河流活性物质入海通量:初步成果

河流是陆地与海洋相互作用的重要纽带,查明陆地河流活性物质入海通量是当前生态地球化学评价的一项重要任务。文中选择了中国东部入海河流中主要的35条河流,分丰、枯水期系统采集了悬浮物、过滤水、底泥等样品,利用河流径流量参数,计算得到了各河流主要重金属及营养元素的年入海通量及陆地河流年入海总通量,确定了各元素水溶态及悬浮物态迁移入海量的比例,为陆海相互作用研究、浅海生态地球化学评价提供了重要依据。     

近50年来降水变化和人类活动对黄河入海径流通量的影响

以黄河流域的降水、实测径流量、天然径流量、净引水量以及上中游流域的水土保持措施面积等资料为基础,运用经验统计分析法,研究了近50年来黄河入海径流通量的变化及其与降水和人类活动的关系。结果表明,不同的径流来源区降水的变化对入海径流通量的影响是不同的。引水所形成的侧支循环强度的急剧增大,使入海径流通量大幅度下降。上中游大规模水土保持生效后,这一地区的天然年径流有所减少,也导致入海径流通量的减少,入海径流通量与历年梯田、造林、种草面积之间具有一定的负相关。以入海径流通量作为因变量,以净引水量、流域年降水量和上中游梯田、林草面积作为自变量,建立了多元回归方程。     

三峡水库建设对长江下游颗粒有机碳通量及碳同位素组成的影响

2008年4月至2009年4月,在南通长江干流每周采集一次表层悬浮物样品,共51个,分析了其粒度、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒氮(PN)含量以及有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)组成,研究了下游干流颗粒有机碳组成的季节性变化特征.悬浮物的平均粒径在一年内变化不明显,而POC和PN含量呈现洪季缓慢减小,枯季增加的趋势;δ13C...     

成都国际会展中心输气管线府河穿越隧道涌水量预测

成都拟建国际会展中心供气工程府河输气隧道在府河河底以下40m,采用“竖井＋隧道＋竖井”方案。隧址位于府河及其Ⅰ级阶地,隧道涌水问题严重。为保证施工、运营的安全,在分析隧址区水文地质条件的基础上,对隧道涌水做出初步预测评价,为施工提供依据.     

黄河入海泥沙沉积固结过程抗侵蚀性变化研究

河口入海泥沙沉积固结过程中抗侵蚀性的变化直接决定着沉积物的再悬浮和二次迁移,对河口岸滩的稳定具有重要决定作用。在现代黄河三角洲潮滩模拟入海泥沙快速沉积,现场测试不同固结时间沉积物的抗侵蚀性和物理力学指标的变化。研究发现,黄河入海泥沙沉积物的抗侵蚀性随固结时间增长迅速提高,当沉积固结时间达8h时,其临界侵蚀切应力就超过了原状潮滩表层沉积物;新沉积泥沙的临界侵蚀切应力与其重度、贯入阻力、剪切强度呈良好的正相关关系,与含水率呈良好的负相关关系。黄河入海泥沙临界侵蚀流速的试验值随固结时间的增长速率要高于各泥沙起动公式计算值的增长速率,前者是后者的1.5～4.1倍。     

Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the Murray-Darling River System: A Conceptual Isotopic/Geochemical Model for the Fractionation of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Elements

A conceptual isotopic/geochemical model is presented to explain the variation of major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and Sr isotope systematics in suspended particulate matter (SPM) as a function of particle/colloid size. This conceptual model is an extension of a previous investigation of the origin of SPM in the Murray-Darling River system (MDRS) that utilised Sr isotope systematics to examine aspects of SPM (particle/colloid) origin, structure and mineralogy. The geochemical processes that give rise to the often coherent trends in major, trace and REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic signature as a function of particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) size in the MDRS have been identified using an enhanced SPM size fractionation technique as a basis to not only obtain a broad range of particle/colloid size ranges, but also to provide sufficient material for subsequent geochemical and isotopic analysis. The conceptual isotopic/geochemical model proposed here contains three major components: (i) the differential weathering of micas and alkali (K-) feldspars to form the majority of the particulate (<1 μm) fractions (high 87Sr/86Sr ratio), which have a geochemical and Sr isotopic signature that closely resembles precursor mineralogies, (ii) the differential weathering of Na, Ca-feldspars (plagioclase) which decompose to form clay minerals in the colloidal (>1 μm) fractions (low 87Sr/86Sr ratio), with a range of geochemical signatures related to the relative proportions of inorganic and organic constituents, and (iii) the presence of natural organic matter as coatings on the particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) matter and possibly as organo-colloids which exert an increasing influence in particular on bulk colloid geochemistry with decreasing colloid size. This conceptual isotopic/geochemical model also accounts for the distinct variation in major, trace and REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic systematics between the particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) fractions, the variation being primarily a function of the distinctly different precursor mineralogies of the SPM fractions and geochemical fractionation during the weathering and transport. Additionally, this model explains a systematic fractionation of REE apparent within colloidal (>1 μm) fractions. Statisitcal (hierachical cluster) analysis of two particulate and three colloidal fractions from 23 samples from the MDRS is used as a basis to investigate geochemical and mineralogical associations within the particulate and colloidal size fractions and to provide additional supporting evidence for the conceptual isotopic/geochemical model. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

