Hybrid Unified-Slot Access Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area network (WBAN) solution is an emerging new technology to resolve the small area connection issues around human body, especially for the medical applications. Based on the integrated superframe structure of IEEE 802.15.4, a modified medium access control (MAC) protocol, named Hybrid Unified-slot Access (HUA) protocol for WBANs is proposed with focus on the simplicity, dependability and power efficiency. Considering the support to multiple physical layer (PHY) technologies including ultra-wide band (UWB), the slotted ALOHA is employed in the contention access period (CAP) to request the slot allocation. Mini-slot method is designed to enhance the efficiency of the contention. Moreover, sufficient slot allocation in the contention-free period (CFP) makes HUA adaptive to the different traffic including the medical and non-medical applications. Simulation results show that the protocol effectively decreases the probability of collision in a CAP and extends the CFP slots to support more traffic with quality of service (QoS) guarantee.     

Efficient Patient Care Through Wireless Body Area Networks—Enhanced Technique for Handling Emergency Situations with Better Quality of Service

Wireless body area networks (WBAN) is a wireless network of sensors placed in and around the human body for monitoring the patient conditions remotely. The goal of WBAN networks is to report the patient condition to the monitoring system with maximum reliability and minimum delay and deliver the life critical data in the emergency situation with utmost priority. The proposed MAC protocol is aimed at delivery of emergency packets with maximum reliability and minimum delay through the introduction of mini slots in the beacon enabled superframe for exclusive transmission of the same. To improve the packet delivery ratio of the normal packets and decrease the energy consumption of the low data rate nodes, a packet rate based scheduled slot allocation is added to this protocol. Extensive simulations show that the proposed protocol is able to achieve nearly 98% packet delivery ratio and less than 100 ms delay for emergency packets. By varying the number of allocated scheduled slots based on the packet rate of the nodes, the proposed protocol has shown improved performance in the packet delivery ratio (93%) of normal packets as compared to IEEE 802.15.6 (85%), also the energy consumption of low data rate nodes has decreased by 64%. The results show that the proposed protocol is successful in realizing much better delay and packet delivery values for emergency and normal packets.     

Wide-band TD-CDMA MAC with minimum-power allocation and rate- and BER-scheduling for wireless multimedia networks

A wide-band time-division-code-division multiple-access (TD-CDMA) medium access control (MAC) protocol is introduced in this paper. A new minimum-power allocation algorithm is developed to minimize the interference experienced by a code channel such that heterogeneous bit-error rate (BER) requirements of multimedia traffic are satisfied. Further, from analysis of the maximum capacity of a time slot, it is concluded that both rate and BER scheduling are necessary to reach a maximum capacity. Based on the new minimum-power allocation algorithm as well as on rate and BER scheduling concepts, a new scheduling scheme is proposed to serve packets with heterogeneous BER and quality of service (QoS) requirements in different time slots. To further enhance the performance of the MAC protocol, an effective connection admission control (CAC) algorithm is developed based on the new minimum-power allocation algorithm. Simulation results show that the new wide-band TD-CDMA MAC protocol satisfies the QoS requirements of multimedia traffic and achieves high overall system throughput.     

太赫兹无线局域网MAC协议优化设计

针对现有太赫兹无线网络MAC(Medium Access Control)协议中存在的无线局域网场景下原有波束赋形方案不适用、关联请求时段在新入网节点数量受限情况下时隙利用率低,以及网络流量较大时扇区号靠后的节点一直无法获得时隙导致时延陡增的情况,提出了一种适用于无线局域网的高效低时延太赫兹MAC协议(High Efficiency and Low Latency Terahertz MAC,HELL-MAC)。该协议利用中心控制节点与普通节点间的信息交互减少了不必要的波束赋形过程,采用机会性复用关联S-CAP(Sub-channel Access Period)机制提高了时隙利用率,采用公平时隙分配机制提高了时隙分配的公平性,从而减少了波束赋形时间,降低了平均端到端时延,提高了信道利用率。     

分簇无线传感器网络动态时隙分配MAC协议

为降低大规模无线传感器网络的平均能耗,提出了一种基于动态分配的调度型无线传感器网络MAC协议（SDC-MAC）。该协议簇间使用FDMA方式分配无线信道,簇内通过TDMA方式给各个节点分配可变长的时隙。随着簇结构的变化,簇头通过时隙分配通知,对簇内节点的时隙分配进行动态调整,簇成员节点则根据控制信息进行休眠和唤醒。仿真结果显示,该算法有效地降低了网络的平均能耗,当网络流量高时还可降低平均数据包时延。     

