductivity decreased linearly with increasing oil volume fraction at HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) values of 12.9 and 13.9. The slope of the plot was ca. −3/2, in agreement with the Maxwell expression. At values less than or equal to an HLB of 11.3, conductivity first increased with a small addition of oil and then decreased nearly linearly with subsequent amounts. This was probably due to low HLB surfactants partitioning into the oily phase. When the type of oil was varied, the reduced conductivity also decreased linearly with volume fraction of emulsified oil. The slope was ca. −3/2 for oil weights ranging from very light (n-hexadecane) to very heavy (80W–90 gear oil), also in agreement with the Maxwell expression. Oil separation rates were measured by monitoring the change in conductivity in the lower region of the emulsion (where the aqueous layer formed) during splitting of the oily phase. Heavier oils were found to separate faster than light oils. Oils containing lubricity agents split at the slowest rate. Systems with lower HLB surfactants also displayed slower splitting rates. Splitting rates for a variety of systems, from simple oil and saline systems to more complex formulated systems, over temperatures from 23 to 75°C, were related to oil-aqueous interfacial tension values through a power law expression composed of the maximum splitting rate and the interfacial tension between saline and oil at 23°C.     

乳化渣油的制备与研究

采用均匀设计软件对乳化剂配方进行优化 ,得到了一种乳化效果较好的乳化剂。它主要由非离子和阳离子表面活性剂组成。试验发现加入 6 40× 10 -6的该乳化剂即可将含水 30 %的渣油乳化而获得燃料油。该乳化剂可在 80℃下稳定 3天以上 ,常温下稳定 30天以上。     

AM-DMC反相乳液共聚合研究

以白油为连续相，Span、Tween、OP为乳化剂，进行了丙烯酰胺—甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵的反相乳液共聚合反应。考察了乳化剂种类及用量、引发剂种类及用量、油水比、单体质量分数等因素对所得产物分子量的影响。     

Influence of interesterification on the oxidative stability of marine oil triacylglycerols

To understand the relationship between triacylglycerol structure of marine oils and their oxidative stability, peroxide values and absorbed oxygen levels of whale, sardine, cod liver and skipjack oils, interesterified by lipase and NaOCH₃, were compared with those of native oils during storage at 40°C. Triacylglycerol structures of marine oils were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Enzymatically interesterified fish oils were more stable than native oils because the level of highly unsaturated triacylglycerols was decreased. However, the oxidative stability of interesterified whale oil was more susceptible to oxidation than the native oil.     

Determination of sulfur contents of vegetable and marine oils by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet photometry of their combustion products

A simple method for the determination of total sulfur content in vegetable and marine oils is described. The method involves combustion of the oil sample in an oxygen bomb to convert all forms of sulfur to sulfate ions with subsequent determination of the sulfate by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet detection. The ultraviolet system described is more sensitive than conductivity detection and enables the method to be applied more widely. Application of the method to a variety of vegetable and marine oils showed the general occurrence of sulfur in fats and oils, albeit often at a low level. Among the samples examined, crude Canola oil had the highest sulfur content (25.0 mg/kg) followed by the marine oils (5.8-15.2 mg/kg) and the non-Cruciferae vegetable oils (2.0-6.1 mg/kg). To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Susceptibility of water-emulsified extra virgin olive oils to oxidation

The effect of emulsion structure on the susceptibility to oxidation of emulsified olive oils was tested. Olive oil samples were emulsified by adding a certain quantity of water in different ways. The resulting water-in-oil emulsions were then oxidized with UV light. The results revealed that the emulsion structure played a significant role in the oxidation process of emulsified olive oils. A kinetic mechanism is discussed based on the PV determined experimentally. The susceptibility of water-emulsified extra virgin olive oils to oxidation was quantified by means of a dimensionless parameter that displayed a characteristic dependence on the specific surface area of the water dispersed phase.     

Development of a Measure Cell to Assess by Amperometry Dissolved Oxygen in Vegetable Oils

Dissolved oxygen in vegetable oils is an important component of oil degradation over time. Various methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in oils are proposed in the literature leading to very variable results. An amperometric method associated with a cell of measurement in dynamic mode makes it possible to determine the conditions of stability of the measurements of the relative dissolved oxygen concentration (RDOC, mg L⁻¹) and the electrolysis current intensity (ECI) (nA) in seed oils and virgin olive oils. The effects of oxygenation/deoxygenation time and temperature on RDOC measurements are investigated. For virgin olive oils, the RDOC in bottles closed for eight weeks varies from 0 to 0.9 mg L⁻¹. The nature of the fruitiness and the filtration of the oils have no influence on the RDOC. The monitoring of RDOC and ECI during the flow of virgin olive oil in a column open to air, simulating an industrial tank, shows differences in dissolved oxygen concentration due to a faster flow of oil in the center of the column than at the walls. This result is validated by a similar experiment with nitrogen inerting the column and by a numerical simulation. Practical applications: Knowledge of the oxygen dissolved in vegetable oils is an important factor in limiting the autoxidation phenomenon to increase their shelf life. The development of a cell for measuring the relative dissolved oxygen concentration (RDOC) in vegetable oils and its conditions of use, provides a tool for the RDOC applicable to the different stages of the manufacturing process and during storage or packaging. The RDOC measurement is particularly useful during long storage in tanks whether inerted or not.     

Bunsen coefficient for oxygen in marine oils at various temperatures determined by an exponential dilution method with a polarographic oxygen electrode

A polarographic oxygen electrode has been applied to an exponential dilution method for the determination of the solubility of oxygen in oils. Results are compared with other chemical and physical methods for herring and olive oils and the same oils subjected to partial oxidation. The Bunsen coefficients for oxygen in nine marine oils have been determined by this procedure between 20 and 80 C, with a relative standard deviation of ±7% or less. The densities and viscosities of these oils have been measured for the same temperature range. In general, the Bunsen coefficient for oxygen in marine oils increases with an increase in temperature between 20 and 60 C, but then rapidly decreases between 60 and 80 C to a value lower than that for room temperature. It appears that autoxidation should not be the major cause of this effect, as the measurement rate was relatively rapid. Some tentative correlations between the solubility of oxygen in marine oils and the fatty acid composition, iodine value, density and viscosity are discussed briefly.     

Effects of temperature and time on interfacial tension behavior between heavy oils and alkaline solutions

Heavy oils contain significantly more acidic components than conventional crude oils. Upon contact with aqueous alkaline solutions, water-soluble surfactants are formed in-situ at the interface. These surfactants have the ability to reduce the oil/water interfacial tension to ultra-low values. This work studies the significant effects of time and temperature on the interfacial tension between alkaline solutions and two Canadian heavy oils (Lloydminster and Cold Lake). The results obtained indicate that the time period during which interfacial tension remains ultra-low is just as important as the magnitude of the minimum attainable interfacial tension in determining the potential success of an alkaline flooding process in the field.