How a river submerges into the sea: a geological record of changing a fluvial to a marine paleoenvironment during early Holocene sea level rise

Coastal seas, and in particular estuarine systems, were significantly affected by Quaternary sea level changes. Furthermore, the dynamics of shelf and coastal evolution have had a strong impact on coastal landscapes inhabited by humans. The postglacial evolution of the vast North Sea shelf with its huge drainage systems, e.g. the Elbe Paleovalley and its tributary system, is an excellent research target to understand how coastal shelf environments change in response to sea level rise. In this study, we investigate infill sediments of the Paleo‐Ems valley – a drowned extension of the modern Ems River and part of the Elbe Paleovalley drainage system. Radiocarbon‐dated transgression sequences provide several new observations regarding the mode and rate of the river system submerging due to the Holocene transgression. Thus, the Paleo‐Ems valley submerged within a short time span of~200 years since the river was not able to adjust its gradient to the rapid rising sea level. The fate of the Paleo‐Ems is exemplary for the rapid change of a former fluvial landscape into a coastal landscape and finally into a submarine seascape. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Quaternary Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

地质遗迹旅游资源化：概念、动力及途径

地质遗迹是具有独特观赏价值和科普价值的自然遗产,旅游资源化是地质遗迹保护与利用协调发展的最佳方式。提出地质遗迹旅游资源化的概念,分析地质遗迹旅游资源化的动力和途径,认为地质遗迹旅游资源化是旅游需求层次的提高、地质遗迹的保护、地质产业转型、国家政策的支持、地质公园建设的成功5种因素共同作用的结果。地质遗迹向旅游资源的转化需经过地质遗迹调查、地质遗迹评价、旅游产品开发、完善解说系统等步骤。     

贵州阿哈湖物质循环过程中的铁同位素地球化学及其指示意义

使用AGMP-1氯化物型阴离子交换树脂(100--200目)对夏季贵州阿哈湖流域水体悬浮颗粒物等样品进行了化学分离,并在多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)上进行了铁同位素分析.分析结果表明,夏季阿哈湖湖水分层期间湖水悬浮颗粒物及各端员环境样品的铁同位素组成变化较大:湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe为负值,分布范围为-1.36‰～-0.10‰之间;各支流河水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成在-0.88‰～-0.16‰之间;大气颗粒物的平均铁同位素组成为 0.06‰±0.02‰;而未经化学清洗的浮游藻类的铁同位素组成为 0.08‰.对比研究表明,湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成不仅受各输入端员的影响,湖泊内部复杂的生物地球化学过程也对颗粒物的铁同位素组成产生了重要影响.陆源输入的颗粒有机结合态铁使得湖泊表层悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成偏低,而大气沉降颗粒物和湖泊表层的浮游藻类整体上对铁同位素组成的影响并不显著."ferrous wheel"铁循环对于氧化还原界面附近水层中铁同位素的重分配起到了主要的控制和影响作用.δ56Fe值与Fe/A1呈现良好的负相关关系,也显示出活性铁的循环迁移是造成氧化还原界面附近水层中悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化的重要原因,表明铁同位素与Fe/A1可能可以作为表征水体生物地球化学环境的良好指标.     

泛流域的出现及认识

探讨了泛流域的出现及其启示,给出了泛流域的基本概念,讨论了泛流域水基系统的河流贡献率、流域和谐度、水资源获得率等评价策略,阐述了泛流域概念下的管理意义,提出了对河流的发展需要再认识、对河流需要进行分类研究、以及人与河流和谐发展、可持续发展等主张和建议.