An Improved Pillar K-Means Based Protocol for Privacy-Preserving Location Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Network

A number of tiny sensor nodes are strategically placed in and around the human body to obtain physiological information. The sensor nodes are connected to a coordinator or a data collector to form a wireless body area network (WBAN). WBAN consists of variety of medical and non-medical applications with aggregate data rate requirement ranging from few bytes per second to 10 Mbps. These applications are having relatively different energy saving, reliability and quality of service (QoS) requirements. For example, emergency medical data are highly erratic but should be transferred with high reliability and minimum delay, whereas electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram applications are constant bit rate traffic which need to be transferred with moderate reliability. Additionally, non-medical applications include variable bit rate traffic and their jitter and delay requirements must also be met. On the above, a sensor node should spend minimum energy and conserve power to increase its life time in the network. The existing media access control (MAC) protocols present in various short and medium range wireless technologies such as 802.11 and 802.15.4 have been designed for specific purposes, and therefore, do not fulfill the diverse performance requirements across all WBAN applications. In this paper, we propose a poll-based MAC protocol, PMAC for WBAN, which can meet such diversified functional requirements of various WBAN applications. In particular, we introduce few concepts in polling based channel access mechanism to make an energy efficient and QoS aware MAC protocol. The design has been validated by obtaining the performance of proposed PMAC protocol through simulation.     

Data traffic‐based analysis of delay and energy consumption in cognitive radio networks with and without resource reservation

A new opportunistic cross‐layer MAC protocol involving channel allocation and packet scheduling for cognitive radio networks is proposed. Cognitive radio allows secondary users (SUs) to exploit the available portions of the licensed spectrum bands without interfering with primary users. In particular, we consider a cognitive radio system, where SUs are equipped with two transceivers: a control transceiver and a software‐defined radio transceiver. Data traffic characteristics of SUs are considered to ameliorate system performance. So, we propose a mechanism of resource reservation to improve QoS requirements that favors successful SUs to transmit data during x time slots without interfering with primary users. The key novelty of this paper is giving priority for SUs with important data traffic and which frequently solicits data channels to transmit for the remaining time of the ongoing time slot and for the next time slots directly after checking the channel availability. We develop a new analytical model to evaluate delay parameter for two scenarios with and without resource reservation and we then investigate the impact of those scenarios on the energy consumption. We show through simulations that cognitive radio performances increase noticeably with the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multiqueue service room MAC protocol for wireless networks with multipacket reception

An adaptive medium-access control (MAC) protocol for heterogeneous networks with finite populations is proposed. Referred to as the multiqueue service room (MQSR) protocol, this scheme is capable of handling users with different quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. By exploiting the multipacket reception (MPR) capability, the MQSR protocol adaptively grants access to the MPR channel to a number of users such that the expected number of successfully received packets is maximized in each slot. The optimal access protocol avoids unnecessary empty slots for light traffic and excessive collisions for heavy traffic. It has superior throughput and delay performance as compared to, for example, the slotted ALOHA with optimal retransmission probability. This protocol can be applied to random-access networks with multimedia traffic.     

Self-Configuring TDMA Protocols for Enhancing Vehicle Safety With DSRC Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications

This paper presents a novel Medium Access Control protocol for inter-vehicular wireless networking using the emerging Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) standards. The main contribution of the paper is the design of a self- configuring TDMA protocol capable of inter-vehicle message delivery with short and deterministic delay bounds. The proposed Vehicular Self-Organizing MAC (VeSOMAC) is designed to be vehicle location and movement aware so that the MAC slots in a vehicle platoon can be time ordered based on the vehicles' relative locations for minimizing the multi-hop delivery delay. A novel feature of VeSOMAC is its in-band control mechanism for exchanging TDMA slot information during distributed MAC scheduling. It is shown that by avoiding explicit timing information exchange, VeSOMAC can work without inter-vehicle time synchronization. The in-band control mechanism is also used for fast protocol convergence during initial network setup and topology changes due to vehicle movements. A simulation model has been developed for comparing VeSOMAC's performance with that of DSRC-recommended 802.11 MAC protocol for highway traffic safety applications.     

一种新的用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA中提供QoS的方法

该文提出了一种新的应用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)中提供QoS(Quality of Service)的方法。这种方法是将几个时隙组合起来构成一个超时隙,每个超时隙的开始分配给不同的业务来进行发包。时隙的分配是根据各种业务的不同优先级来实现的。这种方法可以保证高优先级业务具有较大的吞吐量,较少的MAC延时和较低的丢包率。与802.11e EDCA草案中提出的不同冲突窗口大小的方法相比,这种方法具有可以提高吞吐量,降低丢包率,并能减小站点数目变化对高优先级业务吞吐量的影响等优点。这种新的提供QoS的方法优于不同冲突窗口大小的方法,在IEEE 802.11e EDCA中应用超时隙方法可以大大提高EDCA的性能。     

低轨卫星接入系统中基于位置信息的时隙分配协议

针对浮标卫星通信系统中卫星覆盖范围广、接入链路传播时延差异大的场景结构引起的统一延迟分配协议中端到端时延长、吞吐率低的问题,提出了一种基于位置信息的时隙分配协议。协议中卫星通过获取浮标位置信息来控制时隙分配的起点,实现时隙离散分配,增大可用传输时隙长度,同时降低传输时延。 OPNET 仿真结果表明所提出的时隙分配协议可以显著提高单信道传输模式下的网络吞吐量,并有效降低单信道与双信道模式下浮标卫星通信系统接入时的端到端时延。     

ABR业务在卫星CFDAMA-PB MAC协议上传输的性能分析

CFDAMA作为新型的卫星ATMMAC协议,在保障各类业务QOS的同时实现了较好的时延/吞吐量性能。本文基于GEO卫星网络,通过计算机仿真对ABR业务及Internet业务在CF-DAMA-PBMAC协议上传输的性能进行了比较,并在两种时隙分配算法下,比较了ABR业务的传输性能,得出了相关的重要结论。     

FPS‐MAC: Fuzzy priority scheduling‐based MAC protocol for intelligent monitoring systems

Recent advances in microelectronics have encouraged the implementation of a wireless sensor network (WSN) in intelligent monitoring systems (IMSs). The IMS for time‐critical applications requires timely and reliable data delivery without sacrificing the energy efficiency of the network. This paper proposes FPS‐MAC, a fuzzy priority scheduling‐based medium access control protocol, designed for event critical traffic in hierarchical WSN. The FPS‐MAC allows time‐critical event traffic to opportunistically steal the data slots allocated for periodic data traffic in event‐based situations. Additionally, a fuzzy logic‐based slot scheduling mechanism is introduced to provide guaranteed and timely medium access to emergency traffic load and ensures the quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements of IMSs. Both analytical and simulation results for data throughput, energy consumption, and transmission delay of FPS‐MAC, TLHA, E‐BMA, and BMA‐RR have been analyzed to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed FPS‐MAC protocol.     

Wireless Adaptive Framed Pseudo-Bayesian Aloha (AFPBA) Algorithm with Priorities

In this paper, we propose a new priority algorithm to control the access to the wireless ATM MAC uplink frame, for multimedia traffic like wireless ATM, similar to the Pseudo-Bayesian algorithm presented in [1]. The adaptive framed Pseudo-Bayesian Aloha (AFPBA) algorithm ensures minimum access delay for high priority traffic classes with small delay degradation to low priority traffic classes. Control packets are transmitted in each slot according to transmission probabilities based on the history of the channel and in contention with other packets of the same priority class. The number of contention slots assigned for each priority class, on a given frame, changes adaptively according to its priority index and the estimated arrival rate on each frame using an adaptive slot assignment mechanism. Finally, the throughput analysis of the algorithm is presented and the delay performance is evaluated by simulation on a wireless channel in the presence of shadowing, Rayleigh fading and capture. Results show that the wireless channel offers significant delay improvements to all priority packets, especially in the presence of fast fading.     

Distributed timeslot allocation with crossed slots in CDMA‐TDD systems

Code division multiple access system with time division duplex (CDMA‐TDD) is a promising solution to cope with traffic asymmetry of downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) in multimedia services. When a rate of asymmetry is different in each cell, CDMA‐TDD system may employ crossed slots, where a timeslot is used for different links in cells. However, it may suffer from base station (BS)‐to‐BS and mobile station (MS)‐to‐MS interference problem. Zone division scheme is an efficient way to tackle the crossed slot interference by dividing a cell into inner and outer zones and restricting communication in crossed slots only to inner zone. In this paper, we propose distributed crossed slot resource allocation with zone division in multi‐cell CDMA‐TDD system. Two conditions for crossed slot resource allocation are defined and the bound on the size of inner zone is analyzed mathematically based on the conditions. Relationship between the capacity of crossed slot and the size of inner zone is also analyzed. Then, numerical results of the mathematical analysis are presented; showing that the proposed crossed slot allocation is effective for traffic asymmetry problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CRDA: a collision resolution and dynamic allocation MAC protocol tointegrate data and voice in wireless networks

One key requirement for radio access in advanced, third generation (3G) mobile communication systems is the ability to accommodate a variety of services via a flexible and efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol. The paper presents and evaluates a new multiple access protocol termed CRDA (collision resolution and dynamic allocation), which has the potential to meet the above requirement. CRDA is basically a slotted packet-reservation multiple access technique with dedicated reservation slots, which allows the main shortcoming of previous PRMA schemes, i.e., contention, to be overcome through the integration in the MAC protocol of a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) transmission mode used to access the reservation slots. This prevents collisions during the reservation phase and enhances channel throughput, notably in the case of mixed voice/data traffic. Our simulations of the CRDA MAC integrate voice channels with data sources, generating what we call advanced data traffic, which has a very similar shape to the actual traffic generated by World Wide Web (WWW) applications. The standard assumption of Poissonian data traffic is also considered. Our conclusion is that the CRDA MAC protocol satisfactorily accommodates both types of traffic     

An OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC Protocol with QoS Constraints for Broadband Wireless LANs

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an important technique to support high speed transmission of broadband traffic in wireless networks, especially broadband wireless local area networks (LANs). Based on OFDM, a new multiple access scheme, called OFDM-TDMA with subcarrier allocation (OFDM-TDMA/SA), is proposed in this paper. It provides more flexibility in resource allocation than other multiple access schemes such as OFDM-TDMA, OFDM-frequency division multiple access (OFDM-FDMA), and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). With OFDM-TDMA/SA, a medium access control (MAC) is designed for broadband wireless LANs. It optimizes bit allocation in subcarriers so that maximum bits are transmitted in each OFDM symbol under a frequency selective fading environment. The OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC protocol also supports three classes of traffic such as guaranteed, controlled-load, and best effort services. Based on the optimum subcarrier bit-allocation algorithm and considering heterogeneous QoS constraints of multimedia traffic, a hierarchical scheduling scheme is proposed to determine the subcarriers and time slots in which a mobile terminal can transmit packets. In such a way, the OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC protocol significantly increases system throughput in a frequency selective fading environment and guarantees QoS of multimedia traffic. Computer simulation is carried out to evaluate the performance of the OFDM-TDMA/SA MAC protocol. Results show that the new MAC protocol outperforms other MAC protocols for OFDM-based wireless LANs. This work was supported by the State of Georgia Yamacraw Project (E21-105).     

Hybrid time slot allocation algorithm based on LoRa Internet of things

To improve the efficiency and stability of data transmission in the long-range (LoRa) Internet of things (IoT),a hybrid time slot allocation algorithm is proposed, which implements a priority mechanism with high-priority nodes sending data in fixed time slots and low-priority nodes using the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) algorithm to compete for shared time slots to transmit data. To improve network efficiency, a gateway is used to adjust the time slot allocation policy according to network status and balance the number of fixed and shared time slots. And more, a retransmission time slot is added to the time slot allocation algorithm, which redesigns the time frame structure, and adopts a retransmission mechanism to improve communication reliability. Simulation and measurement results show that the packet loss rate and transmission delay of the proposed hybrid algorithm are smaller than those of the fixed slot allocation algorithm, making the proposed algorithm more suitable for LoRa IoT.     

TC2-MAC:一种无线传感器网络自适应混合 MAC 协议

摘 要：提出了一种新的自适应混合MAC协议TC2-MAC。该协议采用了基于二叉树结构的时隙块分配策略和基于时隙约束的CSMA/CA竞争接入方式,能够为不同传感器节点或不同类型业务的差异性QoS需求提供良好支持,并能够通过灵活的信息调度机制改善信道接入公平性,提高网络效率。理论分析和仿真结果表明：与传统基于TDMA机制的MAC协议相比,TC2-MAC对网络业务流量及拓扑结构的变化均具有更好的自适应性。     

无线体域网节能MAC协议综论(英文)

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of key energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). At the outset, we outline the crucial attributes of a good MAC protocol for WBAN. Several sources that contribute to the energy inefficiency of WBAN are identified, and features of the various MAC protocols qualitatively compared. Then, we further investigate some representative TDMA-based energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBAN by emphasizing their strength...